No 5º parágrafo do texto, a palavra “guardrails” é usada em sentido figurado. Ela se refere, mais diretamente, a: 

No trecho “These gaps can also increase risk aversion”, presente no segundo parágrafo, a expressão “these gaps” refere-se, principalmente, 

A frase “If engagement is shallow, solutions may look efficient but feel unfair, and trust can fall”, no último parágrafo, sugere que a principal consequência de um engajamento fraco é

No que se refere aos procedimentos de mensuração do tempo de atenção, infere-se que, na atualidade, 

Considere a oração “This latter type is what scientists measure when researching attention spans.” Pode-se concluir que, ao pesquisar o tempo de atenção, os cientistas mensuram

Em uma análise global do texto apresentado, é possível afirmar que o tom discursivo é, predominantemente,

Study these sentences and decide if they are true ( T ) or false ( F ), according to structure and grammar use.

( ) The noun rice is countable and can be used with a/an.

( ) the genitive case is being used correctly in the sentence The children’s toys are on the floor.

( ) The following sentences are examples of the correct use of indefinite and relative pronouns There isn’t nothing in the box; The house which roof was damaged needs repairs.

( ) The sentence in direct speech I will call you tomorrow, she said., in indirect speech is She said that she would call me the next day.

( ) The sentence It says that the company will close soon., is the Passive form of People say that the company will close soon.

Choose the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from top to bottom.

Study the sentences below about “Vocabulary and Communication of English-speaking countries”, appropriate for Ensino Fundamental, and decide if they are true ( T ) or false ( F ).

( ) In many English-speaking countries, shaking hands is a common form of greeting.

( ) The words kitchen, closet, bedroom, and cellphone are part of the semantic field of parts of a house.

( ) In the United States and the United Kingdom, punctuality is generally considered important in social and professional contexts.

( ) Words like teacher, classroom, and homework are connected to the semantic field of school and education.

( ) Semantic fields are only useful for advanced learners and are not important in elementary English learning.

Choose the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from top to bottom.

Read the following text about Reading Comprehension.

Cohesion and coherence play a crucial role in reading comprehension because they help readers understand how ideas are connected and how meaning is constructed throughout a text.

..............................., on the other hand, relates to the logical organization of ideas and the overall sense that the text makes as a whole.         

............................... refers to the linguistic elements that link sentences and paragraphs, such as conjunctions, pronouns, repetition, and ............................. ties, guiding the reader through the text smoothly. When a text is cohesive and coherent, readers can follow the flow of information more easily, make inferences, and grasp both explicit and implicit meanings, which significantly ..................... comprehension.

Choose the alternative that contains the correct words to complete it.

Read text 1 carefully. Study the sentences below and decide if they are true ( T ) or false ( F ).

( ) Emma shared the digital story she found with a student from another country.

( ) Storytelling has changed because now it combines images, sounds, and words on digital platforms.

( ) The main idea of the text is ‘social media replaces education’.

( ) Emma and her students communicate through messages and books.

( ) Every morning Emma writes stories.

Choose the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from top to bottom.

Education is considered as an investment in human beings in terms of development of human resources, skills, motivation and knowledge. Evaluation is concerned with:

Um subtítulo adequado para a primeira circunstância que pode impedir uma boa auditoria é

Segundo o texto,

De acordo com o texto,

De acordo com o texto,

Segundo o texto,

O significado de supporting, conforme empregado no texto, é

Communication Strategies in English as a Second Language (ESL) Context 
        [...] Foreign language learners may encounter various communication problems when their interlanguage is limited. In order to convey their messages and remain in a conversation until their communication goal is achieved, [...] learners need to employ communication strategies, which have been defined generally as device used by second language learners to overcome perceived barriers to achieving specific communication goals [...]. Language learning cannot be separated from its culture. Language is a clear manifestation of culture. A word can have both cognitive meaning and cultural meaning. Cultural meaning refers to words and expressions which represent cultural perception, values and behavior. At discourse level, the link between language, communication and culture is virtually inseparable.
        Miscommunication occurs when one interprets communicative rules of one culture in terms of the rules of another culture. In the process of learning a second language, learners make some errors due to first language interference. By knowing strategies to avoid misinterpretation between different backgrounds of speakers, the problems mentioned before shall be avoided easily. Language teaching at school has traditionally been aimed at developing linguistic competence. Teachers tend to teach grammar and linguistic features without letting their learners practice and improve their communication in English. Probably this is one reason that cause some learners are good in English but they cannot use English orally. This problem may be solved by introducing communication strategies to learners in order to avoid communication problems and equip them with strategies to overcome the problems of speaking that they are dealing with [...].
        Communication strategies are usually associated with spoken language and research has shown that students tend to use various communication strategies when they are unable to express what they want to say because of their lack of resources in their second language (L2) [...]. When learners experience that fluency in their first language (hereafter L1) does not follow the same pattern as their L2, a gap is created in the knowledge of their L2. These gaps can take many forms: a word, a phrase, a structure, a tense marker or an idiom [...]. In order to overcome that gap, learners have two options: they can either leave the original communicative goal or they can try to reach alternative plans and use other linguistic means that they have at their disposal [...]. It is also important to know that culture and language cannot be separated. Therefore, in the context of language teaching, the knowledge of language and its culture need to be taught as well. The role of teachers in introducing communication strategies to students could determine learners’ successfulness in facing problems of communication [...].
        Despite the fact that many [...] researchers lend support to communication strategies training, some opposition to it has been expressed. Bialystok (1990) and Kellerman (1991) argue that one should teach the language itself rather than the strategies. Schmidt (1983) believes that L2 learners develop their strategic competence at the expense of their linguistic competence. According to Skehan (1998), using communication strategies by skilled learners may hinder the development of their interlanguage knowledge resources [...].
Available in: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1129727.pdf. Acess on: Jan. 30, 2026.
According to the text,

