A minha alegria, quando ele nasceu, não sei nunca a tive igual, nem creio que possa haver idêntica, ou que de longe ou de perto se pareça com ela. Foi a vertigem e a loucura. Não cantava na rua por natural vergonha, nem em casa para não afligir Capitu convalescente... Fora, vivia com o espírito no menino; em casa, como os olhos a observá-lo
ASSIS, Machado de. Dom Casmurro. Rio de Janeiro: Ediouro, 1997. p. 196.
Cada frase extraída do texto contém um “a” sublinhado. Assinale a alternativa cujo “a” sublinhado é um pronome pessoal.

As palavras cestas, sestas e sextas podem ser classificadas como:

Que falta eu sinto de um bem Que falta me faz um xodó Mas como eu não tenho ninguém Eu levo a vida assim tão só

Eu só quero um amor Que acabe o meu sofrer Um xodó pra mim do meu jeito assim Que alegre o meu viver [...]
Disponível em: <https://www.letras.mus.br/dominguinhos/d357861/> Acesso em: 27 fev. 2023.
Há mensagens em que, além da exploração da linguagem conotativa, o emissor expressa sentimentos ou emite sensações a respeito do que diz ao receptor. Considerando-se a linguagem desse texto, verifica-se que as funções utilizadas são

Acerca do(s) posicionamento(s) do STF (ADPF 153/DF) e da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (Caso Gomes Lund e outros vs. Brasil) sobre a Lei nº 6.683/79 (Lei da Anistia), quanto à sua extensão aos crimes praticados pelos agentes do Estado contra os que lutavam contra o Estado de exceção, assinale a alternativa correta.

Todo movimento humano é consequência da geração de força por músculos que estão inseridos em ossos movimentados por articulações, constituindo as alavancas anatômicas ou bioalavancas. 
Analise as afirmativas a seguir relativas as alavancas anatômicas ou bioalavancas.
I. No corpo humano, o Ponto de Apoio corresponde às articulações, ao redor das quais giram os segmentos corporais. A Potência corresponde ao esforço executado pelos músculos que através da contração são fundamentais para execução de um movimento (trabalho motor). II. A flexão de qualquer articulação ocorre quando um segmento corporal se move num plano anteroposterior de maneira que sua superfície anterior ou posterior se distancie da superfície anterior ou posterior, respectivamente, de um segmento corporal adjacente. III. Toda alavanca é constituída por três elementos que atuam na execução de um movimento ou mesmo na manutenção de um estado de equilíbrio. Tais elementos são denominados por Ponto de Apoio, Força Motriz ou Potência e Resistência.
Estão corretas as afirmativas

O atletismo é uma modalidade que pode ser considerada como esporte-base, pela capacidade de realizar os movimentos naturais do ser humano, através das suas diferentes provas. É no período escolar, mais precisamente durante as aulas de Educação Física, que os alunos desenvolvem suas habilidades motoras básicas, além de desenvolver também sua parte motora, cognitiva e afetiva. 
Com relação a classificação nas provas das corridas referente a sua organização, assinale a alternativa incorreta. 

Considere que uma paciente, sexo feminino, 57 anos de idade, atendida pelo NASF, a partir das visitas domiciliares, foi convidada a participar das atividades dos grupos de diabetes e grupo terapêutico no NASF.A proposta de grupo terapêutico se deu em função do quadro de depressão apresentado pela paciente. 
Nesse contexto, analise os sinais e sintomas apresentados a seguir.
I. Comportamento eufórico quando da presença da equipe na visita domiciliar, se apressando a relatar todos os problemas pelos quais vem passando.  II. Sentimento de tristeza e apatia na sua fala, ao relatar sua vida de sofrimentos e as dificuldades enfrentadas para criar os 3 filhos sem a presença do pai.  III. Tremor nas mãos e ansiedade ao relatar sobre a preocupação com os filhos, considerando o tráfico de drogas na região.  IV. Fadiga, reclamando do corpo pesado, apesar de magra e tendendo a permanecer na cama por todo o dia, em função de seu desânimo e falta de vontade de fazer tudo.
São considerados sintomas do quadro de depressão os itens 

Ao discutir um texto literário em sala de aula, o(a) professor(a) tem elementos para “refletir e discutir sobre questões sociais e culturais brasileiras e sobre a forma como as histórias foram construídas e contadas”, como sugerem Machado e Corrêa (2010, p. 121), ao falarem do ensino de literatura no Ensino Fundamental.
Nas alternativas a seguir, estão colocados trechos do diário Quarto de despejo, de Carolina Maria de Jesus (1914-1977), uma das primeiras escritoras negras reconhecidas do Brasil, moradora da favela do Canindé (SP). Assinale a alternativa em que a crítica social apresentada no trecho está corretamente indicada entre parênteses.

