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Sete annos de pastor Jacob servia
Luís Vaz de Camões
Sete annos de pastor Jacob servia
Labão, pae de Raquel, serrana bella:
Mas n˜ao servia ao pae, servia a ella,
Que a ella só por premio pertendia.
Os dias na esperança de hum só dia
Passava, contentando-se com vella:
Porém o pae, usando de cautella,
Em lugar de Raquel lhe deo a Lia.
Vendo o triste Pastor que com enganos
Assi lhe era negada a sua Pastora,
Como se a não tivera merecida;
Começou a servir outros sete annos,
Dizendo: Mais servíra, senão fôra
Para tão longo amor tão curta a vida.
Fonte: CAMOES, Luís Vaz de. Obras Completas de Luis de Camões, Tomo II (Portuguese Edition). Edição do Kindle.
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão.
TEXTO III
O operário em construção
Vinicius de Moraes
Era ele que erguia casas
Onde antes só havia chão.
Como um pássaro sem asas
Ele subia com as casas
Que lhe brotavam da mão.
Mas tudo desconhecia
De sua grande missão:
Não sabia, por exemplo
Que a casa de um homem é um templo
Um templo sem religião
Como tampouco sabia
Que a casa que ele fazia
Sendo a sua liberdade
Era a sua escravidão.
De fato, como podia
Um operário em construção
Compreender por que um tijolo
Valia mais do que um pão?
[...] Mas ele desconhecia
Esse fato extraordinário:
Que o operário faz a coisa
E a coisa faz o operário.
De forma que, certo dia
A mesa, ao cortar o pão
O operário foi tomado
De uma súbita emoção
Ao constatar assombrado
Que tudo naquela mesa
– Garrafa, prato, facão –
Era ele quem os fazia
Ele, um humilde operário,
Um operário em construção.
[...] E foi assim que o operário
Do edifício em construção
Que sempre dizia sim
Começou a dizer não
E aprendeu a notar coisas
A que não dava atenção:
Notou que sua marmita
Era o prato do patrão
Que sua cerveja preta
Era o uísque do patrão
Que seu macacão de zuarte
Era o terno do patrão
Que o casebre onde morava
Era a mansão do patrão
[...] Que sua imensa fadiga
Era amiga do patrão.
E o operário disse: Não!
E o operário fez-se forte
Na sua resolução.
Como era de se esperar
As bocas da delação
Começaram a dizer coisas
Aos ouvidos do patrão.
[...] Dia seguinte, o operário
Ao sair da construção
Viu-se súbito cercado
Dos homens da delação
E sofreu, por destinado
Sua primeira agressão.
Teve seu rosto cuspido
Teve seu braço quebrado
Mas quando foi perguntado
O operário disse: Não!
[...] Sentindo que a violência
Não dobraria o operário
Um dia tentou o patrão
Dobrá-lo de modo vário.
De sorte que o foi levando
Ao alto da construção
E num momento de tempo
Mostrou-lhe toda a região
E apontando-a ao operário
Fez-lhe esta declaração:
— Dar-te-ei todo esse poder
E a sua satisfação
[...] E o operário disse: Não!
— Loucura! – gritou o patrão
Não vês o que te dou eu?
— Mentira! – disse o operário
Não podes dar-me o que é meu.
[...]
Fonte: https://edisciplina.usp.br/mod/resource/view.php?id=5229060. Acesso em: 08 jul. 2024. (adaptado).
Por isso, ao comparar os textos I, II e III, pode-se afirmar que
Em qual trecho do texto foi utilizado um eufemismo com a intenção discursiva de atenuar “o pior do capitalismo: a exploração com cara boa”?
Para tanto, por meio da narrativa, o autor elaborou o seguinte percurso argumentativo:
Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
“It’s all we’ve been talking about since November,” says Patrick Franzen, publishing director for SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics. He’s referring to ChatGPT, the artificial intelligence (AI)-powered chatbot unveiled that month. In response to a prompt, ChatGPT can spin out fluent and seemingly well-informed reports, essays — and scientific manuscripts. Worried about the ethics and accuracy of such content, Franzen and managers at other journals are scrambling to protect the scholarly literature from a potential flood of manuscripts written in whole or part by computer programs.
