Questões de Concurso
Sobre interpretação de texto | reading comprehension em inglês
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(__)Anaphoric reference occurs when a word or phrase refers back to a previously mentioned entity in the text, helping to maintain thematic continuity without unnecessary repetition.
(__)Scanning is a rapid reading technique employed when the reader needs to grasp the overall "gist" or the main argument of a long editorial or academic paper.
(__)Inference is a cognitive process where the reader combines textual evidence with their prior schematic knowledge to deduce information that is not explicitly stated.
(__)The presence of connectors like "notwithstanding" and "albeit" usually indicates a relationship of causality or temporal sequence between the main and the subordinate clause.
Now, choose the CORRECT alternative with the sequence from top to bottom:
I.Hyponymy is a relationship of inclusion, where the meaning of a more specific term (the hyponym) is included within the meaning of a more general term (the hypernym).
II.Antonymy always involves absolute opposites, meaning that words like "hot" and "cold" cannot be placed on a scale or modified by adverbs of degree in formal registers.
III.Polysemy refers to a single lexical item that possesses multiple related meanings, often originating from the same etymological root or metaphorical extension.
Which of the statements above is/are CORRECT?
Considering the preceding text, judge the following item.
The word "culprit", in the fragment "Scientists say the culprit is clear" (first paragraph), could be correctly replaced with problem without this causing any change in the original meaning of the text, since the words are synonyms.
Considering the preceding text, judge the following item.
Many scientists predicted all of the changes in Earth’s ecological systems exactly as they are happening.
Considering the preceding text, judge the following item.
The structure "appears to be diminishing", used at the end of the text, indicates the observation of an ongoing gradual process.
Read the excerpt from News of a Kidnapping by García Márquez (1997), a Colombian Nobel Prize - winning novelist and journalist whose significant work includes this book, and identify the relationship established between genre and text types.
After waiting three hours, a man in a mask came in, welcomed them on behalf of high command, and announced that Father Pérez was expecting them but for reason of security the women should go first. This was the first time that Diana showed signs of uneasiness. Hero Buss took her aside and said that under no circumstances should she agree to break up their group. Because she could not prevent that from happening, Diana slipped him her identity card. She did not have time to explain why, but he understood it to be a piece of evidence in the event she disappeared.
GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ, Gabriel; GROSSMAN, Edith (trad.). News of a Kidnapping. 1. American ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997
Text for question
The notion of Multiliteracies supplements traditional literacy pedagogy by addressing these two related aspects of textual multiplicity. What we might term ‘mere literacy’ remains centred on language only, and usually on a singular national form of language at that, being conceived as a stable system based on rules such as mastering sound-letter correspondence. This is based on the assumption that we can actually discern and describe correct usage. Such a view of language must characteristically translate into a more or less authoritarian kind of pedagogy. A pedagogy of Multi-literacies, by contrast, focuses on modes of representation much broader than language alone. These differ according to culture and context, and have specific cognitive, cultural, and social effects. In some cultural contexts – in an Aboriginal community or in a multimedia environment, for instance – the visual mode of representation may be much more powerful and closely related to language than ‘mere literacy’ would ever be able to allow. Multiliteracies also creates a different kind of pedagogy: one in which language and other modes of meaning are dynamic representational resources, constantly being remade by their users as they work to achieve their various cultural purposes.
COPE, Bill; KALANTZIS, Mary (org.). Multiliteracies: literacy learning and the design of social futures. Londres: Routledge, 2000.
Text for question.
I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsby’s house I was one of the few guests who had actually been invited. People were not invited – they went there. They got into automobiles which bore them out to Long Island, and somehow they ended up at Gatsby’s door. Once there they were introduced by somebody who knew Gatsby, and after that they conducted themselves according to the rules of behavior associated with amusement parks. Sometimes they came and went without having met Gatsby at all, came for the party with a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission.
I had been actually invited. A chauffeur in a uniform of robin’s-egg blue crossed my lawn early that Saturday morning with a surprisingly formal note from his employer: the honor would be entirely Gatsby’s, it said, if I would attend his “little party” that night. He had seen me several times, and had intended to call on me long before, but a peculiar combination of circumstances had prevented it – signed Jay Gatsby, in a majestic hand.