Analise o trecho a seguir. 
Nesse tipo de estrutura, têm-se apontadas vantagens como economia de tempo e dinheiro devido a menor necessidade de passar informação para cima e para baixo dentro da hierarquia e entre as unidades, exigência de menos mecanismos de coordenação e ação, aumento da rapidez nas decisões, assim como a promoção do autogerenciamento pelos funcionários. Nessa estrutura, ocorre maior satisfação com o trabalho, maior envolvimento das pessoas e se encontra profissionais com diferentes conhecimentos e habilidades trabalhando juntos, podendo ser autossuficientes para realizar todo o trabalho. 
A qual estrutura o trecho se refere? 

Segundo a Base Nacional Comum Curricular, na unidade temática esportes, são objetos de conhecimento para os anos iniciais no Ensino Fundamental, exceto:

Sobre o estudo das religiões, relacione a COLUNA II com a COLUNA I, associando os conceitos às suas respectivas descrições.
COLUNA I
1. Alteridade
2. Pluralismo religioso
3. Diálogo inter-religioso
4. Cultura de paz
COLUNA II
(    ) Promoção da união de seguidores de diferentes crenças, favorecendo o respeito e o trabalho em equipe por causas que mereçam atenção e cuidados humanos, não importando quem ou o que se considere como ser superior ao ser humano.
(    ) Movimento internacional que visa à construção cooperativa por um novo mundo, empenhando-se em prevenir situações de desrespeito aos direitos humanos, discriminação, intolerância, exclusão social, pobreza extrema e destruição ambiental.
(    ) Reconhecimento da existência do outro ser humano em sua condição de ser diferente, visando a compreender a igualdade em direitos desse outro, até o ponto de se colocar no lugar dele, se necessário.
(    ) Aquilo que apresenta diversidade, aponta para o que é múltiplo e, por isso, reconhece e tolera diferentes posições, opiniões ou pensamentos de crenças e valores.
Assinale a sequência correta.

O goleiro de handebol tem como função principal a defesa da meta, sendo incumbido também de orientar seus companheiros e participar das ações ofensivas de seu time. Os professores e / ou treinadores da modalidade têm a responsabilidade de estimular os jovens a ocupar essa posição, sendo para isto necessário que estes detenham o conhecimento das suas principais características. 
Ao goleiro de handebol é permitido, exceto: 

O desenvolvimento da aptidão física, assim como do esporte nas suas diferentes formas de manifestação, são objetivos a serem alcançados em programas de Educação Física e de esporte nos quais o indivíduo é submetido a um processo de treinamento. 
Analise as afirmativas a seguir relativas aos conceitos e relações entre aptidão física, esporte e atividade física. 
I. Aptidão física refere-se à capacidade do indivíduo apresentar um desempenho físico adequado em suas atividades diárias, prorrogando o surgimento precoce do cansaço durante a realização de atividades físicas. II. A atividade física é considerada como o processo do qual resultará o estado de aptidão física do indivíduo, esta última considerada como produto.  III. Denomina-se esporte a todo movimento, jogo ou forma de competição expressa por meio de atividades físicas do ser humano, com regras definidas. 
Estão corretas as afirmativas

Denomina-se coeficiente de aproveitamento básico a relação entre a área edificável e a do terreno, para evitar edificações muito altas, trazendo superpopulação da área com consequente desgaste e insuficiência dos bens e serviços públicos para a região. O coeficiente de aproveitamento básico é um exemplo de

De acordo com o que consta na Lei nº 4.320 de 1964, assinale a alternativa correta: 

