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Ano: 2023
Banca:
FUVEST
Órgão:
USP
Prova:
FUVEST - 2023 - USP - Analista de Sistemas (Especialidade: Conectividade) |
Q2277754
Inglês
Texto associado
Generic catastrophic poverty when selfish investors exploit a
degradable common resource
Game theory deals with situations in which a number of
agents compete with each other, with each participant trying to
maximize his or her own profit individually. One speaks of a
"Nash equilibrium" if players cannot increase their returns
further. The "Tragedy of the Commons" is a game theoretical
scenario in which the actors do not compete directly, but
indirectly: If someone takes a piece of a common pie, there will
be less for everybody else.
Instead of investigating how to avoid the "Tragedy of the
Commons," Claudius Gros from Goethe University's Institute for
Theoretical Physics examined the resulting Nash equilibrium,
with unexpected results: If a common good is divided more or
less equally among N interested parties, then each receives a
share of the order 1/N. However, the respective investment costs
still need to be deducted.
Gros' calculations show that, in equilibrium, the actors
increase their engagement until the resulting investment costs
almost reach the value of the resources the individual investor
can secure for her- or himself. Mathematically, the theoretical physicist was able to show that the final profit of the individual
investor scales as 1/N2.
The original expectation, that investors each receive a
proportional share from the resource, remains correct, as Gros'
research shows. However, this does not translate into an overall
return of the same proportion, which is smaller by a power in the
number of investors. Gros denotes the dramatic deterioration of
the net profit as "catastrophic poverty," as it implies that
unregulated competition drives the individual actor close to the
profitability limit, viz to the subsistence level.
Similarly, Gros was able to show that catastrophic poverty
can be avoided when the actors cooperate with each other.
Cooperation leads to a net profit corresponding to the number of
investors in simple power, the classical result.
The result of the investigations is therefore that the "Tragedy
of the Commons" can cause substantially more damage than
previously assumed. Uncontrolled access not only leads to a
potentially excessive exploitation of the resource, a topic that has
been the focus of many previous studies. In addition, investors
suffer themselves when only maximizing their own profits.
GROS, Claudius. Generic catastrophic poverty when selfish
investors exploita degradable common resource. Royal Society
Open Science (online), 08 Fev. 2023 (adaptado)
Segundo o estudo, a "Tragédia dos Comuns" pode trazer mais
prejuízos do que aqueles considerados inicialmente e pode levar
aos seguintes efeitos:
Ano: 2023
Banca:
FUVEST
Órgão:
USP
Prova:
FUVEST - 2023 - USP - Analista de Sistemas (Especialidade: Conectividade) |
Q2277753
Inglês
Texto associado
Generic catastrophic poverty when selfish investors exploit a
degradable common resource
Game theory deals with situations in which a number of
agents compete with each other, with each participant trying to
maximize his or her own profit individually. One speaks of a
"Nash equilibrium" if players cannot increase their returns
further. The "Tragedy of the Commons" is a game theoretical
scenario in which the actors do not compete directly, but
indirectly: If someone takes a piece of a common pie, there will
be less for everybody else.
Instead of investigating how to avoid the "Tragedy of the
Commons," Claudius Gros from Goethe University's Institute for
Theoretical Physics examined the resulting Nash equilibrium,
with unexpected results: If a common good is divided more or
less equally among N interested parties, then each receives a
share of the order 1/N. However, the respective investment costs
still need to be deducted.
Gros' calculations show that, in equilibrium, the actors
increase their engagement until the resulting investment costs
almost reach the value of the resources the individual investor
can secure for her- or himself. Mathematically, the theoretical physicist was able to show that the final profit of the individual
investor scales as 1/N2.
The original expectation, that investors each receive a
proportional share from the resource, remains correct, as Gros'
research shows. However, this does not translate into an overall
return of the same proportion, which is smaller by a power in the
number of investors. Gros denotes the dramatic deterioration of
the net profit as "catastrophic poverty," as it implies that
unregulated competition drives the individual actor close to the
profitability limit, viz to the subsistence level.
Similarly, Gros was able to show that catastrophic poverty
can be avoided when the actors cooperate with each other.
Cooperation leads to a net profit corresponding to the number of
investors in simple power, the classical result.
The result of the investigations is therefore that the "Tragedy
of the Commons" can cause substantially more damage than
previously assumed. Uncontrolled access not only leads to a
potentially excessive exploitation of the resource, a topic that has
been the focus of many previous studies. In addition, investors
suffer themselves when only maximizing their own profits.
