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In recent years, awareness has grown of the scope and scale of violence and discrimination directed at lesbian, gay, bi, trans (LGBT) and intersex people around the world ⸺ including killings, torture, arbitrary detention and widespread discrimination in access to health care, education, employment and housing.
United Nations, regional and national human rights bodies have identified critical gaps in the implementation of international standards to address these and related violations, and have issued a plethora of recommendations, including, among them, the repeal of discriminatory legislation and measures to protect LGBT and intersex people from discrimination, violence, torture and ill treatment, and safeguard rights to freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly.
Increasingly, governments are taking action ⸺ whether in the form of legislation and policy measures or through targeted social and education programmes. At the United Nations Human Rights Council, more than one hundred countries from all regions around the world have voluntarily committed to take measures to end violence and discrimination linked to sexual orientation and gender identity, based on recommendations generated during the first two cycles of the Universal Periodic Review.
However, serious challenges remain. While many countries have taken encouraging steps, in most cases, these efforts have fallen short of the concerted strategy required to tackle violence and discrimination against LGBT and intersex people. Even in countries that have arguably recorded the most progress in respect of the rights of gay men and lesbians, there has been far less attention given to protecting the rights of trans people and only incipient attention to the rights of intersex people.
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).
Living Free and Equal: What States are doing to tackle violence and
discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people. (2016).
Internet: <www.ohchr.org> (adapted).
Considering the ideas and linguistic aspects of the previous text, judge the following item.
Throughout the text, references to violence and discrimination against LGBT and intersex people highlight violations characteristic of state actors, as well as others that may also result from the actions of private individuals.
In recent years, awareness has grown of the scope and scale of violence and discrimination directed at lesbian, gay, bi, trans (LGBT) and intersex people around the world ⸺ including killings, torture, arbitrary detention and widespread discrimination in access to health care, education, employment and housing.
United Nations, regional and national human rights bodies have identified critical gaps in the implementation of international standards to address these and related violations, and have issued a plethora of recommendations, including, among them, the repeal of discriminatory legislation and measures to protect LGBT and intersex people from discrimination, violence, torture and ill treatment, and safeguard rights to freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly.
Increasingly, governments are taking action ⸺ whether in the form of legislation and policy measures or through targeted social and education programmes. At the United Nations Human Rights Council, more than one hundred countries from all regions around the world have voluntarily committed to take measures to end violence and discrimination linked to sexual orientation and gender identity, based on recommendations generated during the first two cycles of the Universal Periodic Review.
However, serious challenges remain. While many countries have taken encouraging steps, in most cases, these efforts have fallen short of the concerted strategy required to tackle violence and discrimination against LGBT and intersex people. Even in countries that have arguably recorded the most progress in respect of the rights of gay men and lesbians, there has been far less attention given to protecting the rights of trans people and only incipient attention to the rights of intersex people.
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).
Living Free and Equal: What States are doing to tackle violence and
discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people. (2016).
Internet: <www.ohchr.org> (adapted).
Considering the ideas and linguistic aspects of the previous text, judge the following item.
The second and third paragraphs point out that human rights bodies, together with the United Nations, succeeded in compelling a number of countries to amend their discriminatory legislation.
In recent years, awareness has grown of the scope and scale of violence and discrimination directed at lesbian, gay, bi, trans (LGBT) and intersex people around the world ⸺ including killings, torture, arbitrary detention and widespread discrimination in access to health care, education, employment and housing.
United Nations, regional and national human rights bodies have identified critical gaps in the implementation of international standards to address these and related violations, and have issued a plethora of recommendations, including, among them, the repeal of discriminatory legislation and measures to protect LGBT and intersex people from discrimination, violence, torture and ill treatment, and safeguard rights to freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly.
Increasingly, governments are taking action ⸺ whether in the form of legislation and policy measures or through targeted social and education programmes. At the United Nations Human Rights Council, more than one hundred countries from all regions around the world have voluntarily committed to take measures to end violence and discrimination linked to sexual orientation and gender identity, based on recommendations generated during the first two cycles of the Universal Periodic Review.
However, serious challenges remain. While many countries have taken encouraging steps, in most cases, these efforts have fallen short of the concerted strategy required to tackle violence and discrimination against LGBT and intersex people. Even in countries that have arguably recorded the most progress in respect of the rights of gay men and lesbians, there has been far less attention given to protecting the rights of trans people and only incipient attention to the rights of intersex people.
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).
Living Free and Equal: What States are doing to tackle violence and
discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people. (2016).
Internet: <www.ohchr.org> (adapted).