Some publishers have not yet formulated policies. Most of those that have avoid an outright ban on AI-generated text, but ask authors to disclose their use of the automated tools, as SPIE is likely to do. For now, editors and peer reviewers have few alternatives, as they lack enforcement tools. No software so far can consistently detect the synthetic text the majority of the time. [...]
In some cases, the resulting text is indistinguishable from what people would write. For example, researchers who read medical journal abstracts generated by ChatGPT failed to identify one-third of them as written by machine, according to a December 2022 preprint. AI developers are expected to create even more powerful versions, including ones trained specifically on scientific literature — a prospect that has sent a shock wave through the scholarly publishing industry.
So far, scientists report playing around with ChatGPT to explore its capabilities, and a few have listed ChatGPT as a co-author on manuscripts. Publishing experts worry such limited use could morph into a spike of manuscripts containing substantial chunks of AI-written text.
Fonte: BRAINARD, Jeffrey. As scientists explore AI-written text, journals hammer out policies. Science, v. 379, n. 6634, p. 740–741, 22 feb. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-explore-ai-written-text-journals-hammer-policies.
No trecho do último parágrafo do texto “... to explore its capabilities ...”, o termo ITS refere-se a
Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
“It’s all we’ve been talking about since November,” says Patrick Franzen, publishing director for SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics. He’s referring to ChatGPT, the artificial intelligence (AI)-powered chatbot unveiled that month. In response to a prompt, ChatGPT can spin out fluent and seemingly well-informed reports, essays — and scientific manuscripts. Worried about the ethics and accuracy of such content, Franzen and managers at other journals are scrambling to protect the scholarly literature from a potential flood of manuscripts written in whole or part by computer programs.
Some publishers have not yet formulated policies. Most of those that have avoid an outright ban on AI-generated text, but ask authors to disclose their use of the automated tools, as SPIE is likely to do. For now, editors and peer reviewers have few alternatives, as they lack enforcement tools. No software so far can consistently detect the synthetic text the majority of the time. [...]
In some cases, the resulting text is indistinguishable from what people would write. For example, researchers who read medical journal abstracts generated by ChatGPT failed to identify one-third of them as written by machine, according to a December 2022 preprint. AI developers are expected to create even more powerful versions, including ones trained specifically on scientific literature — a prospect that has sent a shock wave through the scholarly publishing industry.
So far, scientists report playing around with ChatGPT to explore its capabilities, and a few have listed ChatGPT as a co-author on manuscripts. Publishing experts worry such limited use could morph into a spike of manuscripts containing substantial chunks of AI-written text.
Fonte: BRAINARD, Jeffrey. As scientists explore AI-written text, journals hammer out policies. Science, v. 379, n. 6634, p. 740–741, 22 feb. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-explore-ai-written-text-journals-hammer-policies.
Leia as asserções destacadas e, em seguida, assinale a alternativa CORRETA.
I. Pesquisadores acostumados a ler artigos de periódicos médicos não conseguem compreender um terço das publicações.
II. Por ora, editores e revisores de publicações científicas têm dificuldades para identificar, de forma consistente, textos gerados por IA, dada a escassez de softwares especializados.
III. Responsáveis por publicações científicas estão relutantes em coibir o uso de geradores de texto por computador, temendo uma potencial enxurrada de críticas por parte da comunidade acadêmica.
IV. A publicação de prospectos gerados por IA, contendo novas versões de alguns artigos científicos específicos, causou uma onda de choque na indústria editorial acadêmica.
Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
“It’s all we’ve been talking about since November,” says Patrick Franzen, publishing director for SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics. He’s referring to ChatGPT, the artificial intelligence (AI)-powered chatbot unveiled that month. In response to a prompt, ChatGPT can spin out fluent and seemingly well-informed reports, essays — and scientific manuscripts. Worried about the ethics and accuracy of such content, Franzen and managers at other journals are scrambling to protect the scholarly literature from a potential flood of manuscripts written in whole or part by computer programs.
Some publishers have not yet formulated policies. Most of those that have avoid an outright ban on AI-generated text, but ask authors to disclose their use of the automated tools, as SPIE is likely to do. For now, editors and peer reviewers have few alternatives, as they lack enforcement tools. No software so far can consistently detect the synthetic text the majority of the time. [...]
