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Q3473185 Português

 A aviação pode se tornar sustentável um dia?


Cerca de 2,4% das emissões globais de CO2 vêm da aviação. Juntamente com outros gases e os rastros de vapor d'água produzidos pelas aeronaves, a indústria é responsável por cerca de 5% do aquecimento global. E as emissões dos aviões aumentam rapidamente, pois elas cresceram 32% entre 2013 e 2018. Um voo de ida e volta de São Paulo a Barcelona emite cerca de 5,5 toneladas de CO2 equivalente por pessoa, mais do que o dobro das emissões produzidas por um carro familiar em um ano e cerca de metade da produção de carbono média de alguém que mora no Brasil.


Especialistas dizem que a humanidade deixou a situação das emissões do setor se agravar por muito tempo. Agora, existe um espaço de tempo muito curto, já que é preciso reduzir as emissões deste setor para quase zero. "Há duas grandes razões pelas quais a aviação apresenta um desafio único em termos de mudança climática", diz Cait Hewitt, diretora de políticas da Aviation Environment Federation, uma organização não governamental que trabalha para mitigar o impacto da aviação no meio ambiente. "A primeira é que cada vez mais pessoas viajam de avião. E a segunda é que voar continua quase totalmente dependente de combustíveis fósseis. Ainda não temos tecnologias verdes disponíveis para o setor."


Em 2019, a aviação produziu um gigatonelada de emissões de CO2. "Isso é, aproximadamente, o total de emissões do Reino Unido e da Alemanha juntas", diz Hewitt. O número de passageiros não para de crescer. Em 2019, as companhias aéreas transportaram cerca de 4,5 bilhões de passageiros. Em 2050, projeções mostram que o número chegará a 10 bilhões por ano. Mas nem todos no planeta voam. "Globalmente, apenas 1% da população, muitos dos quais são passageiros frequentes, geram metade de todas as emissões do setor de aviação", diz Hewitt.


 A disparidade é grande. Nos países de alta renda, 40% da população faz, pelo menos, um voo por ano, enquanto em países de baixa renda esse percentual é de apenas 1% da população. "Não existe uma bala de prata para tornar a aviação mais ambiental, mas sim, um conjunto de opções diferentes, cada uma delas com seus prós e contras", diz Beth Barker, gerente de Projeto Aviation Impact Accelerator da Universidade de Cambridge.


https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/crgn8ny2e8xo. Adaptado.

A primeira é que cada vez mais pessoas viajam de avião. E a segunda é que voar continua quase totalmente dependente de combustíveis fósseis.



Em relação à frase mencionada, é correto afirmar que: 

Alternativas
Q3473184 Português

 A aviação pode se tornar sustentável um dia?


Cerca de 2,4% das emissões globais de CO2 vêm da aviação. Juntamente com outros gases e os rastros de vapor d'água produzidos pelas aeronaves, a indústria é responsável por cerca de 5% do aquecimento global. E as emissões dos aviões aumentam rapidamente, pois elas cresceram 32% entre 2013 e 2018. Um voo de ida e volta de São Paulo a Barcelona emite cerca de 5,5 toneladas de CO2 equivalente por pessoa, mais do que o dobro das emissões produzidas por um carro familiar em um ano e cerca de metade da produção de carbono média de alguém que mora no Brasil.


Especialistas dizem que a humanidade deixou a situação das emissões do setor se agravar por muito tempo. Agora, existe um espaço de tempo muito curto, já que é preciso reduzir as emissões deste setor para quase zero. "Há duas grandes razões pelas quais a aviação apresenta um desafio único em termos de mudança climática", diz Cait Hewitt, diretora de políticas da Aviation Environment Federation, uma organização não governamental que trabalha para mitigar o impacto da aviação no meio ambiente. "A primeira é que cada vez mais pessoas viajam de avião. E a segunda é que voar continua quase totalmente dependente de combustíveis fósseis. Ainda não temos tecnologias verdes disponíveis para o setor."