Considering the ideas and linguistic aspects of the previous text, judge the following item.
The word "gaps", as used in the second paragraph, refers to shortcomings or failures in the implementation of international human rights standards.
In recent years, awareness has grown of the scope and scale of violence and discrimination directed at lesbian, gay, bi, trans (LGBT) and intersex people around the world ⸺ including killings, torture, arbitrary detention and widespread discrimination in access to health care, education, employment and housing.
United Nations, regional and national human rights bodies have identified critical gaps in the implementation of international standards to address these and related violations, and have issued a plethora of recommendations, including, among them, the repeal of discriminatory legislation and measures to protect LGBT and intersex people from discrimination, violence, torture and ill treatment, and safeguard rights to freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly.
Increasingly, governments are taking action ⸺ whether in the form of legislation and policy measures or through targeted social and education programmes. At the United Nations Human Rights Council, more than one hundred countries from all regions around the world have voluntarily committed to take measures to end violence and discrimination linked to sexual orientation and gender identity, based on recommendations generated during the first two cycles of the Universal Periodic Review.
However, serious challenges remain. While many countries have taken encouraging steps, in most cases, these efforts have fallen short of the concerted strategy required to tackle violence and discrimination against LGBT and intersex people. Even in countries that have arguably recorded the most progress in respect of the rights of gay men and lesbians, there has been far less attention given to protecting the rights of trans people and only incipient attention to the rights of intersex people.
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).
Living Free and Equal: What States are doing to tackle violence and
discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people. (2016).
Internet: <www.ohchr.org> (adapted).
Considering the ideas and linguistic aspects of the previous text, judge the following item.
The excerpt "awareness has grown of the scope and scale of violence and discrimination" (first sentence of the text) means that awareness has grown from a better understanding of the scope and scale of violence and discrimination
Cyber issues have become increasingly central in international affairs and the breadth of issues discussed under this rubric has grown, including questions of peace and conflict, the fight against cybercrime and controversies around internet governance. In this context, three issue characteristics have affected the practice of cyber diplomacy.
First, cybersecurity retains a strong technical undercurrent that not only poses a challenge to conventional diplomatic skills but also introduces a distinct temporal quality. Reflecting broader trends in digital connectivity, cybersecurity evolves at the speed of technology, contributing to the transient nature of diplomatic practices, the limits of which are "constantly being renegotiated". These conceptual ambiguities have imbued cyber governance with a distinct political dynamic, offering ample opportunity for varied policy solutions to find "rhetorical shelter".
Second, perceptions of the stakes involved are equally evolving, with initial concerns about cyber war and cyberterrorism being supplemented with a focus on attacks below the level of armed attack. Relatedly, dichotomies across cybercrime and international security are blurring as cybercriminals are enlisted in state-sponsored campaigns.
Third, cyber issues exhibit a cross-cutting nature that breaches institutional and epistemic boundaries, calling into action a swath of actors across the public-private divide and requiring coordination across knowledge domains, including technical, legal and policy knowledge.
Johann Ole Willers, Lars Gjesvik. Cybersecurity as an issue of international affairs.
In: Diplomacy in the age of expertise: the case of cyber diplomacy.
International Affairs, Oxford University Press, fev./2026.
Internet: <academic.oup.com> (adapted).
Based on the ideas presented in the preceding text, as well as on its linguistic aspects, judge the following item.
In "issue characteristics" (second sentence of the first paragraph), the word "issue" can be correctly replaced with key without altering the meaning of this expression.
Cyber issues have become increasingly central in international affairs and the breadth of issues discussed under this rubric has grown, including questions of peace and conflict, the fight against cybercrime and controversies around internet governance. In this context, three issue characteristics have affected the practice of cyber diplomacy.
First, cybersecurity retains a strong technical undercurrent that not only poses a challenge to conventional diplomatic skills but also introduces a distinct temporal quality. Reflecting broader trends in digital connectivity, cybersecurity evolves at the speed of technology, contributing to the transient nature of diplomatic practices, the limits of which are "constantly being renegotiated". These conceptual ambiguities have imbued cyber governance with a distinct political dynamic, offering ample opportunity for varied policy solutions to find "rhetorical shelter".
Second, perceptions of the stakes involved are equally evolving, with initial concerns about cyber war and cyberterrorism being supplemented with a focus on attacks below the level of armed attack. Relatedly, dichotomies across cybercrime and international security are blurring as cybercriminals are enlisted in state-sponsored campaigns.
Third, cyber issues exhibit a cross-cutting nature that breaches institutional and epistemic boundaries, calling into action a swath of actors across the public-private divide and requiring coordination across knowledge domains, including technical, legal and policy knowledge.