In some cases, the resulting text is indistinguishable from what people would write. For example, researchers who read medical journal abstracts generated by ChatGPT failed to identify one-third of them as written by machine, according to a December 2022 preprint. AI developers are expected to create even more powerful versions, including ones trained specifically on scientific literature — a prospect that has sent a shock wave through the scholarly publishing industry.
So far, scientists report playing around with ChatGPT to explore its capabilities, and a few have listed ChatGPT as a co-author on manuscripts. Publishing experts worry such limited use could morph into a spike of manuscripts containing substantial chunks of AI-written text.
Fonte: BRAINARD, Jeffrey. As scientists explore AI-written text, journals hammer out policies. Science, v. 379, n. 6634, p. 740–741, 22 feb. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-explore-ai-written-text-journals-hammer-policies.
Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
“It’s all we’ve been talking about since November,” says Patrick Franzen, publishing director for SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics. He’s referring to ChatGPT, the artificial intelligence (AI)-powered chatbot unveiled that month. In response to a prompt, ChatGPT can spin out fluent and seemingly well-informed reports, essays — and scientific manuscripts. Worried about the ethics and accuracy of such content, Franzen and managers at other journals are scrambling to protect the scholarly literature from a potential flood of manuscripts written in whole or part by computer programs.
Some publishers have not yet formulated policies. Most of those that have avoid an outright ban on AI-generated text, but ask authors to disclose their use of the automated tools, as SPIE is likely to do. For now, editors and peer reviewers have few alternatives, as they lack enforcement tools. No software so far can consistently detect the synthetic text the majority of the time. [...]
In some cases, the resulting text is indistinguishable from what people would write. For example, researchers who read medical journal abstracts generated by ChatGPT failed to identify one-third of them as written by machine, according to a December 2022 preprint. AI developers are expected to create even more powerful versions, including ones trained specifically on scientific literature — a prospect that has sent a shock wave through the scholarly publishing industry.
So far, scientists report playing around with ChatGPT to explore its capabilities, and a few have listed ChatGPT as a co-author on manuscripts. Publishing experts worry such limited use could morph into a spike of manuscripts containing substantial chunks of AI-written text.
Fonte: BRAINARD, Jeffrey. As scientists explore AI-written text, journals hammer out policies. Science, v. 379, n. 6634, p. 740–741, 22 feb. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-explore-ai-written-text-journals-hammer-policies.
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão.
The early development of radar was driven primarily by military imperatives, and the targets that were to be detected were mainly aircraft and ships. It was no surprise that echoes were also received from terrain and from rainstorms, but the discovery, during World War II, that birds were often detectable was less expected. As the technology developed, and specially after transmission at the shorter ‘microwave’ wavelengths became commonplace, echoes from insects were also identified. In the late 1940’s and the 1950’s, radar technology was adapted rapidly to the needs of meteorologists, while ornithologists pioneered the use of defence and air-traffic control radars to study bird migration.
Radar observations of insects, however, were relatively sparse until the early 1960’s, when radar meteorologists became rather intensely interested in a type of warm-weather echo that appeared, puzzlingly from their perspective, when there was not a cloud in sight. Perhaps spurred by the meteorologists’ observations, entomologists began their own exploitation of the technology in 1968, when a rather modest radar, built by G.W. Schaefer specifically for insect observation and operated in West Africa just south of the Sahara, proved to be very effective.
Fonte: DRAKE, V.A. and REYNOLDS, D.R. Radar Entomology: Observing Insect Flight and Mi gration. CAB Internacional, 2012.
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão.
The early development of radar was driven primarily by military imperatives, and the targets that were to be detected were mainly aircraft and ships. It was no surprise that echoes were also received from terrain and from rainstorms, but the discovery, during World War II, that birds were often detectable was less expected. As the technology developed, and specially after transmission at the shorter ‘microwave’ wavelengths became commonplace, echoes from insects were also identified. In the late 1940’s and the 1950’s, radar technology was adapted rapidly to the needs of meteorologists, while ornithologists pioneered the use of defence and air-traffic control radars to study bird migration.
