The branch of linguistics and logic dealing with meaning is semantics. It has a number of subbranches including formal semantics, lexical semantics, and conceptual semantics. Concerning the words listed below, we can state that:

Intonation describes how the voice rises and falls in speech, it is about how we say things, rather than what we say. The three main patterns of intonation in English are: falling intonation, rising intonation and fall-rise intonation. About falling intonation, it is true we use it:

Consider, in the image that follows, verbal and nonverbal expression to indicate the matching item:

(Available: https://pt.slideshare.net.)

Phonological awareness can be described as the ability to identify and manipulate the smallest sounds in spoken words. The skills developed from phonological awareness are important for early reading and writing, and notably involve oral language, as they engage listening to the spoken word. The following are components of phonological awareness, EXCEPT for: 

The vowel sound in “taught” (2^nd paragraph) is the same as in: 

Brazilian learners often base their pronunciation on spelling. This tendency is understandable, given that Portuguese pronunciation closely aligns with its orthography, making it easier to transfer these habits to the acquisition of a second language. Nonetheless, it is crucial to recognize pronunciation as a vital component of effective communication, demanding clarity and comprehensibility. In order to foment that habit, educators may use the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which provides symbols that accurately represent the standard sounds produced during speech. Integrating the IPA to various pedagogical approaches can significantly enhance students’ pronunciation skills. According to IPA transcriptions quoted by Swan (2005, p.xxx), the words house, occasion, cheap, with, think are pronounced as follows:

Marque a alternativa que contém a pronúncia correta da palavra:

Total Physical Response (TPR) is a teaching method that uses physical movement to help students learn language and vocabulary. It is a method of teaching language or vocabulary concepts by using physical movement to react to verbal input. The process mimics the way that infants learn their first language, and it reduces student inhibitions and lowers stress. In TPR, instructors give commands to students in the target language with body movements, and students respond with whole-body actions. Total Physical Response is particularly useful for, but not limited to, teaching beginners and, or younger students and is highly effective for teaching imperative-based languages, where the commands are easily expressed through actions. Having that said, check the alternative, whose statement is not associated with the one of the core principles of TPR.

The way we use language depends on factors such as the situation we are in (at a friend’s house, in a job interview, in a tutorial); who we are talking to (friends, potential employer, tutor); and our means of communication (conversation face to face, telephone, email, report). Our decisions about the way we use language are to a great extent unconscious ones: we instinctively know how to adapt our language to the situation. For example, there are a number of differences between spoken and written language. This being so, we can characterize spoken language as quite informal, colloquial and presumably unstructured (since it is often spontaneous). Furthermore, spoken language mostly takes place in the form of a dialogue with another speaker. Written language, on the other hand, is generally more structured, formal, impersonal and wordy. Also, written language is considered more formal and should follow the rules of the English language. Spoken language is generally less formal, and the rules are less important. Slang, an informal language understood only by certain groups, is acceptable in spoken language but not in written language. That said, read the statements that follow, then check ( T ) for TRUE and ( F ) for FALSE while indicating the correct answer (by also checking it).

( )Written English is more complex grammatically than spoken English, with longer and more complex sentences, fewer contractions, and more subordinate clauses.

( ) Spoken English is more likely to be face-to-face communication, while written English is more likely to be communication through the written word.

( ) Spoken English is more fixed and stable than written English, which is more fleeting.

( ) Spoken English is usually more organized and carefully formulated than written English.

( ) Written English is typically more structured and forms a monologue rather than a dialogue, while spoken English is more likely to be a dialogue.

( ) Written English communicates across time and space for as long as the medium exists and the language is understood. Spoken English is more immediate.

( ) Spoken English normally uses a generally acceptable standard variety of the language, whereas written English may sometimes be in a regional or other limited-context dialect.

( ) In Spoken English, the content is presented much more densely. In written English, the information is “diluted” and conveyed through many more words: there are a lot of repetitions, glosses, “fillers”, producing a text is noticeably longer and with more redundant passages. 