Johann Ole Willers, Lars Gjesvik. Cybersecurity as an issue of international affairs.
In: Diplomacy in the age of expertise: the case of cyber diplomacy.
International Affairs, Oxford University Press, fev./2026.
Internet: <academic.oup.com> (adapted).
Based on the ideas presented in the preceding text, as well as on its linguistic aspects, judge the following item.
It is correct to conclude from the text that, when the authors state that the limits of diplomatic practices are 'constantly being renegotiated' (second sentence of the second paragraph), they mean that diplomatic boundaries are not fixed but are continually revised as political and technological conditions evolve.
Cyber issues have become increasingly central in international affairs and the breadth of issues discussed under this rubric has grown, including questions of peace and conflict, the fight against cybercrime and controversies around internet governance. In this context, three issue characteristics have affected the practice of cyber diplomacy.
First, cybersecurity retains a strong technical undercurrent that not only poses a challenge to conventional diplomatic skills but also introduces a distinct temporal quality. Reflecting broader trends in digital connectivity, cybersecurity evolves at the speed of technology, contributing to the transient nature of diplomatic practices, the limits of which are "constantly being renegotiated". These conceptual ambiguities have imbued cyber governance with a distinct political dynamic, offering ample opportunity for varied policy solutions to find "rhetorical shelter".
Second, perceptions of the stakes involved are equally evolving, with initial concerns about cyber war and cyberterrorism being supplemented with a focus on attacks below the level of armed attack. Relatedly, dichotomies across cybercrime and international security are blurring as cybercriminals are enlisted in state-sponsored campaigns.
Third, cyber issues exhibit a cross-cutting nature that breaches institutional and epistemic boundaries, calling into action a swath of actors across the public-private divide and requiring coordination across knowledge domains, including technical, legal and policy knowledge.
Johann Ole Willers, Lars Gjesvik. Cybersecurity as an issue of international affairs.
In: Diplomacy in the age of expertise: the case of cyber diplomacy.
International Affairs, Oxford University Press, fev./2026.
Internet: <academic.oup.com> (adapted).
Based on the ideas presented in the preceding text, as well as on its linguistic aspects, judge the following item.
By stating that "cybercriminals are enlisted in state-sponsored campaigns" (last sentence of the third paragraph), the text suggests that they are officially classified as threats to national security.
Cyber issues have become increasingly central in international affairs and the breadth of issues discussed under this rubric has grown, including questions of peace and conflict, the fight against cybercrime and controversies around internet governance. In this context, three issue characteristics have affected the practice of cyber diplomacy.
First, cybersecurity retains a strong technical undercurrent that not only poses a challenge to conventional diplomatic skills but also introduces a distinct temporal quality. Reflecting broader trends in digital connectivity, cybersecurity evolves at the speed of technology, contributing to the transient nature of diplomatic practices, the limits of which are "constantly being renegotiated". These conceptual ambiguities have imbued cyber governance with a distinct political dynamic, offering ample opportunity for varied policy solutions to find "rhetorical shelter".
Second, perceptions of the stakes involved are equally evolving, with initial concerns about cyber war and cyberterrorism being supplemented with a focus on attacks below the level of armed attack. Relatedly, dichotomies across cybercrime and international security are blurring as cybercriminals are enlisted in state-sponsored campaigns.
Third, cyber issues exhibit a cross-cutting nature that breaches institutional and epistemic boundaries, calling into action a swath of actors across the public-private divide and requiring coordination across knowledge domains, including technical, legal and policy knowledge.
Johann Ole Willers, Lars Gjesvik. Cybersecurity as an issue of international affairs.
In: Diplomacy in the age of expertise: the case of cyber diplomacy.
International Affairs, Oxford University Press, fev./2026.
Internet: <academic.oup.com> (adapted).
Based on the ideas presented in the preceding text, as well as on its linguistic aspects, judge the following item.
When the text points out that dichotomies across cybercrime and international security are blurring (last sentence of the third paragraph) and that institutional and epistemic boundaries are being breached (fourth paragraph), it indicates that previously distinct concepts and domains are becoming less clearly separated and increasingly overlap.
Sabendo que o Brasil passou por intenso processo de urbanização na segunda metade do século XX, com a maior parte das médias e grandes cidades tendo concentrado crescimento entre as décadas de 50 e 80, julgue o próximo item, acerca dos processos de conurbação e metropolização no Brasil.