Em 2019, a aviação produziu um gigatonelada de emissões de CO2. "Isso é, aproximadamente, o total de emissões do Reino Unido e da Alemanha juntas", diz Hewitt. O número de passageiros não para de crescer. Em 2019, as companhias aéreas transportaram cerca de 4,5 bilhões de passageiros. Em 2050, projeções mostram que o número chegará a 10 bilhões por ano. Mas nem todos no planeta voam. "Globalmente, apenas 1% da população, muitos dos quais são passageiros frequentes, geram metade de todas as emissões do setor de aviação", diz Hewitt.


 A disparidade é grande. Nos países de alta renda, 40% da população faz, pelo menos, um voo por ano, enquanto em países de baixa renda esse percentual é de apenas 1% da população. "Não existe uma bala de prata para tornar a aviação mais ambiental, mas sim, um conjunto de opções diferentes, cada uma delas com seus prós e contras", diz Beth Barker, gerente de Projeto Aviation Impact Accelerator da Universidade de Cambridge.


https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/crgn8ny2e8xo. Adaptado.

'Há' duas grandes razões pelas quais a aviação 'apresenta' um desafio único em termos de mudança climática.



Em relação à regência verbal dos termos destacados, é correto afirmar que, nesta frase:  

Alternativas
Q3473183 Português

 A aviação pode se tornar sustentável um dia?


Cerca de 2,4% das emissões globais de CO2 vêm da aviação. Juntamente com outros gases e os rastros de vapor d'água produzidos pelas aeronaves, a indústria é responsável por cerca de 5% do aquecimento global. E as emissões dos aviões aumentam rapidamente, pois elas cresceram 32% entre 2013 e 2018. Um voo de ida e volta de São Paulo a Barcelona emite cerca de 5,5 toneladas de CO2 equivalente por pessoa, mais do que o dobro das emissões produzidas por um carro familiar em um ano e cerca de metade da produção de carbono média de alguém que mora no Brasil.


Especialistas dizem que a humanidade deixou a situação das emissões do setor se agravar por muito tempo. Agora, existe um espaço de tempo muito curto, já que é preciso reduzir as emissões deste setor para quase zero. "Há duas grandes razões pelas quais a aviação apresenta um desafio único em termos de mudança climática", diz Cait Hewitt, diretora de políticas da Aviation Environment Federation, uma organização não governamental que trabalha para mitigar o impacto da aviação no meio ambiente. "A primeira é que cada vez mais pessoas viajam de avião. E a segunda é que voar continua quase totalmente dependente de combustíveis fósseis. Ainda não temos tecnologias verdes disponíveis para o setor."


Em 2019, a aviação produziu um gigatonelada de emissões de CO2. "Isso é, aproximadamente, o total de emissões do Reino Unido e da Alemanha juntas", diz Hewitt. O número de passageiros não para de crescer. Em 2019, as companhias aéreas transportaram cerca de 4,5 bilhões de passageiros. Em 2050, projeções mostram que o número chegará a 10 bilhões por ano. Mas nem todos no planeta voam. "Globalmente, apenas 1% da população, muitos dos quais são passageiros frequentes, geram metade de todas as emissões do setor de aviação", diz Hewitt.


 A disparidade é grande. Nos países de alta renda, 40% da população faz, pelo menos, um voo por ano, enquanto em países de baixa renda esse percentual é de apenas 1% da população. "Não existe uma bala de prata para tornar a aviação mais ambiental, mas sim, um conjunto de opções diferentes, cada uma delas com seus prós e contras", diz Beth Barker, gerente de Projeto Aviation Impact Accelerator da Universidade de Cambridge.


https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/crgn8ny2e8xo. Adaptado.

Cerca de 2,4% das emissões globais de CO2 vêm da aviação. Juntamente com outros gases e os rastros de vapor d'água produzidos pelas aeronaves, a indústria é responsável por cerca de 5% do aquecimento global.



De acordo com as regras de acentuação gráfica, é correto afirmar que:  

Alternativas
Q3473182 Português

 A aviação pode se tornar sustentável um dia?