A Debate on Literature as a Teaching Material in FLT
Ferdows Aghagolzadeh
Department of General Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran,
Iran Farzaneh Tajabadi (Corresponding Author)
Department of General linguistics, Faculty of Humanities,
Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Email: [email protected]
Abstract — Teaching materials play an important role in most foreign language teaching programs. The number of studies on this subject bears ample testimony to the significance given by scholars in this regard. This article is a review on some reasons that scholars propose for the use of literature as a language teaching material in foreign language (FL) classes and compares favors and disfavors ideas in this regard. Among a welter of reasons which have been proffered by a variety of authors and can be considered as the merits of literature in FLT, this study focuses on authenticity, cultural/incultural understanding, critical thinking and language skills and expand them further. This paper argues that teaching literature enhances students’ cultural understanding, facilitates critical thinking and improves language skills and all of these advantages caused by the authentic nature of literature. Index Terms — literature, FLT, authenticity, critical thinking, cultural awareness, language skills
Introduction
Teaching materials play an important role in FL teaching programs. For this reason, teachers rely on a different range of materials to support their teaching and their students’ learning. In this regard, Seniro (2005) says “we need to have a clear pedagogic goal in mind: what precisely we want our students to learn from these materials” (p. 71). It is one of the self-evident things that, as a teacher of a Foreign Language, our main concern is to help learners acquire communicative competence. Savvidou (2004) points that communicative competence is more than acquiring mastery of structure and form, it also involves acquiring the ability to interpret discourse in all its social and cultural contexts. In this direction and in order to reach this lofty goal, Howard & Major (2004) propose ten guidelines for preparing teaching materials. They argue that these materials should: 1 - Be contextualized. 2 - Stimulate interaction and be generative in terms of language. 3 -Encourage learners to develop learning skills and strategies. 4 - Allow for a focus on form as well as function. 5 - Offer opportunities for integrated language use. 6 - Be authentic. 7 - Link to each other to develop a progression of skills, understanding and language items. 8- Be attractive. 9- Have appropriate instruction. 10- Be flexible. According to these different criteria, the main question is that if literature can be used as an appropriate material and if it can satisfy these factors. In this paper we try to show that literature is in agreement with these yardsticks.
Statement of problem
From time to time the need or value of teaching literature in the language class as a teaching material has been questioned. Using literature to teach second/foreign languages can be traced back to over one century ago, but in recent times (the middle of the 1980s) a renewed interest has emerged in the teaching of literature in the language class. This can be confirmed by seeing so many publications heralding the coming back of literature in language classes. Maley (2001) (cited in Khatib et al., 2011) argues that this attitude toward literature is due to a paucity of empirical research confirming the significance of literary input for language class. Notwithstanding the few controversial points regarding whether literature can be used to enhance the efficiency of language learning programs, the relevant literature abounds with the reasons why literary exploration can be beneficial in the language classroom. Researchers who advocate the use of literature to teach SL/FL list several benefits of it. For example, Lazar (1993) proposes six purposes or reasons for using literature in the language classroom as motivating material: access to cultural background, encouraging language acquisition, expanding students’ language awareness, developing students’ interpretative abilities and educating the whole person. Van (2009) also counts some advantages of using literature in the FL classroom as below: 1- It provides meaningful contexts; 2- It involves a profound range of vocabulary, dialogues and prose; 3- It appeals to imagination and enhances creativity; 4- It develops cultural awareness; 5- It encourages critical thinking; 6- It is in line with CLT (Communicative Language Teaching) principles. In sum, motivation, authenticity, cultural/intercultural awareness and globalization, intensive/extensive reading practice, sociolinguistic/pragmatic knowledge, grammar and vocabulary knowledge, language skills, emotional intelligence and critical thinking are the payoffs’ list of using literature in FL/SL classes (Khatib et al., 2011). However, some of these justifications or benefits are the subject of debate among scholars, and some experts have posited the possible potholes literature might cause in language class. However, Savvidou (2004) believes that the reasons why few experts often consider literature inappropriate to the language classroom may be found in the common beliefs held about literature and literary language, and these views reflect the historic separation between the study of language and the study of literature, which has led to the limited role of literature in the language classroom. Since scholars are not unanimous about this subject, the purpose of this paper is to compare the different viewpoints (favors and disfavors), to reach a rational conclusion about using literature as an appropriate teaching material in FL class.
Ideas and discussion
Among a welter of reasons which have been proffered by a variety of authors, this study focuses on authenticity, cultural/incultural understanding, critical thinking and language skills and attempts to expand them further.
A. Authenticity
Authenticity is a criterion considered highly essential in the current literature in FLT (Khatib, et.al., 2011). A brief look at FL textbook topic contents reveals that they are fictions in a variety of ways. In other words, they are often unreal in the sense of relevance to the learners. The artificial nature of the language and structures used makes them very unlike anything that the learner will encounter in the real world and very often they don’t reflect how the language is really used. Berado (2006) states: “one of the main reasons for using authentic materials in the classroom is once outside the safe, controlled language learning environment, the learner will not encounter the artificial language of classroom, but the real world and language how it is really used”. According to Wallace (1992), authentic texts are “real life texts, not written for pedagogic purposes” (p.145). Peacock (1997) says the purpose of producing this material is to fulfill some social purpose in the language community. Berado (2006) writes the sources of authentic materials that can be used in the FL class are infinite and proposes four factors worth taking into consideration when choosing authentic material for the classroom. These factors are: suitability of content, exploitability, readability and presentation. He believes that the main advantages of using authentic materials in the classroom include: 1 - Having a positive effect on student motivation; 2 - Giving authentic cultural information; 3 - Exposing students to real language; 4 - Relating more closely to students’ needs; 5 - Supporting a more creative approach to teaching. Cruz (2010) believes that literature as aesthetic recreation can be considered a much more “authentic” source and can inspire more authority in the use and enrichment of language. He says “literature can be regarded as a rich source of authentic material, because it conveys two features in its written text: one is “language in use‟, that is, the employment of linguistics by those who have mastered it into a fashion intended for native speakers; the second is an aesthetic representation of the spoken language, which is meant to recover or represent language within a certain cultural context”. Literature as the authentic material imparts the diverse forms and functions of written language (Hadaway, 2002). These are what makes us excited and willing to use authentic materials in EFL class, but opponents believe that while using them, it is inevitable that we face some problems. Martinez (2002) (cited in Berardo, 2006) writes the negative aspects of authentic materials are that they can be too culturally biased, often a good knowledge of cultural background is required when reading, as well as that too many structures are mixed, causing lower level problems when decoding the texts. If we summarize the focal points of this discussion, we can say that arguably more important than the provision of authentic texts is authenticity in terms of the tasks which learners are required to perform with them. From what was said we can conclude that the use of literary text as an authentic material, from the language teaching point of view, will be useful because these texts show how language works in contexts. Furthermore, they show how language should be used in which condition and situation.
Available at: <https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu. documents>. Accessed on: February 18th, 2019 (Edited).
According to the article,

