Impactos estruturais da inteligência artificial na democracia e nos direitos humanos

Por Lucas Vilalta, pesquisador da Cátedra Oscar Sala do Instituto de Estudos Avançados da USP

Post category: Artigos https://jornal.usp.br/? p=808419

24/09/2024 - Publicado há 2 anos

Após publicar artigo neste mesmo canal sobre a possibilidade de termos transparência de algoritmos para os sistemas de Inteligência Artificial (IA), o diretor executivo do Instituto Vladimir Herzog, Rogério Sottili, convidou-me para dialogar com as preocupações e trabalhos que a equipe tem desenvolvido sobre o impacto das big techs e da IA para a democracia e os direitos humanos. Como a conversa foi muito boa, decidi compartilhar um pouco do que debatemos naquele dia, então, com um público mais amplo.

Minha fala inicial ali abordou três pontos centrais:

1. o que são os sistemas de IA de um ponto de vista técnico e social;

2. seus impactos para a democracia; e

3. ameaças aos direitos humanos e caminhos para enfrentá-las.

Em relação ao ponto 1, remeto o leitor ou a leitora ao que apresentei no artigo anterior. De modo geral, tratava-se de mostrar, como o fez Kate Crawford em seu livro Atlas da IA, que “a IA não é artificial nem inteligente. Na verdade, ela existe de forma corpórea, como algo material, feito de recursos naturais, combustíveis, mão de obra, infraestrutura, logística, histórias e classificações. Os sistemas de IA não são autônomos, racionais, tampouco capazes de discernir algo sem um treinamento extenso e computacionalmente intensivo, com enormes conjuntos de dados ou regras e recompensas pré-definidas. De fato, tal como a conhecemos, a IA depende totalmente de um conjunto muito mais vasto de estruturas políticas e sociais”. 

É preciso afastar as mistificações que têm dominado a cobertura midiática e boa parte do debate público sobre a IA. Se ela nasceu com o propósito de imitar a inteligência humana, hoje, a IA certamente se caracteriza muito mais como sistemas sociotécnicos de captura e processamento da inteligência social para que as big techs possam fornecer assistência algorítmica como algo indispensável ______ vida humana. A IA 2.0 é a promessa de um serviço de assistência em que os usuários vão poder ser manipuladores de algoritmos (a partir de prompts), automatizando processos de trabalho e linguagem em suas rotinas ou negócios. A IA não é uma máquina separada da sociedade, é a própria sociedade sendo processada de modo maquínico pelas plataformas. É mais urgente nos preocuparmos não com uma superinteligência ou com indivíduos autônomos (robôs) que irão nos dominar, mas com os impactos ambientais, econômicos, sociais e humanos que já estão em curso. [...]

    VILALTA, Lucas. Jornal da USP. Impactos estruturais da inteligência artificial na democracia e nos direitos humanos. Adaptado. Disponível em: https://jornal.usp.br/artigos/Impactos-estruturais-dainteligência-artificial-na-democracia-e-nos-direitoshumanos/. Acesso em:30 set. 2024. 

Impactos estruturais da inteligência artificial na democracia e nos direitos humanos

Por Lucas Vilalta, pesquisador da Cátedra Oscar Sala do Instituto de Estudos Avançados da USP

Post category: Artigos https://jornal.usp.br/? p=808419

24/09/2024 - Publicado há 2 anos

Após publicar artigo neste mesmo canal sobre a possibilidade de termos transparência de algoritmos para os sistemas de Inteligência Artificial (IA), o diretor executivo do Instituto Vladimir Herzog, Rogério Sottili, convidou-me para dialogar com as preocupações e trabalhos que a equipe tem desenvolvido sobre o impacto das big techs e da IA para a democracia e os direitos humanos. Como a conversa foi muito boa, decidi compartilhar um pouco do que debatemos naquele dia, então, com um público mais amplo.

Minha fala inicial ali abordou três pontos centrais:

1. o que são os sistemas de IA de um ponto de vista técnico e social;

2. seus impactos para a democracia; e

3. ameaças aos direitos humanos e caminhos para enfrentá-las.