GROS, Claudius. Generic catastrophic poverty when selfish
investors exploita degradable common resource. Royal Society
Open Science (online), 08 Fev. 2023 (adaptado)
O termo "each" (segundo parágrafo) refere-se a
Ano: 2023
Banca:
FUVEST
Órgão:
USP
Prova:
FUVEST - 2023 - USP - Analista de Sistemas (Especialidade: Conectividade) |
Q2277752
Inglês
Texto associado
Generic catastrophic poverty when selfish investors exploit a
degradable common resource
Game theory deals with situations in which a number of
agents compete with each other, with each participant trying to
maximize his or her own profit individually. One speaks of a
"Nash equilibrium" if players cannot increase their returns
further. The "Tragedy of the Commons" is a game theoretical
scenario in which the actors do not compete directly, but
indirectly: If someone takes a piece of a common pie, there will
be less for everybody else.
Instead of investigating how to avoid the "Tragedy of the
Commons," Claudius Gros from Goethe University's Institute for
Theoretical Physics examined the resulting Nash equilibrium,
with unexpected results: If a common good is divided more or
less equally among N interested parties, then each receives a
share of the order 1/N. However, the respective investment costs
still need to be deducted.
Gros' calculations show that, in equilibrium, the actors
increase their engagement until the resulting investment costs
almost reach the value of the resources the individual investor
can secure for her- or himself. Mathematically, the theoretical physicist was able to show that the final profit of the individual
investor scales as 1/N2.
The original expectation, that investors each receive a
proportional share from the resource, remains correct, as Gros'
research shows. However, this does not translate into an overall
return of the same proportion, which is smaller by a power in the
number of investors. Gros denotes the dramatic deterioration of
the net profit as "catastrophic poverty," as it implies that
unregulated competition drives the individual actor close to the
profitability limit, viz to the subsistence level.
Similarly, Gros was able to show that catastrophic poverty
can be avoided when the actors cooperate with each other.
Cooperation leads to a net profit corresponding to the number of
investors in simple power, the classical result.
The result of the investigations is therefore that the "Tragedy
of the Commons" can cause substantially more damage than
previously assumed. Uncontrolled access not only leads to a
potentially excessive exploitation of the resource, a topic that has
been the focus of many previous studies. In addition, investors
suffer themselves when only maximizing their own profits.
GROS, Claudius. Generic catastrophic poverty when selfish
investors exploita degradable common resource. Royal Society
Open Science (online), 08 Fev. 2023 (adaptado)
De acordo com o texto, a "Tragédia dos Comuns" pode ser
definida como
Ano: 2023
Banca:
FUVEST
Órgão:
USP
Prova:
FUVEST - 2023 - USP - Analista de Sistemas (Especialidade: Conectividade) |
Q2277750
Inglês
Texto associado
'A Spiraling Loop of Feedbacks':
Worst-Case Scenario for Amazon Rainforest
A paper to be published in the Journal Science on January
27 has found that humans have degraded more than one-third of
the remaining trees in the Amazon rainforest. This degradation
could eventually lead to "a spiraling loop of feedbacks," Jos
Barlow, a professor of conservation science at Lancaster
University in the U.K. and co-author of the paper,
told Newsweek.
Up to 38 percent of the remaining Amazon has been affected
by human actions, researchers from Brazil's University of
Campinas (Unicamp), the Amazon Environmental Research
Institute (IPAM), National Institute for Space Research (INPE),
and Lancaster University found.
The degradation of this area-equivalent to 5.5 times the size
of the state of California-releases carbon emissions equivalent
to or greater than those from deforestation.
The Amazon contributes 16 percent of all the land-based
photosynthesis in the world, and strongly regulates global carbon
and water cycles, sucking in carbon dioxide and producing
oxygen. Additionally, despite only covering around 0.5 percent of
the Earth's surface, the Amazon is home to over 10 percent of all
named plant and vertebrate species on Earth.
"Healthy rainforests provide amazing habitat for
biodiversity-this is what the Amazon is most famous for," Sally
Thompson, an ecohydrologist at The University of Western
Australia, told Newsweek. "They usually support clean water in
rivers, make it rain, and cool the surrounding area. You can hunt,
harvest timber or foods sustainably from healthy and wellmanaged forests. And a healthy forest can often recover from
disturbance. Degraded forests aren't as good at doing any of
those things, and often they struggle to recover from
disturbance."
Deforestation involves a loss of the forest canopy and a
change in land use (e.g.,from forest to agriculture or urban land
use), while degradation is a process affecting the remaining
forests. Degradation essentially means that there is still forest in
place but it is not as healthy or as good at providing benefits for
the environment or for people.
THOMSON, Jess. 'A Spiraling Loop of Feedbacks': Worst-Case Scenario for
Amazon Rainforest. Newsweek (online), 26 jan. 2023 (adaptado).
De acordo com o texto, a degradação e o desmatamento são
processos diferentes, pois
Ano: 2023
Banca:
FUVEST
Órgão:
USP
Prova:
FUVEST - 2023 - USP - Analista de Sistemas (Especialidade: Conectividade) |
Q2277749
Inglês
Texto associado
'A Spiraling Loop of Feedbacks':
Worst-Case Scenario for Amazon Rainforest
A paper to be published in the Journal Science on January
27 has found that humans have degraded more than one-third of
the remaining trees in the Amazon rainforest. This degradation
could eventually lead to "a spiraling loop of feedbacks," Jos
Barlow, a professor of conservation science at Lancaster
University in the U.K. and co-author of the paper,
told Newsweek.
