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According to researchers in Mechanical Engineering at Penn State University, hummingbirds have extreme aerial agility and flight forms, which is why many drones and other aerial vehicles are designed to mimic hummingbird movement. Using a novel modeling method, Professor Bo Cheng and his team of researchers gained new insights into how hummingbirds produce wing movement, which could lead to design improvements in flying robots.
“We essentially reverse-engineered the inner working of the wing musculoskeletal system — how the muscles and skeleton work in hummingbirds to flap the wings,” said first author and Penn State mechanical engineering graduate student Suyash Agrawal. “The traditional methods have mostly focused on measuring activity of a bird or insect when they are in natural flight or in an artificial environment where flight-like conditions are simulated. But most insects and, among birds specifically, hummingbirds are very small. The data that we can get from those measurements are limited.”
Penn State researchers used muscle anatomy literature, computational fluid dynamics simulation data and wing-skeletal movement information captured using micro-CT and X-ray methods to inform their model. They also used an optimization algorithm based on evolutionary strategies, known as the genetic algorithm, to calibrate the parameters of the model. According to the researchers, their approach is the first to integrate these disparate parts for biological fliers.
With this model, the researchers uncovered previously unknown principles of hummingbird wing actuation. While Cheng emphasized that the results from the optimized model are predictions that will need validation, he said that it has implications for technological development of aerial vehicles.
Internet: <www.labmanager.com> (adapted).
Judge the following item according to the previous text.
Professor Cheng and his team have acquired fresh
perspective on the mechanics of wing motion in
hummingbirds.
According to researchers in Mechanical Engineering at Penn State University, hummingbirds have extreme aerial agility and flight forms, which is why many drones and other aerial vehicles are designed to mimic hummingbird movement. Using a novel modeling method, Professor Bo Cheng and his team of researchers gained new insights into how hummingbirds produce wing movement, which could lead to design improvements in flying robots.
“We essentially reverse-engineered the inner working of the wing musculoskeletal system — how the muscles and skeleton work in hummingbirds to flap the wings,” said first author and Penn State mechanical engineering graduate student Suyash Agrawal. “The traditional methods have mostly focused on measuring activity of a bird or insect when they are in natural flight or in an artificial environment where flight-like conditions are simulated. But most insects and, among birds specifically, hummingbirds are very small. The data that we can get from those measurements are limited.”
Penn State researchers used muscle anatomy literature, computational fluid dynamics simulation data and wing-skeletal movement information captured using micro-CT and X-ray methods to inform their model. They also used an optimization algorithm based on evolutionary strategies, known as the genetic algorithm, to calibrate the parameters of the model. According to the researchers, their approach is the first to integrate these disparate parts for biological fliers.
With this model, the researchers uncovered previously unknown principles of hummingbird wing actuation. While Cheng emphasized that the results from the optimized model are predictions that will need validation, he said that it has implications for technological development of aerial vehicles.
Internet: <www.labmanager.com> (adapted).
Judge the following item according to the previous text.
The research findings presented in the text have yielded
numerous advancements for the aerospace industry.
According to researchers in Mechanical Engineering at Penn State University, hummingbirds have extreme aerial agility and flight forms, which is why many drones and other aerial vehicles are designed to mimic hummingbird movement. Using a novel modeling method, Professor Bo Cheng and his team of researchers gained new insights into how hummingbirds produce wing movement, which could lead to design improvements in flying robots.
“We essentially reverse-engineered the inner working of the wing musculoskeletal system — how the muscles and skeleton work in hummingbirds to flap the wings,” said first author and Penn State mechanical engineering graduate student Suyash Agrawal. “The traditional methods have mostly focused on measuring activity of a bird or insect when they are in natural flight or in an artificial environment where flight-like conditions are simulated. But most insects and, among birds specifically, hummingbirds are very small. The data that we can get from those measurements are limited.”
Penn State researchers used muscle anatomy literature, computational fluid dynamics simulation data and wing-skeletal movement information captured using micro-CT and X-ray methods to inform their model. They also used an optimization algorithm based on evolutionary strategies, known as the genetic algorithm, to calibrate the parameters of the model. According to the researchers, their approach is the first to integrate these disparate parts for biological fliers.
With this model, the researchers uncovered previously unknown principles of hummingbird wing actuation. While Cheng emphasized that the results from the optimized model are predictions that will need validation, he said that it has implications for technological development of aerial vehicles.
Internet: <www.labmanager.com> (adapted).
Judge the following item according to the previous text.