Radar observations of insects, however, were relatively sparse until the early 1960’s, when radar meteorologists became rather intensely interested in a type of warm-weather echo that appeared, puzzlingly from their perspective, when there was not a cloud in sight. Perhaps spurred by the meteorologists’ observations, entomologists began their own exploitation of the technology in 1968, when a rather modest radar, built by G.W. Schaefer specifically for insect observation and operated in West Africa just south of the Sahara, proved to be very effective.
Fonte: DRAKE, V.A. and REYNOLDS, D.R. Radar Entomology: Observing Insect Flight and Mi gration. CAB Internacional, 2012.
Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
What links Sir Isaac Newton, alien solar systems, and a new multi-million dollar TV show? The answer is “the three-body problem”: a conundrum in astronomy and mathematics that describes why it’s often difficult to predict the long-term trajectory of planets, moons and stars. So, what exactly is the problem? And how did it end up becoming the title of a TV series?
To understand, you first need to know a bit about the background to the TV show and its premise. The story is based on Liu Cixin’s epic sci-fi trilogy, The Remembrance of Earth’s Past, of which The Three-Body Problem is the first book. The original trilogy is characterised by the author’s attention to scientific detail. The adaptation is less so, but still crammed with scientific ideas.
The TV series focuses on the “Oxford Five”, who all studied under the same professor at the University of Oxford. Some have gone on to become scientists themselves (a postdoctoral physics researcher, a founder and chief scientific officer of a nano-tech company, and a theoretical physics academic), one has become a school physics teacher, while the fifth is now a snack-food entrepreneur. Scientific credentials abound.
The crux of the story is that an alien race — called the Trisolarans or San-Ti Ren — is headed to Earth to colonise it. Through intergalactic communication, these travellers attempt to intimidate human scientists into slowing down our rapid technological advancement, making Earth easier to conquer. But why are these aliens so hell-bent on taking over our planet in the first place? This is where the three-body problem comes in.
Bodies, in this context, is a scientific byword for planets, moons, suns or any other massive astronomical object. The extraterrestrials’ home planet is situated in a solar system with three suns, hence their name in the English translation of the book — the Trisolarans. This three-sun system can be highly unstable, making conditions difficult for life, hence the desire to travel across the Universe in order to inhabit our relatively stable Solar System. We only have one Sun, so Earth’s future is relatively predictable — at least for the next few million years.
Fonte: YATES, Kit. What is the three-body problem? The chaotic, cosmic mathematics behind the Netflix TV show. BBC, 2024. Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240328-the-science-astronomy-and-mathematics-of-netflixs-3-body-problem-tv-show. Adaptado.
“The extraterrestrials’ home planet is situated in a solar system with three suns, hence their name in the English translation of the book – the Trisolarans. This three-sun system can be highly unstable, making conditions difficult for life, hence the desire to travel across the Universe in order to inhabit our relatively stable Solar System.”, retirado do 5º parágrafo, o termo HENCE pode ser substituído, em ambas as ocorrências e sem alteração de sentido, por:
Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
What links Sir Isaac Newton, alien solar systems, and a new multi-million dollar TV show? The answer is “the three-body problem”: a conundrum in astronomy and mathematics that describes why it’s often difficult to predict the long-term trajectory of planets, moons and stars. So, what exactly is the problem? And how did it end up becoming the title of a TV series?
To understand, you first need to know a bit about the background to the TV show and its premise. The story is based on Liu Cixin’s epic sci-fi trilogy, The Remembrance of Earth’s Past, of which The Three-Body Problem is the first book. The original trilogy is characterised by the author’s attention to scientific detail. The adaptation is less so, but still crammed with scientific ideas.
The TV series focuses on the “Oxford Five”, who all studied under the same professor at the University of Oxford. Some have gone on to become scientists themselves (a postdoctoral physics researcher, a founder and chief scientific officer of a nano-tech company, and a theoretical physics academic), one has become a school physics teacher, while the fifth is now a snack-food entrepreneur. Scientific credentials abound.