A Debate on Literature as a Teaching Material in FLT
Ferdows Aghagolzadeh
Department of General Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran,
Iran Farzaneh Tajabadi (Corresponding Author)
Department of General linguistics, Faculty of Humanities,
Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Email: [email protected]
Abstract — Teaching materials play an important role in most foreign language teaching programs. The number of studies on this subject bears ample testimony to the significance given by scholars in this regard. This article is a review on some reasons that scholars propose for the use of literature as a language teaching material in foreign language (FL) classes and compares favors and disfavors ideas in this regard. Among a welter of reasons which have been proffered by a variety of authors and can be considered as the merits of literature in FLT, this study focuses on authenticity, cultural/incultural understanding, critical thinking and language skills and expand them further. This paper argues that teaching literature enhances students’ cultural understanding, facilitates critical thinking and improves language skills and all of these advantages caused by the authentic nature of literature. Index Terms — literature, FLT, authenticity, critical thinking, cultural awareness, language skills
Introduction
Teaching materials play an important role in FL teaching programs. For this reason, teachers rely on a different range of materials to support their teaching and their students’ learning. In this regard, Seniro (2005) says “we need to have a clear pedagogic goal in mind: what precisely we want our students to learn from these materials” (p. 71). It is one of the self-evident things that, as a teacher of a Foreign Language, our main concern is to help learners acquire communicative competence. Savvidou (2004) points that communicative competence is more than acquiring mastery of structure and form, it also involves acquiring the ability to interpret discourse in all its social and cultural contexts. In this direction and in order to reach this lofty goal, Howard & Major (2004) propose ten guidelines for preparing teaching materials. They argue that these materials should: 1 - Be contextualized. 2 - Stimulate interaction and be generative in terms of language. 3 -Encourage learners to develop learning skills and strategies. 4 - Allow for a focus on form as well as function. 5 - Offer opportunities for integrated language use. 6 - Be authentic. 7 - Link to each other to develop a progression of skills, understanding and language items. 8- Be attractive. 9- Have appropriate instruction. 10- Be flexible. According to these different criteria, the main question is that if literature can be used as an appropriate material and if it can satisfy these factors. In this paper we try to show that literature is in agreement with these yardsticks.
Statement of problem
From time to time the need or value of teaching literature in the language class as a teaching material has been questioned. Using literature to teach second/foreign languages can be traced back to over one century ago, but in recent times (the middle of the 1980s) a renewed interest has emerged in the teaching of literature in the language class. This can be confirmed by seeing so many publications heralding the coming back of literature in language classes. Maley (2001) (cited in Khatib et al., 2011) argues that this attitude toward literature is due to a paucity of empirical research confirming the significance of literary input for language class. Notwithstanding the few controversial points regarding whether literature can be used to enhance the efficiency of language learning programs, the relevant literature abounds with the reasons why literary exploration can be beneficial in the language classroom. Researchers who advocate the use of literature to teach SL/FL list several benefits of it. For example, Lazar (1993) proposes six purposes or reasons for using literature in the language classroom as motivating material: access to cultural background, encouraging language acquisition, expanding students’ language awareness, developing students’ interpretative abilities and educating the whole person. Van (2009) also counts some advantages of using literature in the FL classroom as below: 1- It provides meaningful contexts; 2- It involves a profound range of vocabulary, dialogues and prose; 3- It appeals to imagination and enhances creativity; 4- It develops cultural awareness; 5- It encourages critical thinking; 6- It is in line with CLT (Communicative Language Teaching) principles. In sum, motivation, authenticity, cultural/intercultural awareness and globalization, intensive/extensive reading practice, sociolinguistic/pragmatic knowledge, grammar