Up to 38 percent of the remaining Amazon has been affected
by human actions, researchers from Brazil's University of
Campinas (Unicamp), the Amazon Environmental Research
Institute (IPAM), National Institute for Space Research (INPE),
and Lancaster University found.
The degradation of this area-equivalent to 5.5 times the size
of the state of California-releases carbon emissions equivalent
to or greater than those from deforestation.
The Amazon contributes 16 percent of all the land-based
photosynthesis in the world, and strongly regulates global carbon
and water cycles, sucking in carbon dioxide and producing
oxygen. Additionally, despite only covering around 0.5 percent of
the Earth's surface, the Amazon is home to over 10 percent of all
named plant and vertebrate species on Earth.
"Healthy rainforests provide amazing habitat for
biodiversity-this is what the Amazon is most famous for," Sally
Thompson, an ecohydrologist at The University of Western
Australia, told Newsweek. "They usually support clean water in
rivers, make it rain, and cool the surrounding area. You can hunt,
harvest timber or foods sustainably from healthy and wellmanaged forests. And a healthy forest can often recover from
disturbance. Degraded forests aren't as good at doing any of
those things, and often they struggle to recover from
disturbance."
Deforestation involves a loss of the forest canopy and a
change in land use (e.g.,from forest to agriculture or urban land
use), while degradation is a process affecting the remaining
forests. Degradation essentially means that there is still forest in
place but it is not as healthy or as good at providing benefits for
the environment or for people.
THOMSON, Jess. 'A Spiraling Loop of Feedbacks': Worst-Case Scenario for
Amazon Rainforest. Newsweek (online), 26 jan. 2023 (adaptado).
De acordo com o texto, a degradação da Floresta Amazônica tem
como decorrência
Q2243435
Direito Processual do Trabalho
Compete apreciar e julgar conflito negativo de competência
suscitado por uma Vara do Trabalho em face de unidade
fracionária de primeira instância da Justiça Federal o
Q2243434
Direito Processual do Trabalho
De acordo com a jurisprudência sumulada do Supremo Tribunal
Federal, compete apreciar e julgar a ação civil pública aforada
pelo Ministério Público do Trabalho sobre temas de saúde,
higiene e segurança do trabalho
Q2243433
Direito Processual do Trabalho
Da decisão denegatória colegiada de mérito proferida em
sede de Mandado de Segurança impetrado contra ato de
Ministro do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho cabe Recurso
Q2243432
Direito Administrativo
A Administração Pública sujeita-se a três formas de controle: (i) ao
controle por parte do Poder Judiciário, (ii) ao controle por parte do
Poder Legislativo, e (iii) ao controle exercido, por ela própria, sobre
seus atos. No tocante ao controle legislativo,
Q2243431
Direito Administrativo
Em razão da indisponibilidade do interesse público, os
poderes administrativos não constituem verdadeiros poderes,
mas deveres. Por isso, é mais correto utilizar expressões como
"poder-dever" ou, ainda, "dever-poder", logo a
Q2243430
Direito Constitucional
No tratamento de ações constitucionais,
Q2243429
Direito Constitucional
Levando em consideração os dispositivos legais e constitucionais aplicáveis, bem como a jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal, a ação de Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF)
Q2243428
Direito Empresarial (Comercial)
Segundo a disciplina jurídica das patentes,
Q2243427
Direito Administrativo
Sobre o regime jurÍdico de inovação, é correto afirmar que
Q2243426
Direito Tributário
São características do ICMS:
I. Não cumulatividade e seletividade obrigatórias.
Il. Estabelecimento de alíquotas mínimas, pelo Senado Federal, para operações internas, mediante resolução de iniciativa de um terço e aprovada pela maioria absoluta de seus membros.
III. Não incide sobre operações que destinem a outros Estados petróleo, inclusive lubrificantes, combustíveis líquidos e gasosos dele derivados, e energia elétrica.
IV. Progressividade pelo volume de operações.
Dos enunciados apresentados, é correto o que foi indicado em
Q2243425
Direito Constitucional
A vinculação de parcela da receita orçamentária a entidades públicas de fomento ao ensino e a pesquisa cientifica e tecnológica, nos termos do art. 218, §5º, da Constituição Federal é
Q2243424
Direito Tributário
Consoante a legislação tributaria,
Q2243423
Direito Tributário
Sobre decadência e prescrição do crédito tributário, é correto afirmar que
Q2243422
Direito Tributário
A imunidade tributaria NÃO alcança
Q2243421
Direito Financeiro
O Poder Executivo deve enviar ao Poder Legislativo a proposta
orçamentária, nos prazos estabelecidos nas Constituições e Leis
Orgânicas dos Municípios, sendo que
Conheça nossos planos