Em relação ao ponto 1, remeto o leitor ou a leitora ao que apresentei no artigo anterior. De modo geral, tratava-se de mostrar, como o fez Kate Crawford em seu livro Atlas da IA, que “a IA não é artificial nem inteligente. Na verdade, ela existe de forma corpórea, como algo material, feito de recursos naturais, combustíveis, mão de obra, infraestrutura, logística, histórias e classificações. Os sistemas de IA não são autônomos, racionais, tampouco capazes de discernir algo sem um treinamento extenso e computacionalmente intensivo, com enormes conjuntos de dados ou regras e recompensas pré-definidas. De fato, tal como a conhecemos, a IA depende totalmente de um conjunto muito mais vasto de estruturas políticas e sociais”. 

É preciso afastar as mistificações que têm dominado a cobertura midiática e boa parte do debate público sobre a IA. Se ela nasceu com o propósito de imitar a inteligência humana, hoje, a IA certamente se caracteriza muito mais como sistemas sociotécnicos de captura e processamento da inteligência social para que as big techs possam fornecer assistência algorítmica como algo indispensável ______ vida humana. A IA 2.0 é a promessa de um serviço de assistência em que os usuários vão poder ser manipuladores de algoritmos (a partir de prompts), automatizando processos de trabalho e linguagem em suas rotinas ou negócios. A IA não é uma máquina separada da sociedade, é a própria sociedade sendo processada de modo maquínico pelas plataformas. É mais urgente nos preocuparmos não com uma superinteligência ou com indivíduos autônomos (robôs) que irão nos dominar, mas com os impactos ambientais, econômicos, sociais e humanos que já estão em curso. [...]

    VILALTA, Lucas. Jornal da USP. Impactos estruturais da inteligência artificial na democracia e nos direitos humanos. Adaptado. Disponível em: https://jornal.usp.br/artigos/Impactos-estruturais-dainteligência-artificial-na-democracia-e-nos-direitoshumanos/. Acesso em:30 set. 2024. 

    The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet - Synopsis by William Shakespeare

    The prologue of Romeo and Juliet calls the title characters “star-crossed lovers”—and the stars do seem to conspire against these young lovers.

    Romeo is a Montague, and Juliet a Capulet. Their families are enmeshed in a feud, but the moment they meet—when Romeo and his friends attend a party at Juliet’s house in disguise—the two fall in love and quickly decide that they want to be married. 

    A friar secretly marries them, hoping to end the feud. Romeo and his companions almost immediately encounter Juliet’s cousin Tybalt, who challenges Romeo. When Romeo refuses to fight, Romeo’s friend Mercutio accepts the challenge and is killed. Romeo then kills Tybalt and is banished. He spends that night with Juliet and then leaves for Mantua.

    Juliet’s father forces her into a marriage with Count Paris. To avoid this marriage, Juliet takes a potion, given her by the friar, that makes her appear dead. The friar will send Romeo word to be at her family tomb when she awakes. The plan goes awry, and Romeo learns instead that she is dead. In the tomb, Romeo kills himself. Juliet wakes, sees his body, and commits suicide. Their deaths appear finally to end the feud.

SHAKESPEARE, William. Romeo and Juliet from The Folger Shakespeare. Eds. Barbara Mowat, Paul Werstine, Michael Poston, and Rebecca Niles. Folger Shakespeare Library, Accessed on: 27 Sept. 2026. Available at: https://www.folgerdigitaltexts.org/PDF/Rom.pdf 

    The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet - Synopsis by William Shakespeare

    The prologue of Romeo and Juliet calls the title characters “star-crossed lovers”—and the stars do seem to conspire against these young lovers.

    Romeo is a Montague, and Juliet a Capulet. Their families are enmeshed in a feud, but the moment they meet—when Romeo and his friends attend a party at Juliet’s house in disguise—the two fall in love and quickly decide that they want to be married. 

    A friar secretly marries them, hoping to end the feud. Romeo and his companions almost immediately encounter Juliet’s cousin Tybalt, who challenges Romeo. When Romeo refuses to fight, Romeo’s friend Mercutio accepts the challenge and is killed. Romeo then kills Tybalt and is banished. He spends that night with Juliet and then leaves for Mantua.