Cerca de 2,4% das emissões globais de CO2 vêm da aviação. Juntamente com outros gases e os rastros de vapor d'água produzidos pelas aeronaves, a indústria é responsável por cerca de 5% do aquecimento global. E as emissões dos aviões aumentam rapidamente, pois elas cresceram 32% entre 2013 e 2018. Um voo de ida e volta de São Paulo a Barcelona emite cerca de 5,5 toneladas de CO2 equivalente por pessoa, mais do que o dobro das emissões produzidas por um carro familiar em um ano e cerca de metade da produção de carbono média de alguém que mora no Brasil.


Especialistas dizem que a humanidade deixou a situação das emissões do setor se agravar por muito tempo. Agora, existe um espaço de tempo muito curto, já que é preciso reduzir as emissões deste setor para quase zero. "Há duas grandes razões pelas quais a aviação apresenta um desafio único em termos de mudança climática", diz Cait Hewitt, diretora de políticas da Aviation Environment Federation, uma organização não governamental que trabalha para mitigar o impacto da aviação no meio ambiente. "A primeira é que cada vez mais pessoas viajam de avião. E a segunda é que voar continua quase totalmente dependente de combustíveis fósseis. Ainda não temos tecnologias verdes disponíveis para o setor."


Em 2019, a aviação produziu um gigatonelada de emissões de CO2. "Isso é, aproximadamente, o total de emissões do Reino Unido e da Alemanha juntas", diz Hewitt. O número de passageiros não para de crescer. Em 2019, as companhias aéreas transportaram cerca de 4,5 bilhões de passageiros. Em 2050, projeções mostram que o número chegará a 10 bilhões por ano. Mas nem todos no planeta voam. "Globalmente, apenas 1% da população, muitos dos quais são passageiros frequentes, geram metade de todas as emissões do setor de aviação", diz Hewitt.


 A disparidade é grande. Nos países de alta renda, 40% da população faz, pelo menos, um voo por ano, enquanto em países de baixa renda esse percentual é de apenas 1% da população. "Não existe uma bala de prata para tornar a aviação mais ambiental, mas sim, um conjunto de opções diferentes, cada uma delas com seus prós e contras", diz Beth Barker, gerente de Projeto Aviation Impact Accelerator da Universidade de Cambridge.


https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/crgn8ny2e8xo. Adaptado.

Segundo Bechara (2019), tipos textuais, também conhecidos como gêneros textuais, são categorias que classificam os diferentes tipos de textos com base em suas características estruturais, funcionais e comunicativas. Eles são definidos de acordo com os objetivos de comunicação e as características linguísticas predominantes em cada tipo de texto.



De acordo com esta definição, no texto intitulado 'A aviação pode se tornar sustentável um dia?' predomina o sentido: 

Alternativas
Q3473181 Português

 A aviação pode se tornar sustentável um dia?


Cerca de 2,4% das emissões globais de CO2 vêm da aviação. Juntamente com outros gases e os rastros de vapor d'água produzidos pelas aeronaves, a indústria é responsável por cerca de 5% do aquecimento global. E as emissões dos aviões aumentam rapidamente, pois elas cresceram 32% entre 2013 e 2018. Um voo de ida e volta de São Paulo a Barcelona emite cerca de 5,5 toneladas de CO2 equivalente por pessoa, mais do que o dobro das emissões produzidas por um carro familiar em um ano e cerca de metade da produção de carbono média de alguém que mora no Brasil.


Especialistas dizem que a humanidade deixou a situação das emissões do setor se agravar por muito tempo. Agora, existe um espaço de tempo muito curto, já que é preciso reduzir as emissões deste setor para quase zero. "Há duas grandes razões pelas quais a aviação apresenta um desafio único em termos de mudança climática", diz Cait Hewitt, diretora de políticas da Aviation Environment Federation, uma organização não governamental que trabalha para mitigar o impacto da aviação no meio ambiente. "A primeira é que cada vez mais pessoas viajam de avião. E a segunda é que voar continua quase totalmente dependente de combustíveis fósseis. Ainda não temos tecnologias verdes disponíveis para o setor."


