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Sobre interpretação de texto | reading comprehension em inglês
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The Red Cross
The International Red Cross movement started in 1863 and was inspired by Swiss businessman Henry Dunant. The suffering of thousands of men on both sides of the Battle of Solferino in 1859 upset Dunant. Many were left to die due to lack of care. He proposed creating national relief societies, made up of volunteers, trained in peacetime to provide neutral and impartial help to relieve suffering in times of war.
In response to these ideas, a committee (which later became the International Committee of the Red Cross) was established in Geneva. Dunant also proposed that countries adopt an international agreement, which would recognise the status of medical services and of the injured on the battlefield. This agreement was adopted in 1864.
The formation of the British Red Cross occurred during the war between France and Prussia in July 1870, Colonel Loyd-Lindsay wrote a letter to the newspaper The Times. He called for a National Society to be formed in Britain just like in other European nations. On 4 August 1870, a public meeting was held in London and a resolution passed authorizing the formation of The British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War. It gave aid and relief to both warring armies during the Franco-Prussian War and in other wars and campaigns during the 19th century. This was done under the protection of the red cross emblem.
In 1905, the British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War was renamed as the British Red Cross. The Red Cross needed many skilled volunteers for its wartime role. The Voluntary Aid Scheme was introduced in 1909 and ensured that Voluntary Aid Detachments were formed across the United Kingdom. Their members would provide aid to the territorial medical forces in times of war.
(www.redcross.org.uk. Adaptado.)
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The Red Cross
The International Red Cross movement started in 1863 and was inspired by Swiss businessman Henry Dunant. The suffering of thousands of men on both sides of the Battle of Solferino in 1859 upset Dunant. Many were left to die due to lack of care. He proposed creating national relief societies, made up of volunteers, trained in peacetime to provide neutral and impartial help to relieve suffering in times of war.
In response to these ideas, a committee (which later became the International Committee of the Red Cross) was established in Geneva. Dunant also proposed that countries adopt an international agreement, which would recognise the status of medical services and of the injured on the battlefield. This agreement was adopted in 1864.
The formation of the British Red Cross occurred during the war between France and Prussia in July 1870, Colonel Loyd-Lindsay wrote a letter to the newspaper The Times. He called for a National Society to be formed in Britain just like in other European nations. On 4 August 1870, a public meeting was held in London and a resolution passed authorizing the formation of The British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War. It gave aid and relief to both warring armies during the Franco-Prussian War and in other wars and campaigns during the 19th century. This was done under the protection of the red cross emblem.
In 1905, the British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War was renamed as the British Red Cross. The Red Cross needed many skilled volunteers for its wartime role. The Voluntary Aid Scheme was introduced in 1909 and ensured that Voluntary Aid Detachments were formed across the United Kingdom. Their members would provide aid to the territorial medical forces in times of war.
(www.redcross.org.uk. Adaptado.)
Examine a seguinte campanha da Cruz Vermelha.
The word “strikes” can be replaced, with no change in meaning, by:
In my research recently published in an open access journal, I used a popular language model, GPT-4 by OpenAI, to create simple summaries of scientific papers. These summaries generated by artificial intelligence (AI) used simpler language and more common words, like “job” instead of “occupation”, than summaries written by the researchers who had done the work.
In one experiment, I found that readers of the AI-generated summaries had a better understanding of the science than readers of the human-written summaries. A second experiment investigated what effects the simpler summaries might have on people’s perceptions of the scientists who performed the research. In this experiment, participants rated the scientists whose work was described in the simpler texts as more credible than the scientists whose work was described in the more complex texts.
Have you ever read about a scientific discovery and felt like it was written in a foreign language? New scientific information is probably hard to understand — especially if you try to read a science article in a research journal. In an era where understanding science is crucial for informed decision--making, the abilities to comprehend and communicate complex ideas are more important than ever. Trust in science has been declining for years, and one contributing factor may be the challenge of understanding scientific jargon.
As AI continues to evolve, its role in science communication may expand, especially if using generative AI becomes more commonplace. Simple science descriptions are preferable to and more beneficial than complex ones, and AI tools can help. But scientists could also achieve the same goals by working harder to minimize jargon and communicate clearly — no AI necessary.
(David Markowitz. https://theconversation.com, 30.10.2024. Adaptado.)
