Evaluate the following statements made by Kroskrity (2000), and discussed by Kumaravadivelu in Understanding Language Teaching: From Method to Postmethod (2006), about the connection between language and ideology.

I - Language and discourse are grounded in social experience and often demonstrably tied to the promotion and protection of political-economic interests.
II - Language ideologies are grounded in social experiences that are always uniformly distributed across diverse communities.
III - Depending on the role they play, people develop different degrees of consciousness about ideologically grounded discourse.
IV - People’s sociocultural experience and interactive patterns contribute to their construction and understanding of language ideologies.

Está correto apenas o que se afirma em

Communicative competence consists of grammatical competence as well as sociolinguistic competence, that is, factors governing successful communication. Considering such idea, developed by Hymes (1972), and discussed by Kumaravadivelu in Understanding Language Teaching: From Method to Postmethod (2006), associate the factors to its respective definition.

FACTORS
1 - Setting 2 - Participants 3 - Ends 4 - Key 5 - Instrumentalities 6 - Norms 7 - Genres

DEFINITIONS

( ) refers to categories of communication such as lecture, report, essay, poem and so forth.
( ) refers to the manner and tone (serious, sarcastic, etc.) of the utterance.
( ) refers to the place and time in which the communicative event takes place.
( ) refers to conventions of interaction and interpretation based on shared knowledge.
( ) refers to speakers and their role relationships.
( ) refers to the unstated objectives the participants wish to accomplish.
( ) refers to the channel (oral or written) and the code (formal or informal).

A sequência correta é:

Durante a preparação para a partida de um navio, o contramestre recebeu a seguinte informação:
“Requirements of the several countries vary regarding clearance of a ship”
Esta mensagem informa que as exigências dos países podem variar, em relação

Choose the best synonym for the underlined word “thrive” (l. 11), considering the context presented in the article. 

Mark the alternative that correctly fills in the blanks of lines 13 (two occurrences) and 16 (two occurrences) respectively, in the text. 

Analyse the statements below and mark T, if true, or F, if false, according to the text.

( ) The author thinks roses should come in a wider range of colors.

( ) There are different kind of roses, and the article describes at least seven forms of flowers.

( ) The size of a rose is always adjustable to patio planters.

The correct order of filling the parentheses, from top to bottom, is: 

Which of the following questions is NOT answered by the text?

Read the text to answer.

Abstract

    Migration contributes significantly to the occurrence of language contact and language changes. Migrant communities as diaspora are always faced with choices whether maintaining the use of mother tongue in interacting, switching to using the word of the host, or using ethnic languages side by side with the host language in a new place. This research is intended to provide evidence of the phenomena of communication and social identity focusing on the language use and attitude of diaspora communities in Bali. It is a sociolinguistic study using descriptive qualitative methods on the Muslim community in three regencies that had lived in Bali for more than a generation.

    The data were collected through questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and direct observation. The result shows that most diaspora communities see the mother tongue as an essential means of maintaining their social identity. From language choice and attitude perspective, the diaspora community leads to three categories, namely (1) the population that identifies themselves as more diaspora than Balinese; (2) the community claiming themselves as more Balinese than diaspora and (3) the community considering themselves as diaspora and Balinese (dual identity). Keywords: Diaspora community, language attitude, language choice, social identity.

(Available in: https://www.researchgate.ne.)

A transition word or phrase shows the relationship between paragraphs or sections of a text or speech. Transitions provide greater cohesion by making it more explicit or signaling how ideas relate to one another. As to the segment “From language choice and attitude perspective, the diaspora community leads to three categories, namely [...]”, NAMELY, in the context, brings the idea of:

“The Civil Protection Agency (CPA) urged people to leave flooded homes, for it’s essential that those displaced persons __________________ in shelters, which will keep them away from endangered spots.”

(Available in: https://pixabay.com.)

Fill in the blank above the image with the appropriate verb form:

Read these two texts to answer.

Text A

Video transcript from a video-taped demonstration in using a lathe to drill a hole in a metal workpiece

    Now I have to change to the final size drill I require, which is three-quarters of an inch diameter, and this is called a morse-taper sleeve.

    A slower speed for a larger drill.

    Nice even feed should give a reasonable finish to the hole.

    Applying coolant periodically. This is mainly for lubrication rather than cooling.

    Almost to depth now.

    Right. Withdrawing the drill.

    That's fine.

Text B

A set of instructions taken from a workshop manual for drilling a hole in a mental workpiece on a lathe

1. Select required drill.

2. Mount drill in tailstock. Use taper sleeves as necessary.

3. Set speed and start machine spindle.

4. Position tailstock to workpiece.

5. Apply firm even pressure to tailstock handwheel to feed drill into workpiece.

6. Apply coolant frequently.

7. Drill hole to depth.

8. Withdraw drill.

9. Stop machine. 

Consider the assertions below to choose an option.

I. In text A there is less consistency, because it is a free- -flowing piece of oral discourse.

II. In text A there is an interpersonal dimension.

III. The grammar of text B is inconsistent because articles are omitted.

Read the text to answer.

Diversity and Inclusive Teaching

(The University of Delaware.)