Em 2019, a aviação produziu um gigatonelada de emissões de CO2. "Isso é, aproximadamente, o total de emissões do Reino Unido e da Alemanha juntas", diz Hewitt. O número de passageiros não para de crescer. Em 2019, as companhias aéreas transportaram cerca de 4,5 bilhões de passageiros. Em 2050, projeções mostram que o número chegará a 10 bilhões por ano. Mas nem todos no planeta voam. "Globalmente, apenas 1% da população, muitos dos quais são passageiros frequentes, geram metade de todas as emissões do setor de aviação", diz Hewitt.


 A disparidade é grande. Nos países de alta renda, 40% da população faz, pelo menos, um voo por ano, enquanto em países de baixa renda esse percentual é de apenas 1% da população. "Não existe uma bala de prata para tornar a aviação mais ambiental, mas sim, um conjunto de opções diferentes, cada uma delas com seus prós e contras", diz Beth Barker, gerente de Projeto Aviation Impact Accelerator da Universidade de Cambridge.


https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/crgn8ny2e8xo. Adaptado.

A 'disparidade' é grande.



O vocábulo destacado é formado por: 

Alternativas
Q3473180 Português

 A aviação pode se tornar sustentável um dia?


Cerca de 2,4% das emissões globais de CO2 vêm da aviação. Juntamente com outros gases e os rastros de vapor d'água produzidos pelas aeronaves, a indústria é responsável por cerca de 5% do aquecimento global. E as emissões dos aviões aumentam rapidamente, pois elas cresceram 32% entre 2013 e 2018. Um voo de ida e volta de São Paulo a Barcelona emite cerca de 5,5 toneladas de CO2 equivalente por pessoa, mais do que o dobro das emissões produzidas por um carro familiar em um ano e cerca de metade da produção de carbono média de alguém que mora no Brasil.


Especialistas dizem que a humanidade deixou a situação das emissões do setor se agravar por muito tempo. Agora, existe um espaço de tempo muito curto, já que é preciso reduzir as emissões deste setor para quase zero. "Há duas grandes razões pelas quais a aviação apresenta um desafio único em termos de mudança climática", diz Cait Hewitt, diretora de políticas da Aviation Environment Federation, uma organização não governamental que trabalha para mitigar o impacto da aviação no meio ambiente. "A primeira é que cada vez mais pessoas viajam de avião. E a segunda é que voar continua quase totalmente dependente de combustíveis fósseis. Ainda não temos tecnologias verdes disponíveis para o setor."


Em 2019, a aviação produziu um gigatonelada de emissões de CO2. "Isso é, aproximadamente, o total de emissões do Reino Unido e da Alemanha juntas", diz Hewitt. O número de passageiros não para de crescer. Em 2019, as companhias aéreas transportaram cerca de 4,5 bilhões de passageiros. Em 2050, projeções mostram que o número chegará a 10 bilhões por ano. Mas nem todos no planeta voam. "Globalmente, apenas 1% da população, muitos dos quais são passageiros frequentes, geram metade de todas as emissões do setor de aviação", diz Hewitt.


 A disparidade é grande. Nos países de alta renda, 40% da população faz, pelo menos, um voo por ano, enquanto em países de baixa renda esse percentual é de apenas 1% da população. "Não existe uma bala de prata para tornar a aviação mais ambiental, mas sim, um conjunto de opções diferentes, cada uma delas com seus prós e contras", diz Beth Barker, gerente de Projeto Aviation Impact Accelerator da Universidade de Cambridge.


https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/crgn8ny2e8xo. Adaptado.

Voar de avião é uma parte importante das vidas de muitas pessoas, mas especialistas alertam que é preciso equilibrar isso com o fato de que o setor contribui enormemente para o aquecimento global.



Assinale a opção correta de acordo com o texto base.

Alternativas
Q3457003 Inglês
Read the sentence below:

"Mister Marvel was very sick and had a weak heart. He ___ have had a heart attack."

Choose the sentence with the correct modal verb to the sentence structure:
Alternativas
Q3457002 Inglês

Consider the sentence below:


"Today, I'm making a meat loaf for my uncle."


Which pronoun can substitute the underlined words in the sentence above? 