The history of English language teaching (ELT) is unarguably linked to the history of imperialism and colonialism, which materializes in a certain extent the explicit or implicit cultural domination. Such domination inevitably involves the insertion of the colonizer's language into the lives of the colonized peoples. In this regard, the history of English language teaching has always been experienced in terms of cycles, such as theoretical principles and techniques that appear as a trend, disappear for a time and reappear for another period time, sometimes with new principles and fundamentals, and the cycles tend to follow one another. In this regard, studies in Applied Linguistics and Methods and Approaches in English Language Teaching suggest Grammar Translation Method, Direct Method, Oral Approach and Audiolingualism Method to be the first ones in ELT history. Having that in mind match the second column based on the information provided in the first one. Then, check the correct answer.

( A ) GRAMMAR-TRANSLATION METHOD ( B ) DIRECT METHOD ( C ) ORAL APPROACH ( D) AUDIOLINGUALISM METHOD

( ) Grammatical rules are not presented formally and the texts used for reading and writing activities are no longer literary since this method is based on certain principles, such as: selection, gradation and presentation.

( ) Learning is associated with syntactic, morphological and phonological structures which are learned from a system of stimulus, response and reinforcement.

( ) In this method, the writing skill is also developed, but not with a communicative purpose.

( ) Adopting the monolingual principle, this method involves the use of objects, gestures and images to explain the meanings of words, since the students' native language is prohibited from being used.

( ) Language learning would be associated with the formation of readers and the intellectual development of students.

( ) This method involves automatic correction and immediate assessment of students' mistakes by teachers in order to prevent the students from forming or acquiring bad habits and behaviors during the learning process.

( ) As a theoretical systematization of foreign language teaching, its objective would be the development of students' oral skills as the vocabulary and grammatical structures they have learned would be controlled in terms of frequency of occurrence.

( ) In this method, learning must be directly connected to the target language without going through the process of translation into the students' native language.

( ) The language to be taught is the spoken language and the new elements of the language are practiced situationally as the grammatical items are proposed gradually, that is, from the simplest to the most complex forms.

( ) In this method, language is both seen and considered as a behavior, for it is a means of oral communication.

“Cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike apologized after an update to its antivirus software”.
About the indefinite articles “an/a”, mark the option which it is NOT properly used 

Read the dialogue.

A: So, I’ve decided that I’ll move to the big city to look for a dream job.

B: You know, that sounds like a good idea.

C: Well, actually you ought to make decisions about your future.

B: Right.

A: Anyway, I was wondering if either of you would help me find a furnished apartment to rent.

B: Look, I’m like...very busy during the week, I mean, I'm trying to catch up with my deadline.

C: I’m in the same boat.

A: What about the weekend? Say, Saturday afternoon? You both could take turns, and later we might grab some beers.

B: Fine with me!

C: Count me in!

The words reproducing pause, hesitation, redundancy, etc, present in the dialogue in abbreviated or full form are:

Analyse the sentences to indicate the ones with inconsistencies.

a. I can not agree to you in this situation.

b. Adriane had been marrried to Phil for so long when he died.

c. We’re just at the time to catch the train to Liverpool.

d. Sophia invests her money in the stock market.

e. Have you ever been to Singapore, Leonard?

f. Although he is a senior citizen, he can run very fast.

g. She is not only overweight but also lazy.

h. Megan apologized to Hugh for being so rude.

i. Our neighbor was charged with assault and battery.

j. Bela is so charming and beautiful as her sister but she is not a model.

l. Since he was deeply furious I said nothing.

m. Stop peering at my e-mails, that’s not your business! 

In phonology, what is the term for the phenomenon in which one sound becomes more similar to a neighboring sound, resulting in two sounds becoming more alike, such as altering the pronunciation of "handbag" to "hambag" due to the influence of adjacent sounds?

What are the major historical influences that contributed to the formation of the English language as we know it today, and how did they impact its vocabulary and grammar?

In the context of language as discourse, when considering the essential elements for effective communication within a specific situation, which of the following factors should be taken into consideration in ensuring successful interaction?

Morphology either refers to the mental system involved in the word formation process or to the branch of Linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed. When it comes to the process of word formation, there are two possibilities to study such complex process, which are: Inflection and Derivation. It being understood that, match the second column based on the information provided in the first one, then check the correct answer.
( A ) INFLECTION ( B ) DERIVATION
( ) refers to the formation of new lexemes – words. ( ) refers to the grammatical contrasts and distinctions. ( ) a stem is considered to be a semantic core of a word. ( ) a root is considered to be a semantic core of a word.