    Teaching to engage diversity, to include all learners, and to seek equity is essential for preparing civically engaged adults and for creating a campus and society that recognizes the contributions of all people. Teaching for diversity refers to acknowledging a range of differences in the classroom. Teaching for inclusion signifies embracing difference. Teaching for equity allows the differences to transform the way we think, teach, learn and act such that all experiences and ways of being are handled with fairness and justice. These ideas complement each other and enhance educational opportunities for all students when simultaneously engaged. Three imperatives make it essential for us to actively practice teaching for diversity, inclusion, and equity:

    Difference is an essential part of our history and current reality. Dealing with human diversity and differential status isintractable in America due to our national history of racism and tensions between individual freedom and the common good.

    Difference is an unstoppable part of our future. Classrooms are increasingly diverse and demography assures that this trend will continue.

    Diversity and inclusion improve teaching and learning. People learn and enrich their abilities to think critically and creatively as they engage in conversations across difference, especially when all learners’ abilities and attributes and embraced.

    Inclusive teaching strategies are intended to ensure that all students feel supported such that they freely learn and explore new ideas, feel safe to express their views in a civil manner, and respected as individuals and members of groups. Intentionally incorporating inclusive teaching strategies helps students view themselves as people who belong to the community of learners in a classroom and university.

(Available in: https://ctal.udel.edu.)

According to the text “Teaching to engage diversity, to include all learners, and to seek equity is essential”. Thus, inclusive teaching strategies emphasizing the pursuit for equity should be characterized by:

Read the text to answer.

The Prayer

(Celine Dion & Josh Groban.)

I pray you'll be our eyes

And watch us where we go

And help us to be wise

In times when we don't know.

Let this be our prayer

When we lose our way

Lead us to a place

Guide us with your grace

To a place where we'll be safe.

I pray we'll find your light

And hold it in our hearts

When stars go out each night

Remind us where you are.

Let this be our prayer

When shadows fill our day

Lead us to a place

Guide us with your grace

To a place where we'll be safe.

A world where pain and

Sorrow will be ended

And every heart that's

Broken will be mended

And we'll remember

We are all God's children

Reaching out to touch you

Reaching to the sky.

We ask that life be kind

And watch us from above

We hope each soul will find

Another soul to love.

Let this be our prayer

Just like every child

Needs to find a place

Guide us with your grace

Give us faith so we'll be safe.

(Available in: https://www.smule.com/song/celine-dion-josh-grobanthe-prayer. Adapted.) 

However being the lyrics of a song, the text displays several of a prayer’s features, and its main elements seek to produce aesthetic sensations, since the way the message is communicated, how the code is used, not just the message itself, is a vital aim. Having considered the information previously given, point out the prevailing operative function explored in the text. 

The proliferation of approaches and methods is a prominent characteristic of contemporary second and foreign language teaching. Invention of new classroom practices and approaches to designing language programs and materials reflects a commitment to finding more efficient and more effective ways of teaching languages. Read and analyse the list below to answer 08.

1. Drilling may occur, but peripherally.

2. Comprehensible pronunciation is sought.

3. Judicious use of native language is accepted where feasible.

4. Reading and writing can start from the first day, if desired.

5. Sequencing is determined by any consideration of content, function or meaning which maintains interest.

6. Linguistic variation is a central concept in materials and methodology.

7. Language is created by the individual often through trial and error.

The list above especifically describes some of the major distinctive features that oppose to the: 

“Seldom __________________ effective teaching which skips full connection with active research, that is, teaching based on: Planning, Acting, Observing, Reflecting, Replanning.”

(Available in: https://www.dreamstime.com.)

Fill in the blank above the image with the appropriate verb form:

According to the Peanuts’ comic strip 

https://www.gocomics.com/comics/lists/1626946/peanuts-love Acesso em: 21 de junho de 2022.

Here are some ways in which cartoons can be used in the classroom.

I - Identify the figures of speech used in the image.
II - Explore the persuasive techniques the cartoonist has used to convey a message.
III - Create a comic strip on a key issue in your school or community.
IV - Appreciate the color, caricature and art techniques used by the cartoonist.
V - Explore the use of characters, objects and text as a basis for individual creative expression.

An oral approach should not be confused with the obsolete Direct Method, which meant only that the learner was bewildered by a flow of ungraded speech, suffering all the difficulties he would have encountered in picking up the language in its normal environment losing most of the compensating benefits of better contextualization in those circumstances. (Patterson 1964: 4).
RICHARDS, J. C. & RODGERS, T. Approaches and methods in language teaching. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. P. 33

The word “bewildered” expressed in the text may be replaced, without changing the meaning, by the word

Cartoons can sometimes make a serious point. Benjamin Franklin’s 1754 “Join or Die” began the use of political cartoons. These visuals have been important in history by informing illiterate citizens and conveying a point of view on a political issue. Cartoonists, with a single picture, could insult enemies, celebrate allies, change people’s minds on important issues, and be humorous enough to make an impact on the public’s view. Political cartoons bring humor and exaggeration to past and current issues. I tell my students political cartoons are pictures with a point. We can provide students with the tools and questions they can use to decode and understand political cartoons.
https://blog.socialstudies.com/the-teachers-guide-to-helping-elementary-studentsanalyze-political-cartoons Acesso em: 7 de junho de 2022.

Which of the following does not show the value of political cartoons in the classroom?

The Rolling Stones have dominated Rock 'n' Roll music since the 1960s and were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that conquered the US in 1964. They ran neck and neck with The Beatles in the popularity stakes with the late sixties and early seventies considered by many as their Golden Age.

https://www.bournemouth.co.uk/whats-on/therolling-stones-story-2022- p3037643 Acesso em: 7 de junho de 2022.

Using the pre-while-post reading lesson plan, the teacher initiates the lesson

The CLT focus on the connection of