The crux of the story is that an alien race — called the Trisolarans or San-Ti Ren — is headed to Earth to colonise it. Through intergalactic communication, these travellers attempt to intimidate human scientists into slowing down our rapid technological advancement, making Earth easier to conquer. But why are these aliens so hell-bent on taking over our planet in the first place? This is where the three-body problem comes in.
Bodies, in this context, is a scientific byword for planets, moons, suns or any other massive astronomical object. The extraterrestrials’ home planet is situated in a solar system with three suns, hence their name in the English translation of the book — the Trisolarans. This three-sun system can be highly unstable, making conditions difficult for life, hence the desire to travel across the Universe in order to inhabit our relatively stable Solar System. We only have one Sun, so Earth’s future is relatively predictable — at least for the next few million years.
Fonte: YATES, Kit. What is the three-body problem? The chaotic, cosmic mathematics behind the Netflix TV show. BBC, 2024. Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240328-the-science-astronomy-and-mathematics-of-netflixs-3-body-problem-tv-show. Adaptado.
Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
What links Sir Isaac Newton, alien solar systems, and a new multi-million dollar TV show? The answer is “the three-body problem”: a conundrum in astronomy and mathematics that describes why it’s often difficult to predict the long-term trajectory of planets, moons and stars. So, what exactly is the problem? And how did it end up becoming the title of a TV series?
To understand, you first need to know a bit about the background to the TV show and its premise. The story is based on Liu Cixin’s epic sci-fi trilogy, The Remembrance of Earth’s Past, of which The Three-Body Problem is the first book. The original trilogy is characterised by the author’s attention to scientific detail. The adaptation is less so, but still crammed with scientific ideas.
The TV series focuses on the “Oxford Five”, who all studied under the same professor at the University of Oxford. Some have gone on to become scientists themselves (a postdoctoral physics researcher, a founder and chief scientific officer of a nano-tech company, and a theoretical physics academic), one has become a school physics teacher, while the fifth is now a snack-food entrepreneur. Scientific credentials abound.
The crux of the story is that an alien race — called the Trisolarans or San-Ti Ren — is headed to Earth to colonise it. Through intergalactic communication, these travellers attempt to intimidate human scientists into slowing down our rapid technological advancement, making Earth easier to conquer. But why are these aliens so hell-bent on taking over our planet in the first place? This is where the three-body problem comes in.
Bodies, in this context, is a scientific byword for planets, moons, suns or any other massive astronomical object. The extraterrestrials’ home planet is situated in a solar system with three suns, hence their name in the English translation of the book — the Trisolarans. This three-sun system can be highly unstable, making conditions difficult for life, hence the desire to travel across the Universe in order to inhabit our relatively stable Solar System. We only have one Sun, so Earth’s future is relatively predictable — at least for the next few million years.
Fonte: YATES, Kit. What is the three-body problem? The chaotic, cosmic mathematics behind the Netflix TV show. BBC, 2024. Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240328-the-science-astronomy-and-mathematics-of-netflixs-3-body-problem-tv-show. Adaptado.
“In recent years, no more than a week goes by without news of a cosmic discovery worthy of banner headlines. While media gatekeepers may have developed an interest in the universe, this rise in coverage likely comes from a genuine increase in the public’s appetite for science. Evidence for this abounds, from hit television shows inspired or informed by science, to the success of science fiction films starring marquee actors, and brought to the screens by celebrated producers and directors. And lately, theatrical release biopics featuring important scientists have become a genre unto itself. There´s also widespread interest around the world in science festivals, science fiction conventions, and documentaries for television.
“In recent years, no more than a week goes by without news of a cosmic discovery worthy of banner headlines. While media gatekeepers may have developed an interest in the universe, this rise in coverage likely comes from a genuine increase in the public’s appetite for science. Evidence for this abounds, from hit television shows inspired or informed by science, to the success of science fiction films starring marquee actors, and brought to the screens by celebrated producers and directors. And lately, theatrical release biopics featuring important scientists have become a genre unto itself. There´s also widespread interest around the world in science festivals, science fiction conventions, and documentaries for television.