        Multiliteracies and multimodal literacies are a comprehensive response to the mobile semiotics of contemporary society. Flows of people, images and ideas, have meant the impact is experienced globally as well as locally and contextually. Along with New Literacy Studies, multiliteracies framework has as its central focus a socially just and culturally inclusive curriculum. Further, informed by critical pedagogy and critical literacy, multiliteracies has, at its conceptual centre, a transformative pedagogy aimed at effective learning across social and cultural differences, and across different learning styles. To attend to the change in social futures, multiliteracies has, at its nexus, student knowledges, lived experiences and student centred resources.
        Central to multiliteracies is the concept of Design. The New London Group indicates the numerous ways by which signification occurs. More recently, as Kalantzis and Cope (2005) describe it, “there is a nice ambiguity in the word ‘design’. Design can denote morphology or the sense of invisible inner structures or inherent relationships of cause and effect” (p. 41). Kalantzis and Cope (2005) use Design in a comprehensive manner to denote “agency” as the “stuff of the characteristically self-conscious pedagogical moves, teaching frameworks and organisational forms of education as we currently understand it” (p. 41). In brief, as Falk (2001) observes, for the New London Group, Design expresses “the active role of the literacy learner in constructing new meaning from existing resources” (p. 314). Because Design rejects isolated, abstract and decentralised learning, it demands “production of the new rather than replication of the old” (Kress, 2000, p. 141). In Design, the learner is actively creating and re-creating while having choices in learning that did not exist in traditional print-based models of literacy.
        The modes or Design concepts are: linguistic, visual, audio, spatial and gestural; however, the New London Group do not perceive each of these literacies as singular and isolated from other literacies. For students who engage with the four knowledge processes there is deep understanding and proactive learning: 
• Experiencing: through the known and the new, where the evidence data from the prior knowledge and life experience of the learner is combined with immersion in new knowledge and new experience in meaningful settings.
• Conceptualising: abstract concepts and theoretical synthesis by the process of naming and theorising. This enables the learner to define, apply concepts and comprehend the abstract generalised meanings in concepts and visual representations.
• Analysing: analysing, interpreting functions capably, through the comprehension of the role of knowledge and critically by analysing purpose and intentions.
• Applying: knowledge appropriately and creatively by understanding suitable situations to apply knowledge and extending it to create new knowledges.

IYER, Radha; LUKE, Carmen. Multimodal, Multiliteracies: Texts and Literacies for the 21st century. In: PULLEN, Darren L.; COLE, David R. Multiliteracies and Technology Enhanced Education. Social Practice and the Global Classroom. Hershey and New York: ICI Global, 2010, p. 22. (Adapted).

After reading this passage on multiliteracies and design, choose the alternative that best conceptualizes those two words. 

Read the abstract from na article titled “Social media pedagogy: Applying an interdisciplinary approach to teach multimodal critical digital literacy”.
Abstract
    Social media permeates the daily lives of millennials, as they use it constantly for a variety of reasons. A significant contributing factor is the availability of social media through smartphones and mobile apps. This kind of immersive and complex media environment calls for a literacy pedagogy that prepares students to understand, engage with, and adapt to social media that are inevitably going to remain a part of their lives. Research into digital literacy/literacies has sought to address the development of tools and methods to aid college students in becoming more situated and adept digital citizens. This article extends the conceptualization and application of digital media literacy through the inclusion of a critical, multimodal, and interdisciplinary pedagogical approach. The paper illustrates that critical digital literacy drawing upon multimodal and interdisciplinary analysis is imperative in preparing students to manage the predominance of social media in their lives.
TALIB, Saman. Social media pedagogy: Applying an interdisciplinary approach to teach multimodal critical digital literacy. In E-Learning and Digital Media. Sage, 2018. Available at: journals.sagepub.com/home/ldm. Access on: Feb 12, 2026. DOI: 10.1177/2042753018756904.
This objective of the article as stated in the abstract is to