and vocabulary knowledge, language skills, emotional intelligence and critical thinking are the payoffs’ list of using literature in FL/SL classes (Khatib et al., 2011). However, some of these justifications or benefits are the subject of debate among scholars, and some experts have posited the possible potholes literature might cause in language class. However, Savvidou (2004) believes that the reasons why few experts often consider literature inappropriate to the language classroom may be found in the common beliefs held about literature and literary language, and these views reflect the historic separation between the study of language and the study of literature, which has led to the limited role of literature in the language classroom. Since scholars are not unanimous about this subject, the purpose of this paper is to compare the different viewpoints (favors and disfavors), to reach a rational conclusion about using literature as an appropriate teaching material in FL class.
Ideas and discussion
Among a welter of reasons which have been proffered by a variety of authors, this study focuses on authenticity, cultural/incultural understanding, critical thinking and language skills and attempts to expand them further.
A. Authenticity
Authenticity is a criterion considered highly essential in the current literature in FLT (Khatib, et.al., 2011). A brief look at FL textbook topic contents reveals that they are fictions in a variety of ways. In other words, they are often unreal in the sense of relevance to the learners. The artificial nature of the language and structures used makes them very unlike anything that the learner will encounter in the real world and very often they don’t reflect how the language is really used. Berado (2006) states: “one of the main reasons for using authentic materials in the classroom is once outside the safe, controlled language learning environment, the learner will not encounter the artificial language of classroom, but the real world and language how it is really used”. According to Wallace (1992), authentic texts are “real life texts, not written for pedagogic purposes” (p.145). Peacock (1997) says the purpose of producing this material is to fulfill some social purpose in the language community. Berado (2006) writes the sources of authentic materials that can be used in the FL class are infinite and proposes four factors worth taking into consideration when choosing authentic material for the classroom. These factors are: suitability of content, exploitability, readability and presentation. He believes that the main advantages of using authentic materials in the classroom include: 1 - Having a positive effect on student motivation; 2 - Giving authentic cultural information; 3 - Exposing students to real language; 4 - Relating more closely to students’ needs; 5 - Supporting a more creative approach to teaching. Cruz (2010) believes that literature as aesthetic recreation can be considered a much more “authentic” source and can inspire more authority in the use and enrichment of language. He says “literature can be regarded as a rich source of authentic material, because it conveys two features in its written text: one is “language in use‟, that is, the employment of linguistics by those who have mastered it into a fashion intended for native speakers; the second is an aesthetic representation of the spoken language, which is meant to recover or represent language within a certain cultural context”. Literature as the authentic material imparts the diverse forms and functions of written language (Hadaway, 2002). These are what makes us excited and willing to use authentic materials in EFL class, but opponents believe that while using them, it is inevitable that we face some problems. Martinez (2002) (cited in Berardo, 2006) writes the negative aspects of authentic materials are that they can be too culturally biased, often a good knowledge of cultural background is required when reading, as well as that too many structures are mixed, causing lower level problems when decoding the texts. If we summarize the focal points of this discussion, we can say that arguably more important than the provision of authentic texts is authenticity in terms of the tasks which learners are required to perform with them. From what was said we can conclude that the use of literary text as an authentic material, from the language teaching point of view, will be useful because these texts show how language works in contexts. Furthermore, they show how language should be used in which condition and situation.
Available at: <https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu. documents>. Accessed on: February 18th, 2019 (Edited).
According to one argument in the text, most foreign language textbooks contain

