Read Text I and answer the fourteen questions that follow it

 Text I The “literacy turn” in education: reexamining 

what it means to be literate

In response to the phenomena of mass migration and the emergence of digital communications media that defined the last decade of the 20th century, the New London Group (NLG) called for a broader view of literacy and literacy teaching in its 1996 manifesto, A Pedagogy of Multiliteracies: Designing Social Futures. The group argued that literacy pedagogy in education must (1) reflect the increasing cultural and linguistic diversity of the contemporary globalized world, and (2) account for the new kinds of texts and textual engagement that have emerged in the wake of new information and multimedia technologies. In order to better capture the plurality of discourses, languages, and media, they proposed the term ‘multiliteracies’.

Within the NLG’s pedagogy of multiliteracies, language and other modes of communication are viewed as dynamic resources for meaning making that undergo constant changes in the dynamics of language use as learners attempt to achieve their own purposes. Within this broader view of literacy and literacy teaching, learners are no longer “users as decoders of language” but rather “designers of meaning.” Meaning is not viewed as something that resides in texts; rather, deriving meaning is considered an active and dynamic process in which learners combine and creatively apply both linguistic and other semiotic resources (e.g., visual, gesture, sound, etc.) with an awareness of “the sets of conventions connected with semiotic activity [...] in a given social space” (NLG, 1996, p. 74).

Grounded within the view that learning develops in social, cultural, and material contexts as a result of collaborative interactions, NLG argued that instantiating literacy-based teaching in classrooms calls on the complex integration and interaction of four pedagogical components that are neither hierarchical nor linear and can at times overlap: situated practice, overt instruction, critical framing, and transformed practice. […]

Although the NLG’s pedagogy of multiliteracies was conceived as a “statement of general principle” (1996, p. 89) for schools, the group’s call for educators to recognize the diversity and social situatedness of literacy has had a lasting impact on foreign language (FL) teaching and learning. The reception of the group’s work along with that of other scholars from critical pedagogy appeared at a time when the field was becoming less solidly anchored in theories of L2 acquisition and more interested in the social practice of FL education itself. In the section that follows, we describe the current state of FL literacy studies as it has developed in recent years, before finally turning to some very recent emerging trends that we are likely to see develop going forward.

(Adapted from: https://www.colorado.edu/center/altec/sites/default/files/ attachedfiles/moving_toward_multiliteracies_in_foreign_language_teaching.pdf)

Text 22A4-II 

      Over the past few years, Peruvian authorities have tried to find ways to manage increasing visitor numbers to the popular site which often had long lines and overcrowding, leaving many tourists unable to enter. Machu Picchu was awarded UNESCO World Heritage status in 1983 and is described by the awarding body as probably the most amazing urban creation of the Inca Empire at its height. It added its giant walls, terraces, and ramps “seem as if they have been cut naturally” into the continuous rock escarpments. The citadel, 130 km from Cusco, was built in the 15th as a religious sanctuary for the Incas at an altitude of 2,490 meters. 

      However, UNESCO also highlighted the challenges faced by the site, which it says requires more stringent management. “Tourism itself represents a double-edged sword by providing economic benefits but also by resulting in major cultural and ecological impacts,” said UNESCO. “The strongly increasing number of visitors to the historic sanctuary of Machu Picchu must be matched by an adequate management regulating access, diversifying the offer, and efforts to fully understand and minimize impacts. A larger appropriate and increasing share of the significant tourism revenues could be reinvested in planning and management.”. 

Internet: <https://www.thenationalnews.com> (adapted).

Dutch government bans phones in schools The Dutch government has announced a ban ______01 mobile phones, tablets, and smartwatches in classrooms starting ______02 January 1, 2024.

The aim is to reduce distractions ______03 lessons and promote better concentration and studying opportunities for students. ______04, devices

_______________05 if they are specifically required for digital skills lessons, for medical reasons, or students with disabilities.

Education Minister Robbert Dijkgraaf ______06 that ______07 mobile phones are a significant part of ______08 lives, they are not suitable for the classroom, and scientific research ______09 this view.

The ban is the result of an agreement between the ministry, schools, and related organizations. Schools have the flexibility to implement the ban in their way, but if the desired outcomes ______10 achieved by the summer of 2024, legal rules ______11 enforced.

Source: https://www.newsinlevels.com/products/dutch government-bans-phones-in-schools-level-3/. 

Read the text and answer the following questions

American man stolen as a baby in Chile meets mother at 42

By CNN's Rafael Romo

Published 3:05 AM EDT, Sat September 9, 2023

Jimmy Lippert Thyden says he always knew he was adopted. He also knew that he had been born not in the United States, but in Chile. Raised in Virginia by very loving and committed adoptive parents, he says he never lacked anything. The 42-year-old who served in the US Marines is now an attorney who is married and has two young daughters.

“I was told that I was given up for adoption out of love,” Thyden said. “Given by a mother who loved me and wanted the best for me: a life full of opportunity, education and meaning.”

That all started to change in 2012 when his adoptive mother gave him his adoption paperwork as he was preparing to deploy to Afghanistan. Thyden says that when he started looking closely at the adoption files, he found out that there were many discrepancies and inconsistencies.

There was one document that said he had no known father or mother. Another provided the name of a biological mother and her address. A third document specified the baby had no living relatives, and a fourth stated that he had been given up for adoption days after birth. Yet another document said he had been given up for adoption when he was two years old.