According to the text, Penn State researchers were the first to
use the genetic algorithm to investigate flying patterns.
According to researchers in Mechanical Engineering at Penn State University, hummingbirds have extreme aerial agility and flight forms, which is why many drones and other aerial vehicles are designed to mimic hummingbird movement. Using a novel modeling method, Professor Bo Cheng and his team of researchers gained new insights into how hummingbirds produce wing movement, which could lead to design improvements in flying robots.
“We essentially reverse-engineered the inner working of the wing musculoskeletal system — how the muscles and skeleton work in hummingbirds to flap the wings,” said first author and Penn State mechanical engineering graduate student Suyash Agrawal. “The traditional methods have mostly focused on measuring activity of a bird or insect when they are in natural flight or in an artificial environment where flight-like conditions are simulated. But most insects and, among birds specifically, hummingbirds are very small. The data that we can get from those measurements are limited.”
Penn State researchers used muscle anatomy literature, computational fluid dynamics simulation data and wing-skeletal movement information captured using micro-CT and X-ray methods to inform their model. They also used an optimization algorithm based on evolutionary strategies, known as the genetic algorithm, to calibrate the parameters of the model. According to the researchers, their approach is the first to integrate these disparate parts for biological fliers.
With this model, the researchers uncovered previously unknown principles of hummingbird wing actuation. While Cheng emphasized that the results from the optimized model are predictions that will need validation, he said that it has implications for technological development of aerial vehicles.
Internet: <www.labmanager.com> (adapted).
In the text, the term ‘reverse-engineered’ (first sentence of the second paragraph) is not referring to an industrial product, which represents a variation of its conventional meaning.
I A autoridade ambiental que tiver conhecimento de infração ambiental é obrigada a promover a sua apuração imediata, mediante processo administrativo próprio, sob pena de corresponsabilidade.
II Não configura crime contra a fauna o abate de animal, quando realizado para proteger lavouras, pomares e rebanhos da ação predatória, desde que legal e expressamente autorizado pela autoridade competente.
III A mera fabricação de balões que possam provocar incêndios nas florestas e demais formas de vegetação, em áreas urbanas ou qualquer tipo de assentamento humano, não configura crime contra a flora.
IV Ainda que o infrator cometa, simultaneamente, duas ou mais infrações administrativas, a legislação veda expressamente a aplicação cumulativa das sanções a elas cominadas, com fundamento no princípio do non bis in idem.
Assinale a opção correta.
I O princípio da prevenção impede o estabelecimento de procedimento de licenciamento ambiental estadual que torne menos eficiente a proteção do meio ambiente equilibrado quanto às atividades de mineração.
II O afastamento do licenciamento de atividades potencialmente poluidoras afronta os princípios da prevenção, da precaução e da proibição de retrocesso em matéria socioambiental.
III Qualquer que seja a qualificação jurídica do degradador, público ou privado, a responsabilidade civil pelo dano ambiental é de natureza objetiva, solidária e ilimitada, sendo regida pelos princípios do poluidor-pagador, da reparação in integrum, da prioridade da reparação in natura e do favor debilis.
Assinale a opção correta.
I Constitui mero ilícito administrativo tributário fazer declaração falsa ou omitir declaração sobre rendas, bens ou fatos, ou empregar outra fraude, para eximir-se, total ou parcialmente, de pagamento de tributo.
II De acordo com a jurisprudência do STF, os crimes contra a ordem tributária são consumados, em regra, com a constituição do crédito tributário.
III Excepcionalmente, a jurisprudência do STF admite que se inicie a persecução penal antes de encerrado o procedimento administrativo, nos casos de embaraço à fiscalização tributária ou diante de indícios da prática de outros delitos, de natureza não fiscal.
Assinale a opção correta.
I Sujeita-se ao princípio da anterioridade a norma legal que altera o prazo de recolhimento de obrigação tributária.
II O princípio da legalidade tributária impede a instituição de quaisquer impostos mediante medida provisória.
III O princípio da irretroatividade veda a cobrança de tributos em relação a fatos geradores pretéritos ao início da vigência da lei que os houver instituído ou aumentado.
IV O Estado tributa com a finalidade precípua, mas não exclusiva, de arrecadar recursos para os cofres públicos.
Assinale a opção correta.
Considerando-se a situação hipotética precedente e o entendimento do Superior Tribunal de Justiça acerca desse tema, e de acordo com a Lei n.º 7.347/1985 (Lei de Ação Civil Pública), é correto afirmar que a existência de vara privativa instituída por lei estadual
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