A Debate on Literature as a Teaching Material in FLT
Ferdows Aghagolzadeh
Department of General Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran,
Iran Farzaneh Tajabadi (Corresponding Author)
Department of General linguistics, Faculty of Humanities,
Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Email: [email protected]
Abstract — Teaching materials play an important role in most foreign language teaching programs. The number of studies on this subject bears ample testimony to the significance given by scholars in this regard. This article is a review on some reasons that scholars propose for the use of literature as a language teaching material in foreign language (FL) classes and compares favors and disfavors ideas in this regard. Among a welter of reasons which have been proffered by a variety of authors and can be considered as the merits of literature in FLT, this study focuses on authenticity, cultural/incultural understanding, critical thinking and language skills and expand them further. This paper argues that teaching literature enhances students’ cultural understanding, facilitates critical thinking and improves language skills and all of these advantages caused by the authentic nature of literature. Index Terms — literature, FLT, authenticity, critical thinking, cultural awareness, language skills
Introduction
Teaching materials play an important role in FL teaching programs. For this reason, teachers rely on a different range of materials to support their teaching and their students’ learning. In this regard, Seniro (2005) says “we need to have a clear pedagogic goal in mind: what precisely we want our students to learn from these materials” (p. 71). It is one of the self-evident things that, as a teacher of a Foreign Language, our main concern is to help learners acquire communicative competence. Savvidou (2004) points that communicative competence is more than acquiring mastery of structure and form, it also involves acquiring the ability to interpret discourse in all its social and cultural contexts. In this direction and in order to reach this lofty goal, Howard & Major (2004) propose ten guidelines for preparing teaching materials. They argue that these materials should: 1 - Be contextualized. 2 - Stimulate interaction and be generative in terms of language. 3 -Encourage learners to develop learning skills and strategies. 4 - Allow for a focus on form as well as function. 5 - Offer opportunities for integrated language use. 6 - Be authentic. 7 - Link to each other to develop a progression of skills, understanding and language items. 8- Be attractive. 9- Have appropriate instruction. 10- Be flexible. According to these different criteria, the main question is that if literature can be used as an appropriate material and if it can satisfy these factors. In this paper we try to show that literature is in agreement with these yardsticks.
Statement of problem
From time to time the need or value of teaching literature in the language class as a teaching material has been questioned. Using literature to teach second/foreign languages can be traced back to over one century ago, but in recent times (the middle of the 1980s) a renewed interest has emerged in the teaching of literature in the language class. This can be confirmed by seeing so many publications heralding the coming back of literature in language classes. Maley (2001) (cited in Khatib et al., 2011) argues that this attitude toward literature is due to a paucity of empirical research confirming the significance of literary input for language class. Notwithstanding the few controversial points regarding whether literature can be used to enhance the efficiency of language learning programs, the relevant literature abounds with the reasons why literary exploration can be beneficial in the language classroom. Researchers who advocate the use of literature to teach SL/FL list several benefits of it. For example, Lazar (1993) proposes six purposes or reasons for using literature in the language classroom as motivating material: access to cultural background, encouraging language acquisition, expanding students’ language awareness, developing students’ interpretative abilities and educating the whole person. Van (2009) also counts some advantages of using literature in the FL classroom as below: 1- It provides meaningful contexts; 2- It involves a profound range of vocabulary, dialogues and prose; 3- It appeals to imagination and enhances creativity; 4- It develops cultural awareness; 5- It encourages critical thinking; 6- It is in line with CLT (Communicative Language Teaching) principles. In sum, motivation, authenticity, cultural/intercultural awareness and globalization, intensive/extensive reading practice, sociolinguistic/pragmatic knowledge, grammar and vocabulary