Thyden says it was not until a few months ago, when his wife read about the case of Scott Lieberman, that he became actively engaged in uncovering the truth about his adoption.

As CNN reported in May, Lieberman, the 42-yearold American from San Francisco, had also been adopted from Chile and had recently found out that he had been stolen as a baby. That’s how Thyden learned about “Nos Buscamos” (We Search for Each Other), a Chilean non-profit organization devoted to helping people stolen as babies find their biological parents and families. 

During the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet, from 1973 to 1990, many babies were funneled to adoption agencies. Some of the children came from rich families, who in many cases gave up babies born out of wedlock. Other babies from poorer backgrounds were simply stolen.

Chilean officials say the number of stolen babies could be in the thousands, but the country’s investigation into the controversial adoptions has languished. Some who took part in the illegal adoptions have died. Many clinics or hospitals where the babies were allegedly stolen no longer exist.

After reaching out to “Nos Buscamos,” Thyden says he got an email the next day from its director, Constanza del Río, who told him to call her right away. With the help of MyHeritage, an online genealogy company, Thyden got a match within a few weeks. When the match came back, del Río says she knew the next step was making a phone call to María Angélica González, 69, a woman who had believed for decades her son had died shortly after being born.

“She could not believe it. She thought it was a joke in poor taste because she had been told her premature baby boy had died,” del Río said. Del Río says González had been told the baby’s body had been disposed of in the trash. During the Pinochet dictatorship, when several thousand people were killed and disappeared, asking too many questions or protesting in a loud way could be dangerous. (Chile will mark the 50th anniversary of the coup that brought Pinochet to power on September 11.)

Learning the truth has been bittersweet for Thyden. He’s happy to finally know his true origins but sad about what his biological mother went through.

After three agonizing months, he was finally able to travel to Chile to give his biological mother the hug that had to wait for 42 years. When they met in the southern city of Valdivia in mid-August, he was finally able to utter the words he had been rehearsing for weeks. “Hola, mamá!,” he said when they finally embraced.

Thyden says that learning the truth has also been painful because his adoptive parents were also lied to and victimized. He says his adoptive parents first contacted an adoption agency in Virginia and specifically asked to adopt a child the right way, through a reputable agency, something that they put in writing.

“It’s not wasted on me that I recognize that I’m blessed in the fact that I have loving families on both sides of the equator. Are those things that I did because of where I was or are those things that I did because they are at the core of who I am?,” said Thyden, who pointed out that he says “mom” or “mother” when he’s speaking about his American adoptive mother and “mamá” when he refers to his Chilean, biological mother.

In the end, he says, the wisdom about what happened to him came from his five-year-old daughter, who told him if a bad thing hadn’t happened, she wouldn’t be here. And her father, she told him, has not one but two families who love him deeply.

(Adapted from www.cnn.com)

Answer questions according to TEXT.

Text 1

Green shoppers around the world

If you want to be a responsible consumer, think about not just how much you buy, but also about what’s good for the planet. Green Shoppers United is an international non-profit organization for the promotion of responsible consumerism.

Labels

Read the labels. Some...................the ingredients that manufacturers use in products, such as cosmetics or toiletries, can damage the environment. Some ingredients are only used...................make things prettier, or more colorful, but they might also be harmful. Don’t buy things that contain substances that harm you or the world you live................... For example, research shows a potential link...................the preservatives called parabens, often found in beauty products, and some types of cancer. 

Transport

In today’s global economy, it is easier for companies to buy products and materials where they’re cheap, and transport them over enormous distances to get them to customers. If you can, buy things locally. The local food movement has grown steadily in recent years, and it’s often possible to track down locally grown, or produced, products, rather than those that have been transported long distances. If we stop buying goods that have had to fly over continents to get to us, companies may stop transporting them around unnecessarily. A bargain may cost you less personally, but the real price we pay for it in the long run may turn out to be too high, as jet fuel continues to pollute our environment. 

Environment 

Responsible consumers recycle to reduce waste, and its negative impact on our environment. A lot of the plastic packaging we use for food and drink is recyclable, but not all of it. The most common packaging materials are still non-recyclable polyethylene and PVC. Seventy million tons are used every year. Look at the recycling labels carefully. Manufacturers should use recyclable plastics, like PET, wherever possible. Some have also begun using lighter materials, for example, 30% lighter PET plastic for drinks bottles, to reduce the amount of plastic waste. Transporting lighter materials is cheaper, and uses less fuel, too – so the solution may actually benefit everyone. 

Packaging

We’ve all purchased products wrapped in foil, then sealed in a bag, and then put in a box. Why? Write to companies that you think produce wasteful packaging. Ask them to think about what’s really necessary. Make them realize they can save money by using less packaging and, at the same time, help save our planet.

Consumers

A lot of us expect products these days to be more environmentally friendly. However, research has shown that we don’t want to pay more, and we don’t want to compromise on the quality of products, either. For example, one manufacturer recently had to switch back to less environmental packaging of potato chips, just because customers didn’t like the noise their “green” bags made when they were opened! Think about the effects of your shopping choices. Buy less to save the world, and join our effort to make shopping greener!

Analyze the following expression and answer the question

Fonte:https://www.amazon.com.br/Light-Has-Been-BrokenSupernatural-ebook/acesso em: 06 de out de 2023.