In my research recently published in an open access journal, I used a popular language model, GPT-4 by OpenAI, to create simple summaries of scientific papers. These summaries generated by artificial intelligence (AI) used simpler language and more common words, like “job” instead of “occupation”, than summaries written by the researchers who had done the work.
In one experiment, I found that readers of the AI-generated summaries had a better understanding of the science than readers of the human-written summaries. A second experiment investigated what effects the simpler summaries might have on people’s perceptions of the scientists who performed the research. In this experiment, participants rated the scientists whose work was described in the simpler texts as more credible than the scientists whose work was described in the more complex texts.
Have you ever read about a scientific discovery and felt like it was written in a foreign language? New scientific information is probably hard to understand — especially if you try to read a science article in a research journal. In an era where understanding science is crucial for informed decision--making, the abilities to comprehend and communicate complex ideas are more important than ever. Trust in science has been declining for years, and one contributing factor may be the challenge of understanding scientific jargon.
As AI continues to evolve, its role in science communication may expand, especially if using generative AI becomes more commonplace. Simple science descriptions are preferable to and more beneficial than complex ones, and AI tools can help. But scientists could also achieve the same goals by working harder to minimize jargon and communicate clearly — no AI necessary.
(David Markowitz. https://theconversation.com, 30.10.2024. Adaptado.)
Our planet is home to subterranean lava deposits and smatterings of obsidian—black volcanic glass. Scalding groundwater bubbles to the surface in places. In such a landscape, you remember that the planet’s hard exterior is so thin that we call it a crust. Its superheated interior burns with an estimated forty-four trillion watts of power. Heat mined from underground is called geothermal and can be used to produce steam, spin a turbine, and generate electricity. Until recently, humans have tended to harvest small quantities in the rare places where it surfaces, such as hot springs. The biggest drawback is drilling miles through hot rock, safely. If scientists can do that, next-generation geothermal power could supply clean energy for eons. Right now, geothermal energy meets a puny portion of humanity’s electricity and heating needs. Fossil fuels power about eighty per cent of human activity, pumping out carbon dioxide and short-circuiting our climate to catastrophic effect. Converts argue that geothermal checks three key boxes: it is carbon-free, available everywhere, and effectively unlimited. It is also baseload, which means that, unlike solar panels or wind, it provides a steady flow of energy. “Over the last two years, I have watched this exponential spinup of activity in geothermal,” a drilling expert said. But there is a risk of moon shots: often, they miss. “There’s basically zero chance that you’re going to develop a moon-shot technology and have it be commercial in five years, on a large-scale”, said Mark Jacobson, an engineering professor. That’s how long humanity has to lower emissions before climatic devastation. “There’s a very decent chance you can do that with wind and solar,” he said. Perhaps, when resources and time are finite, trying and failing could be worse than not trying at all.
New Yorker. March 2025. Adaptado.
De acordo com o texto, atualmente a exploração do calor gerado nas regiões subterrâneas do planeta
Considere o texto a seguir:
Ice flows across Antarctica and continues to do so as it reaches the edge of the land mass and extends over the ocean. The huge floating tongues of ice often remain attached to the continent. Anything that remains grounded on the land is part of the Antarctic ice sheet; the floating part is an ice shelf. Floating ice shelves surround three-quarters of Antarctica’s coast and make up about 11% of its total area. One of the largest, the Ross Ice Shelf, is roughly the size of France. The George VI Ice Shelf is shown in the image, taken by NASA’s Landsat 8 in January 2020.
It may seem intuitive that all the ice added to the ocean from melting ice shelves would raise global sea level, but that’s not the case. By Archimedes’s principle, ice shelves floating on the water have already displaced their own weight, so their disintegration or melting won’t change the water level. Ice shelves do, however, regulate the speed of glaciers on Antarctica’s land. Ice shelves act to hold glaciers back. Take the shelf away, and the glaciers are free to speed up and flow into the ocean. Any ice and liquid water that the glaciers take with them will raise sea level. Of Earth’s fresh water, 70% is stored in Antarctica’s ice; that is the equivalent of about 58 meters of sea-level rise if all of it were to melt.
Buzzard, S. “The surface hydrology of Antarctica’s floating ice”. Physics Today 75, 28-33 (2022). Adaptado.
Segundo o texto, é correto afirmar:
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