knowledge, language skills, emotional intelligence and critical thinking are the payoffs’ list of using literature in FL/SL classes (Khatib et al., 2011). However, some of these justifications or benefits are the subject of debate among scholars, and some experts have posited the possible potholes literature might cause in language class. However, Savvidou (2004) believes that the reasons why few experts often consider literature inappropriate to the language classroom may be found in the common beliefs held about literature and literary language, and these views reflect the historic separation between the study of language and the study of literature, which has led to the limited role of literature in the language classroom. Since scholars are not unanimous about this subject, the purpose of this paper is to compare the different viewpoints (favors and disfavors), to reach a rational conclusion about using literature as an appropriate teaching material in FL class.
Ideas and discussion
Among a welter of reasons which have been proffered by a variety of authors, this study focuses on authenticity, cultural/incultural understanding, critical thinking and language skills and attempts to expand them further.
A. Authenticity
Authenticity is a criterion considered highly essential in the current literature in FLT (Khatib, et.al., 2011). A brief look at FL textbook topic contents reveals that they are fictions in a variety of ways. In other words, they are often unreal in the sense of relevance to the learners. The artificial nature of the language and structures used makes them very unlike anything that the learner will encounter in the real world and very often they don’t reflect how the language is really used. Berado (2006) states: “one of the main reasons for using authentic materials in the classroom is once outside the safe, controlled language learning environment, the learner will not encounter the artificial language of classroom, but the real world and language how it is really used”. According to Wallace (1992), authentic texts are “real life texts, not written for pedagogic purposes” (p.145). Peacock (1997) says the purpose of producing this material is to fulfill some social purpose in the language community. Berado (2006) writes the sources of authentic materials that can be used in the FL class are infinite and proposes four factors worth taking into consideration when choosing authentic material for the classroom. These factors are: suitability of content, exploitability, readability and presentation. He believes that the main advantages of using authentic materials in the classroom include: 1 - Having a positive effect on student motivation; 2 - Giving authentic cultural information; 3 - Exposing students to real language; 4 - Relating more closely to students’ needs; 5 - Supporting a more creative approach to teaching. Cruz (2010) believes that literature as aesthetic recreation can be considered a much more “authentic” source and can inspire more authority in the use and enrichment of language. He says “literature can be regarded as a rich source of authentic material, because it conveys two features in its written text: one is “language in use‟, that is, the employment of linguistics by those who have mastered it into a fashion intended for native speakers; the second is an aesthetic representation of the spoken language, which is meant to recover or represent language within a certain cultural context”. Literature as the authentic material imparts the diverse forms and functions of written language (Hadaway, 2002). These are what makes us excited and willing to use authentic materials in EFL class, but opponents believe that while using them, it is inevitable that we face some problems. Martinez (2002) (cited in Berardo, 2006) writes the negative aspects of authentic materials are that they can be too culturally biased, often a good knowledge of cultural background is required when reading, as well as that too many structures are mixed, causing lower level problems when decoding the texts. If we summarize the focal points of this discussion, we can say that arguably more important than the provision of authentic texts is authenticity in terms of the tasks which learners are required to perform with them. From what was said we can conclude that the use of literary text as an authentic material, from the language teaching point of view, will be useful because these texts show how language works in contexts. Furthermore, they show how language should be used in which condition and situation.
Available at: <https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu. documents>. Accessed on: February 18th, 2019 (Edited).
The scarce use of literary texts in language classroom is due to the

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