“In recent years, no more than a week goes by without news of a cosmic discovery worthy of banner headlines. While media gatekeepers may have developed an interest in the universe, this rise in coverage likely comes from a genuine increase in the public’s appetite for science. Evidence for this abounds, from hit television shows inspired or informed by science, to the success of science fiction films starring marquee actors, and brought to the screens by celebrated producers and directors. And lately, theatrical release biopics featuring important scientists have become a genre unto itself. There´s also widespread interest around the world in science festivals, science fiction conventions, and documentaries for television.
De acordo com as informações encontradas no texto, é CORRETO afirmar que
Constantes
Constante de Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 × 1023 mol−1
Constante de Faraday (F) = 9,65 × 104 C·mol−1 = 9,65 × 104 A·s·mol−1 = 9,65 × 104 J·V−1·mol−1.
Constante de Planck (h) = 6,63 × 10−34 J·s
Velocidade da luz no vácuo = 3,0 × 108 m·s−1
Número de Euler (e) = 2,72
Definições
Pressão: 1 atm = 760 Torr = 1,01325 × 105 N·m−2 = 1,01325 bar
Energia: 1 J = 1 N·m = 1 kg m2·s−2 = 6,24 × 1018 eV
Condições normais de temperatura e pressão (CNTP): 0 °C e 1 atm
Condições ambiente: 25 °C e 1 atm
Condições padrão: 1 bar; concentração das soluções = 1 mol·L−1 (rigorosamente: atividade unitária das espécies); sólido com estrutura cristalina mais estável nas condições de pressão e temperatura em questão.
(s) = sólido. (ℓ) = líquido. (g) = gasoso. (aq) = aquoso. (conc) = concentrado. (ua) = unidades arbitrárias. u.m.a. = unidade de massa atômica. [X] = concentração da espécie X em mol·L−1
ln X = 2,3 log X
Constantes
Constante de Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 × 1023 mol−1
Constante de Faraday (F) = 9,65 × 104 C·mol−1 = 9,65 × 104 A·s·mol−1 = 9,65 × 104 J·V−1·mol−1.
Constante de Planck (h) = 6,63 × 10−34 J·s
Velocidade da luz no vácuo = 3,0 × 108 m·s−1
Número de Euler (e) = 2,72
Definições
Pressão: 1 atm = 760 Torr = 1,01325 × 105 N·m−2 = 1,01325 bar
Energia: 1 J = 1 N·m = 1 kg m2·s−2 = 6,24 × 1018 eV
Condições normais de temperatura e pressão (CNTP): 0 °C e 1 atm
Condições ambiente: 25 °C e 1 atm
Condições padrão: 1 bar; concentração das soluções = 1 mol·L−1 (rigorosamente: atividade unitária das espécies); sólido com estrutura cristalina mais estável nas condições de pressão e temperatura em questão.
(s) = sólido. (ℓ) = líquido. (g) = gasoso. (aq) = aquoso. (conc) = concentrado. (ua) = unidades arbitrárias. u.m.a. = unidade de massa atômica. [X] = concentração da espécie X em mol·L−1
ln X = 2,3 log X
Constantes
Constante de Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 × 1023 mol−1
Constante de Faraday (F) = 9,65 × 104 C·mol−1 = 9,65 × 104 A·s·mol−1 = 9,65 × 104 J·V−1·mol−1.
Constante de Planck (h) = 6,63 × 10−34 J·s
Velocidade da luz no vácuo = 3,0 × 108 m·s−1
Número de Euler (e) = 2,72
Definições
Pressão: 1 atm = 760 Torr = 1,01325 × 105 N·m−2 = 1,01325 bar
Energia: 1 J = 1 N·m = 1 kg m2·s−2 = 6,24 × 1018 eV
Condições normais de temperatura e pressão (CNTP): 0 °C e 1 atm
Condições ambiente: 25 °C e 1 atm
Condições padrão: 1 bar; concentração das soluções = 1 mol·L−1 (rigorosamente: atividade unitária das espécies); sólido com estrutura cristalina mais estável nas condições de pressão e temperatura em questão.
(s) = sólido. (ℓ) = líquido. (g) = gasoso. (aq) = aquoso. (conc) = concentrado. (ua) = unidades arbitrárias. u.m.a. = unidade de massa atômica. [X] = concentração da espécie X em mol·L−1
ln X = 2,3 log X
Conheça nossos planos