    Juliet’s father forces her into a marriage with Count Paris. To avoid this marriage, Juliet takes a potion, given her by the friar, that makes her appear dead. The friar will send Romeo word to be at her family tomb when she awakes. The plan goes awry, and Romeo learns instead that she is dead. In the tomb, Romeo kills himself. Juliet wakes, sees his body, and commits suicide. Their deaths appear finally to end the feud.

SHAKESPEARE, William. Romeo and Juliet from The Folger Shakespeare. Eds. Barbara Mowat, Paul Werstine, Michael Poston, and Rebecca Niles. Folger Shakespeare Library, Accessed on: 27 Sept. 2026. Available at: https://www.folgerdigitaltexts.org/PDF/Rom.pdf 

    The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet - Synopsis by William Shakespeare

    The prologue of Romeo and Juliet calls the title characters “star-crossed lovers”—and the stars do seem to conspire against these young lovers.

    Romeo is a Montague, and Juliet a Capulet. Their families are enmeshed in a feud, but the moment they meet—when Romeo and his friends attend a party at Juliet’s house in disguise—the two fall in love and quickly decide that they want to be married. 

    A friar secretly marries them, hoping to end the feud. Romeo and his companions almost immediately encounter Juliet’s cousin Tybalt, who challenges Romeo. When Romeo refuses to fight, Romeo’s friend Mercutio accepts the challenge and is killed. Romeo then kills Tybalt and is banished. He spends that night with Juliet and then leaves for Mantua.

    Juliet’s father forces her into a marriage with Count Paris. To avoid this marriage, Juliet takes a potion, given her by the friar, that makes her appear dead. The friar will send Romeo word to be at her family tomb when she awakes. The plan goes awry, and Romeo learns instead that she is dead. In the tomb, Romeo kills himself. Juliet wakes, sees his body, and commits suicide. Their deaths appear finally to end the feud.

SHAKESPEARE, William. Romeo and Juliet from The Folger Shakespeare. Eds. Barbara Mowat, Paul Werstine, Michael Poston, and Rebecca Niles. Folger Shakespeare Library, Accessed on: 27 Sept. 2026. Available at: https://www.folgerdigitaltexts.org/PDF/Rom.pdf 

    The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet - Synopsis by William Shakespeare

    The prologue of Romeo and Juliet calls the title characters “star-crossed lovers”—and the stars do seem to conspire against these young lovers.

    Romeo is a Montague, and Juliet a Capulet. Their families are enmeshed in a feud, but the moment they meet—when Romeo and his friends attend a party at Juliet’s house in disguise—the two fall in love and quickly decide that they want to be married. 

    A friar secretly marries them, hoping to end the feud. Romeo and his companions almost immediately encounter Juliet’s cousin Tybalt, who challenges Romeo. When Romeo refuses to fight, Romeo’s friend Mercutio accepts the challenge and is killed. Romeo then kills Tybalt and is banished. He spends that night with Juliet and then leaves for Mantua.

    Juliet’s father forces her into a marriage with Count Paris. To avoid this marriage, Juliet takes a potion, given her by the friar, that makes her appear dead. The friar will send Romeo word to be at her family tomb when she awakes. The plan goes awry, and Romeo learns instead that she is dead. In the tomb, Romeo kills himself. Juliet wakes, sees his body, and commits suicide. Their deaths appear finally to end the feud.

SHAKESPEARE, William. Romeo and Juliet from The Folger Shakespeare. Eds. Barbara Mowat, Paul Werstine, Michael Poston, and Rebecca Niles. Folger Shakespeare Library, Accessed on: 27 Sept. 2026. Available at: https://www.folgerdigitaltexts.org/PDF/Rom.pdf 

    The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet - Synopsis by William Shakespeare

    The prologue of Romeo and Juliet calls the title characters “star-crossed lovers”—and the stars do seem to conspire against these young lovers.

    Romeo is a Montague, and Juliet a Capulet. Their families are enmeshed in a feud, but the moment they meet—when Romeo and his friends attend a party at Juliet’s house in disguise—the two fall in love and quickly decide that they want to be married. 

