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Some History of English... in two words
In 1582, Richard Mulcaster, headmaster of the Merchant Tailors’ school1 wrote that “our English tung is of small reatch, it stretcheth no further than this Iland of ours”. It didn’t stay that way. Today, English is spoken by more than a billion people all over the world. It is a colourful, vibrant and diverse tongue, that long has picked up words from the many languages with which its speakers have come into contact.
One such word is Dictionary. It is a borrowing from medieval Latin dictionarius liber “book of words”; it first appeared in English in the 16th century, along with numerous adoptions from Latin and Greek.
Dr Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language (1755), although the most famous, is not the earliest; the first English dictionary was Robert Cawdrey’s Table Alphabeticall (1604). Unlike a modern desk dictionary, Cawdrey set out to gloss only the most unfamiliar words, such as deambulate, pactation, and refractarie – whose meanings would have caused problems for those not educated in Latin and Greek.
Another such word is Emoji2 , originally developed in Japan in the 1990s for use by teenagers on their pagers; the word emoji derives from the Japanese e “picture” + moji “character, letter”. Its successful integration into English has been helped by its similarity to words with the e-“electronic” prefix, such as e-mail and e-book. E-communication is a form of writing that resembles casual conversation more than formal prose, often situated in real time with a known recipient, but lacking the extra-linguistic cues such as facial expression, tone of voice, hand gestures, that help to convey attitude in face-toface interactions, and users are finding creative new ways to employ emojis.
(https://theconversation.com/Adaptado. Acesso em 18.08.2015)
1 a public school for 11-18 year olds, founded in 1561 in London just for boys back then.
2 iconic, visual representation of an idea, entity, feeling, status or event used alongside or instead of words in digital messaging. The plural form in English is either emoji or emojis.
Conforme as autoras, é importante que as práticas de letramento acadêmico, nos contextos de formação inicial e continuada, contribuam para que o professor
As mudanças de métodos e conteúdos precisam ser entendidas à luz da concepção de “tradição escolar”, sendo necessário perceber, por intermédio desse conceito, dois aspectos fundamentais. O primeiro opõe-se à ideia de que, em educação, seja preciso sempre “inventar a roda”, bastando verificar que muito do que se pensa ser novo já foi experimentado muitas outras vezes.
(Circe Bittencourt, Ensino de História: fundamentos e método)
O segundo aspecto mencionado, segundo Bittencourt, refere-se
“Teacher of language has received the knowledge of linguistic theory to teach language. Linguistics has been used as one of the disciplines which contribute to the theory of language teaching.
The knowledge of linguistic theory has been used as a device to help the language teacher.” Source: Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 15 (8): Author: Ali Akbar Khansir – Applied Linguistics and English Language Teaching. The discussion emphasizes that Linguistics provides theoretical foundations that support language teachers in understanding linguistic structure, selecting methods, and developing appropriate teaching materials. It also states that the teacher’s role is not to teach theoretical linguistics, but to apply linguistic principles in the classroom. Based on these ideas, analyze the statements below:
I. The global expansion of English increasesthe need for teachers to master linguistic knowledge that supports intercultural communication and effective lesson planning.
II. It is argued that linguists and language teachers perform the same professional role, since both work directly with the scientific description of language.
III. Linguistics, although not offering ready-made teaching methods, provides theoretical principles that help teachers understand how language works and produce suitable learning materials.
IV. Applied Linguistics also includes the study of teaching methods and error-correction strategies related to language learning.
Choose the correct alternative.
Considerando o desenvolvimento da escrita desse estudante, a utilização de recursos de tecnologia assistiva deve incluir
A proposta de intervenção pedagógica que atende a esse objetivo é