Alternativas
Q3457001 Inglês
Select the alternative that the quantifier is used incorrectly.
Alternativas
Q3457000 Inglês
What evidence from the research supports the potential application of the developed cancer vaccine strategy? 
Alternativas
Q3456999 Inglês
Consider the excerpts below.

I.Natasha drinks a lot, doesn't she?
II.Let's try to play the guitar again, shall we?
III.Your aunt has never been out of the city, wouldn't she?

In which (of them) the tag question(s) is(are) correctly used? 
Alternativas
Q3456998 Inglês
Regarding the use of the genitive, judge the sentences below and indicate which ones are correct.
I."Savannah Rose and Luke's house is far from here." II."I'll look for a classy watch for John's gift." III."The boys' toys."
Alternativas
Q3456997 Inglês
Read the sentence below:

"She ___ a successful career in finance before she decided to start her own business."

What is the correct form of the verb to complete the sentence?
Alternativas
Q3456996 Inglês
Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells into weapons against cancer

March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan


(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who  educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford Medicine researchers have done something similar with cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells came from.


(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the study's senior author. The research was published March 1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde, PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.


(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer, often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the immune system that learns to identify and attack new pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that generate an immune response.


(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need to guess which ones will be most potent.


(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like — go get it."


(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.


(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.


(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine.


(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.


(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse immune system, the mice successfully cleared the cancer.


(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it worked as well as it did."


(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created from cancer cells were indeed acting as antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune system remembered what these cells taught them," Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still had a strong immunological response that protected them."


(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma, breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to significantly improved survival.


(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from the same patient, they observed all the signs that would be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells how to attack the leukemia.


(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in mice and a similar response with human patient immune cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."


(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into patients and transform enough cells to activate the immune system against cancer without having to take cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."


(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the Stanford Cancer Institute.


(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
What does the phrasal verb "take out" mean in the sentence "In the future we might be able to take out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine" (15º§)?
Alternativas
Q3456995 Inglês
Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells into weapons against cancer

March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan


(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who  educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford Medicine researchers have done something similar with cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells came from.


(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the study's senior author. The research was published March 1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde, PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.


(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer, often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the immune system that learns to identify and attack new pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that generate an immune response.


(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need to guess which ones will be most potent.


(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like — go get it."


(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.


(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.


(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine.


(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.


(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse immune system, the mice successfully cleared the cancer.


(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it worked as well as it did."


(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created from cancer cells were indeed acting as antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune system remembered what these cells taught them," Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still had a strong immunological response that protected them."


(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma, breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to significantly improved survival.


(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from the same patient, they observed all the signs that would be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells how to attack the leukemia.


(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in mice and a similar response with human patient immune cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."


(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into patients and transform enough cells to activate the immune system against cancer without having to take cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."


(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the Stanford Cancer Institute.


(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
Regarding the format, how would you classify the text provided above? 
Alternativas
Q3456994 Inglês
Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells into weapons against cancer

March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan


(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who  educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford Medicine researchers have done something similar with cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells came from.


(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the study's senior author. The research was published March 1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde, PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.


(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer, often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the immune system that learns to identify and attack new pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that generate an immune response.


(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need to guess which ones will be most potent.


(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like — go get it."


(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.


(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.


(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine.


(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.


(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse immune system, the mice successfully cleared the cancer.


(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it worked as well as it did."


(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created from cancer cells were indeed acting as antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune system remembered what these cells taught them," Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still had a strong immunological response that protected them."


(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma, breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to significantly improved survival.


(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from the same patient, they observed all the signs that would be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells how to attack the leukemia.


(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in mice and a similar response with human patient immune cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."


(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into patients and transform enough cells to activate the immune system against cancer without having to take cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."


(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the Stanford Cancer Institute.


(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
Rewrite the sentence "[...], the researchers programmed mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be induced to transform themselves into APCs" (10º§) in the passive voice.
Alternativas
Q3456993 Inglês
Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells into weapons against cancer

March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan


(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who  educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford Medicine researchers have done something similar with cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells came from.