Metrópole difere de região metropolitana, sendo a região metropolitana instituída por legislação estadual com a finalidade de promover a organização, o planejamento e a execução de políticas públicas de interesse comum e podendo ocorrer em aglomerações urbanas com menor porte demográfico do que as metrópoles.
Sabendo que o Brasil passou por intenso processo de urbanização na segunda metade do século XX, com a maior parte das médias e grandes cidades tendo concentrado crescimento entre as décadas de 50 e 80, julgue o próximo item, acerca dos processos de conurbação e metropolização no Brasil.
A metropolização das cidades brasileiras é em grande parte marcada por expansão da mancha urbana sobre áreas rurais e municípios menores de maneira desordenada, com segregação socioespacial e conurbação entre cidades.
Sabendo que o Brasil passou por intenso processo de urbanização na segunda metade do século XX, com a maior parte das médias e grandes cidades tendo concentrado crescimento entre as décadas de 50 e 80, julgue o próximo item, acerca dos processos de conurbação e metropolização no Brasil.
Brasília e Goiânia são metrópoles de formação recente e apresentam urbanização dispersa, o que reforça a necessidade de políticas de mobilidade, pela prevalência de manchas urbanas não conurbadas e fragmentadas.
Confins, limites, margens, periferia, e outras referências espaciais que se contrapõem a um centro, à uma centralidade construída a partir de um domínio territorial, na sua origem o conceito de fronteira remete ao latim ‘front’, in front, as margens. Essencialmente relacional, a fronteira é, regra geral, um espaço definido pelo outro que está num centro (etnocêntrico), sendo, portanto, subordinado.
Tendo o fragmento de texto como referência inicial, julgue o item a seguir, acerca de fronteiras e formas de apropriação política do espaço.
A fronteira é um elemento espacial delimitado pela política entre Estados nacionais, onde há total controle sobre a entrada e saída capital e controle quase total de pessoas e mercadorias.
Confins, limites, margens, periferia, e outras referências espaciais que se contrapõem a um centro, à uma centralidade construída a partir de um domínio territorial, na sua origem o conceito de fronteira remete ao latim ‘front’, in front, as margens. Essencialmente relacional, a fronteira é, regra geral, um espaço definido pelo outro que está num centro (etnocêntrico), sendo, portanto, subordinado.
Tendo o fragmento de texto como referência inicial, julgue o item a seguir, acerca de fronteiras e formas de apropriação política do espaço.
A fronteira é parte de um organismo maior, o Estado, sendo o limite do território nacional; é um espaço de controle e de trocas, que variam em virtude do relacionamento estabelecido com os Estados vizinhos.
Ainda acerca de política e gestão ambiental no Brasil, julgue o item que se segue.
A governança ambiental envolve os processos, as regras e as instituições, formais ou informais, presentes na política e gestão ambiental no Brasil, marcada por disputas de poder e conflitos na gestão de recursos naturais.
Ainda acerca de política e gestão ambiental no Brasil, julgue o item que se segue.
A política e a gestão ambiental no Brasil são temas da agenda pautada somente no interesse nacional, sendo os órgãos ambientais na escala da União, estados e municípios responsáveis pela gestão, pelo planejamento e pelo financiamento de políticas ambientais.
Ainda acerca de política e gestão ambiental no Brasil, julgue o item que se segue.
O Brasil carece de instrumentos e políticas relacionadas à justiça climática, tema que emerge da crise socioambiental contemporânea apenas de modo secundário.
Acerca de política e gestão ambiental no Brasil, julgue o próximo item.
Há temas na política e na gestão ambiental no Brasil que, por seus aspectos multiescalares e complexidade territorial, são de responsabilidade exclusiva da União, como a gestão de bacias hidrográficas e a gestão e a proteção de recursos hídricos.
Acerca de política e gestão ambiental no Brasil, julgue o próximo item.
Os órgãos e entidades da União, dos estados, do Distrito Federal, dos territórios e dos municípios, bem como as fundações instituídas pelo poder público, responsáveis pela proteção e melhoria da qualidade ambiental, constituem o Sistema Nacional do Meio Ambiente (SISNAMA).
Acerca de política e gestão ambiental no Brasil, julgue o próximo item.
Sendo o município o ente federativo mais próximo da realidade local, a atuação política das secretarias e órgãos ambientais municipais agilizam a adoção de medidas, planos, gestão e políticas mais ágeis e efetivas.
Acerca de política e gestão ambiental no Brasil, julgue o próximo item.
O zoneamento ambiental é um instrumento de gestão ambiental que deve ser realizado pelos municípios apenas nas zonas urbanas, onde se encontram unidades de conservação e áreas de proteção ambiental.
Conheça nossos planos