    A friar secretly marries them, hoping to end the feud. Romeo and his companions almost immediately encounter Juliet’s cousin Tybalt, who challenges Romeo. When Romeo refuses to fight, Romeo’s friend Mercutio accepts the challenge and is killed. Romeo then kills Tybalt and is banished. He spends that night with Juliet and then leaves for Mantua.

    Juliet’s father forces her into a marriage with Count Paris. To avoid this marriage, Juliet takes a potion, given her by the friar, that makes her appear dead. The friar will send Romeo word to be at her family tomb when she awakes. The plan goes awry, and Romeo learns instead that she is dead. In the tomb, Romeo kills himself. Juliet wakes, sees his body, and commits suicide. Their deaths appear finally to end the feud.

SHAKESPEARE, William. Romeo and Juliet from The Folger Shakespeare. Eds. Barbara Mowat, Paul Werstine, Michael Poston, and Rebecca Niles. Folger Shakespeare Library, Accessed on: 27 Sept. 2026. Available at: https://www.folgerdigitaltexts.org/PDF/Rom.pdf 

    The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet - Synopsis by William Shakespeare

    The prologue of Romeo and Juliet calls the title characters “star-crossed lovers”—and the stars do seem to conspire against these young lovers.

    Romeo is a Montague, and Juliet a Capulet. Their families are enmeshed in a feud, but the moment they meet—when Romeo and his friends attend a party at Juliet’s house in disguise—the two fall in love and quickly decide that they want to be married. 

    A friar secretly marries them, hoping to end the feud. Romeo and his companions almost immediately encounter Juliet’s cousin Tybalt, who challenges Romeo. When Romeo refuses to fight, Romeo’s friend Mercutio accepts the challenge and is killed. Romeo then kills Tybalt and is banished. He spends that night with Juliet and then leaves for Mantua.

    Juliet’s father forces her into a marriage with Count Paris. To avoid this marriage, Juliet takes a potion, given her by the friar, that makes her appear dead. The friar will send Romeo word to be at her family tomb when she awakes. The plan goes awry, and Romeo learns instead that she is dead. In the tomb, Romeo kills himself. Juliet wakes, sees his body, and commits suicide. Their deaths appear finally to end the feud.

SHAKESPEARE, William. Romeo and Juliet from The Folger Shakespeare. Eds. Barbara Mowat, Paul Werstine, Michael Poston, and Rebecca Niles. Folger Shakespeare Library, Accessed on: 27 Sept. 2026. Available at: https://www.folgerdigitaltexts.org/PDF/Rom.pdf 

    The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet - Synopsis by William Shakespeare

    The prologue of Romeo and Juliet calls the title characters “star-crossed lovers”—and the stars do seem to conspire against these young lovers.

    Romeo is a Montague, and Juliet a Capulet. Their families are enmeshed in a feud, but the moment they meet—when Romeo and his friends attend a party at Juliet’s house in disguise—the two fall in love and quickly decide that they want to be married. 

    A friar secretly marries them, hoping to end the feud. Romeo and his companions almost immediately encounter Juliet’s cousin Tybalt, who challenges Romeo. When Romeo refuses to fight, Romeo’s friend Mercutio accepts the challenge and is killed. Romeo then kills Tybalt and is banished. He spends that night with Juliet and then leaves for Mantua.

    Juliet’s father forces her into a marriage with Count Paris. To avoid this marriage, Juliet takes a potion, given her by the friar, that makes her appear dead. The friar will send Romeo word to be at her family tomb when she awakes. The plan goes awry, and Romeo learns instead that she is dead. In the tomb, Romeo kills himself. Juliet wakes, sees his body, and commits suicide. Their deaths appear finally to end the feud.

SHAKESPEARE, William. Romeo and Juliet from The Folger Shakespeare. Eds. Barbara Mowat, Paul Werstine, Michael Poston, and Rebecca Niles. Folger Shakespeare Library, Accessed on: 27 Sept. 2026. Available at: https://www.folgerdigitaltexts.org/PDF/Rom.pdf