Dressed up in white flannels I went over to his lawn a little after seven, and wandered around rather ill at ease among swirls and eddies of people I didn’t know – though here and there was a face I had noticed on the commuting train. I was immediately struck by the number of young Englishmen dotted about; all well dressed, all looking a little hungry, and all talking in low, earnest voices to solid and prosperous Americans. I was sure that they were selling something: bonds or insurance or automobiles. They were at least agonizingly aware of the easy money in the vicinity and convinced that it was theirs for a few words in the right key.
FITZGERALD, F. S. The Great Gatsby. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1925. p. 41-42
Read the text below and answer question.
Sometimes when we have talked or written about using ideas from complexity theory, we have been challenged as to whether we are 'just' being metaphorical. There are two ways to answer this question: firstly, to reject the 'just' and to assert the importance of metaphor; and secondly, to discuss what it would mean to say that the comparison between systems in applied linguistics and complex systems is more than metaphor. Our contention, to be supported throughout this book, is that complexity theory off ers applied linguistics at least an important new metaphor that brings with it new ways of thinking about issues in the field, and, maximally, may push the field towards radical theoretical change. (…) Metaphors are not just literary tools for ornamenting language; they are indispensable to the human mind. Whenever we have to contemplate the abstract, voice the difficult, or make sense of the complicated, we turn to metaphor. Metaphor enables us to 'see' or understand one thing in terms of another, through analogies or mappings between two conceptual domains.
(Cameron 1999). LARSEN-FREEMAN, Diane; CAMERON, Lynne. Complex systems and applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. p. 11.
I. The authors argue that complexity theory should be seen primarily as a rhetorical or literary device in applied linguistics.
II. According to the text, one response to the criticism about metaphor is to emphasize the fundamental importance of metaphors in human cognition.
III. The authors claim that complexity theory may contribute not only to new ways of thinking but also to potentially radical theoretical changes in applied linguistics.
IV. The text suggests that metaphors are mainly used to embellish language rather than to support understanding of abstract or complex ideas.
V. Metaphor is presented as a cognitive tool that allows understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another through analogies or mappings.
Which statement is NOT accurate regarding the use of infinitives in the following headlines?
Headline 1:
Exclusive: US to issue generallifting some sanctions on Venezuelan oil industry
It's a shift from a previous plan to grant individual exemptions to sanctions for companies seeking to do business in the country.
Headline 2:
https://www.theguardian.com/international.
Read the text below and answer question.
Language learning, like any other type of learning, is not a linear process and therefore cannot be deemed as predictable as some of these models of acquisition have hypothesized it to be. Minimal differences in initial conditions can cause very different results. Nevertheless, I consider that the previous attempts to explain SLA should not be disregarded because when they are put together they provide a broader view of the phenomenon. In this new perspective, a SLA model should be considered as a set of connections within a dynamic system that moves in the direction of the “edge of chaos” considered as a zone of creativity with the maximum potential for learning.
PAIVA, V. L. M. O. Second Language Acquisition: Reconciling Theories. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 2013, 3, 404-412. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ ojapps.2013.37050.
While ESP teachers may have some understanding of the fields in which their students work, these teachers do not have to be knowledgeable in all of these fields. A degree in law or medicine is not required of teachers in ESP courses for lawyers or doctors. In ESP, teachers’ and students’ roles are different but complementary. Teachers are the language education specialists; they know (about) English in addition to having pedagogical skills. Students, on the other hand, have some knowledge of their professional field (generally in their first language) and usually have a real motivation to learn the language (e.g., communicate with clients, read a manual, be promoted). It is not possible to generalize, however, whether they know English.
SARMENTO, S.; VIANA, V.; BOCORNY, Ana E. English for Specific Purposes (ESP). TESOL Press: 2018.
Text for question
EVANS, G.; EVANS, K. Luann. Go Comics, May 10th, 2009. Available at: https://www.gocomics.com/luann/2009/05/10
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