(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the study's senior author. The research was published March 1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde, PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.


(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer, often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the immune system that learns to identify and attack new pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that generate an immune response.


(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need to guess which ones will be most potent.


(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like — go get it."


(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.


(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.


(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine.


(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.


(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse immune system, the mice successfully cleared the cancer.


(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it worked as well as it did."


(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created from cancer cells were indeed acting as antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune system remembered what these cells taught them," Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still had a strong immunological response that protected them."


(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma, breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to significantly improved survival.


(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from the same patient, they observed all the signs that would be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells how to attack the leukemia.


(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in mice and a similar response with human patient immune cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."


(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into patients and transform enough cells to activate the immune system against cancer without having to take cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."


(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the Stanford Cancer Institute.


(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
In the context of 8º§, what could be a synonym for "hypothesized"?
Alternativas
Q3456992 Inglês
Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells into weapons against cancer

March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan


(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who  educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford Medicine researchers have done something similar with cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells came from.


(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the study's senior author. The research was published March 1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde, PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.


(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer, often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the immune system that learns to identify and attack new pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that generate an immune response.


(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need to guess which ones will be most potent.


(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like — go get it."


(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.


(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.


(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine.


(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.


(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse immune system, the mice successfully cleared the cancer.


(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it worked as well as it did."


(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created from cancer cells were indeed acting as antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune system remembered what these cells taught them," Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still had a strong immunological response that protected them."


(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma, breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to significantly improved survival.


(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from the same patient, they observed all the signs that would be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells how to attack the leukemia.


(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in mice and a similar response with human patient immune cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."


(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into patients and transform enough cells to activate the immune system against cancer without having to take cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."


(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the Stanford Cancer Institute.


(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
Which of the following verbs used in the text can be considered an irregular verb?
Alternativas
Q3456991 Inglês
Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells into weapons against cancer

March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan


(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who  educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford Medicine researchers have done something similar with cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells came from.


(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the study's senior author. The research was published March 1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde, PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.


(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer, often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the immune system that learns to identify and attack new pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that generate an immune response.


(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need to guess which ones will be most potent.


(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like — go get it."


(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.


(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.


(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine.


(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.


(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse immune system, the mice successfully cleared the cancer.


(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it worked as well as it did."


(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created from cancer cells were indeed acting as antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune system remembered what these cells taught them," Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still had a strong immunological response that protected them."


(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma, breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to significantly improved survival.


(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from the same patient, they observed all the signs that would be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells how to attack the leukemia.


(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in mice and a similar response with human patient immune cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."


(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into patients and transform enough cells to activate the immune system against cancer without having to take cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."


(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the Stanford Cancer Institute.


(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
What groundbreaking approach to cancer treatment does the research discuss?
Alternativas
Q3456990 Inglês
Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells into weapons against cancer

March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan


(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who  educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford Medicine researchers have done something similar with cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells came from.


(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the study's senior author. The research was published March 1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde, PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.


(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer, often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the immune system that learns to identify and attack new pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that generate an immune response.


(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need to guess which ones will be most potent.


(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like — go get it."


(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.


(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.


(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine.


(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.


(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse immune system, the mice successfully cleared the cancer.


(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it worked as well as it did."


(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created from cancer cells were indeed acting as antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune system remembered what these cells taught them," Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still had a strong immunological response that protected them."


(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma, breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to significantly improved survival.


(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from the same patient, they observed all the signs that would be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells how to attack the leukemia.


(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in mice and a similar response with human patient immune cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."


(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into patients and transform enough cells to activate the immune system against cancer without having to take cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."


(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the Stanford Cancer Institute.


(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
Choose the alternative that correctly fills in the blanks of paragraphs 03, 11 and 16. 
Alternativas
Respostas
15761: C
15762: C
15763: B
15764: D
15765: A
15766: B
15767: C
15768: A
15769: A
15770: B
15771: A
15772: A
15773: A
15774: A
15775: C
15776: D
15777: D
15778: C
15779: A
15780: D