Questões de Concurso
Sobre vocabulário | vocabulary em inglês
Foram encontradas 3.116 questões
Ano: 2016
Banca:
FCC
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Teresina - PI
Prova:
FCC - 2016 - Prefeitura de Teresina - PI - Técnico de Nível Superior -Engenheiro Civil |
Q730357
Inglês
Lime is very popular binding material in civil engineering constructions. Properly slaked lime slurry or putty is used as binding material in lime mortar and lime concrete.
Na afirmação os termos lime e mortar podem ser traduzidos, correta e respectivamente, como
Ano: 2016
Banca:
NUCEPE
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Teresina - PI
Prova:
NUCEPE - 2016 - Prefeitura de Teresina - PI - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q730073
Inglês
Texto associado
Jeannie Dugger This is VERY TRUE! I grew up in
communities with persons of many races, nationalities and
cultures. In effect myself and other military are "color-blind".
Our parents teach us that our value as a human being is not
based on...See more
15 May 2013 at 14:05 · Like · 3
Source: adapted from:
https://www.facebook.com/sntrofficial/?fref=ts. Access: March 2
In the following passage of the text 07 “This
photo is fantastic!!”, all the words are
synonyms of “fantastic”, with the exception
of:
Ano: 2016
Banca:
NUCEPE
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Teresina - PI
Prova:
NUCEPE - 2016 - Prefeitura de Teresina - PI - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q730064
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT 05
What is English as a Lingua Franca
What students need most from their
language classes affects how we teach. But
to what extent do we consider students'
needs when it comes to pronunciation? How
often do we stop to consider the needs of
students who are learning English to mainly
communicate with other non-native
speakers? In this situation, English is used
as a Lingua Franca ( henceforth ELF) - a
common language between people who do
not share the same native language. So their
needs are quite different to students who go
to the UK, for example, and want to integrate
within that culture and so may want to sound
as much like a native speaker as possible.
The priority for students using ELF, on the
other hand, is to be as intelligible as possible
to the people they are communicating with.
This does not necessarily mean sounding
like a native speaker.
Source: adapted from
https://www.britishcouncil.org/voicesmagazine/how-teach-english-lingua-franca-elf.
Access: March 24th , 2016.
The same type of underlined comparative of
the excerpt taken from the text 05 "The
priority for students using ELF, on the other
hand, is to be as intelligible as possible to
the people they are communicating with."
(lines 16 to 18), is:
Ano: 2016
Banca:
NUCEPE
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Teresina - PI
Prova:
NUCEPE - 2016 - Prefeitura de Teresina - PI - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q730060
Inglês
Identify the item that best replaces the phrasal verb in bold type.
I’ve finally got over the problem.
Ano: 2016
Banca:
NUCEPE
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Teresina - PI
Prova:
NUCEPE - 2016 - Prefeitura de Teresina - PI - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q730059
Inglês
Identify the item that best replaces the phrasal verb in bold type.
I’ve just ran into your sister on the mall.
I’ve just ran into your sister on the mall.
Ano: 2016
Banca:
NUCEPE
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Teresina - PI
Prova:
NUCEPE - 2016 - Prefeitura de Teresina - PI - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q730058
Inglês
Identify the item that best replaces the phrasal verb in bold type.
He tore up all her letters when she decided to move.
He tore up all her letters when she decided to move.
Ano: 2016
Banca:
NUCEPE
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Teresina - PI
Prova:
NUCEPE - 2016 - Prefeitura de Teresina - PI - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q730053
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT 04
__________________________________
As (1) ______ result of the new
information technologies and computer-mediated
communications, contemporary
communication has become highly
multimodal moving, particularly, towards the
extensive use of (2) _______image, while
meaning is inevitably derived from ways that
are multimodal. Nowadays, almost all texts
consist of visual elements, which in
combination with language hold a prominent
role in conveying the essential information.
In this context, people, especially youths, are
exposed to (3) _______ variety of
multimodal texts, such as video games,
websites, picture books, school textbooks,
magazine articles, advertisements, and
graphic novels - that involve a complex
interplay of written text, visual images,
graphics, and design elements.
As a consequence of (4) _______
above social changes, the field of education,
in particular, the teaching and learning of
languages has been influenced, as the
traditional literacy pedagogy, which
emphasizes language as a central means of
meaning, has been challenged to expand
beyond the skills of encoding and decoding
texts. In this way, educators should draw on
the Multiliteracies framework and reconsider
their instructional approaches in order to
familiarize students, especially, foreign
language learners, with the multimodal
approach by accentuating the interplay of
language and image that are present in
conventional and electronic texts.
Source: adapted from
https://www.academia.edu/6247350/Strategic_re
ading_in_multimodal_EFL_texts. Access: March
24th , 2016.
Considering the excerpt taken from the text
04 "In this way, educators should draw on
the Multiliteracies framework and reconsider
their instructional approaches in order to
familiarize students..." (lines 28 to 31),
answer the question.
The word "framework" can be substituted, without changing of meaning by:
The word "framework" can be substituted, without changing of meaning by:
Ano: 2016
Banca:
NUCEPE
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Teresina - PI
Prova:
NUCEPE - 2016 - Prefeitura de Teresina - PI - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q730048
Inglês
In the sentence “They intend to finish the
English course and eventually study another
language” the word “eventually” can be
substituted, without changes in meaning by
Ano: 2016
Banca:
NUCEPE
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Teresina - PI
Prova:
NUCEPE - 2016 - Prefeitura de Teresina - PI - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q730043
Inglês
Texto associado
“Mr. Preaud and his wife, who is pregnant,
hit the ground as people screamed, “Get
down, get down!” After the second explosion,
he looked up to see a giant fan — part of an
air-conditioning unit — that had landed near
them. They had been eating at a Délifrance,
talking about Salah Abdeslam, the terrorism
suspect who was arrested in Brussels on
Friday after a four-month global manhunt.”
Source:
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/23/world/europe
/brussels (adapted). Access: March 23rd, 2016.
The word “manhunt” in the sentence “the
terrorism suspect who was arrested in
Brussels on Friday after a four-month global
manhunt” is a synonym with
Ano: 2016
Banca:
NUCEPE
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Teresina - PI
Prova:
NUCEPE - 2016 - Prefeitura de Teresina - PI - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q730034
Inglês
Texto associado
Read text 2 and answer the question according to it.
TEXT 2
GOOGLE HAS REFUSED GOVERNMENT
DEMANDS TO TAKE DOWN A
GAY MUSIC VIDEO IN KENYA
Kenya’s attempt to stop people from
watching a music video celebrating gay
couples is backfiring. Three weeks after
trying to ban a local rap artist’s remake of
Same Love, (1)__________ Macklemore
and Ryan Lewis, Google Kenya has refused
to pull the video from YouTube, where it has
now been viewed (2)____________ 140,000
times. Kenyan regulators banned the video
in late February, claiming that the content
threatens to turn the country
(3)___________ “Sodom and Gomorrah”
and declaring that anyone caught distributing
it would be punished. But the agency that
banned it also retweeted a link to it—which
ended up bringing more attention to Kenya’s
nascent gay rights campaign. (…)
Source: http://qz.com/638461/google-hasrefused-government-demands-to-take-downa-gay-music-video-in-kenya
(adapted).
Access: March 22nd, 2016.
In the passage, the word backfiring is a
synonym with
Ano: 2016
Banca:
NUCEPE
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Teresina - PI
Prova:
NUCEPE - 2016 - Prefeitura de Teresina - PI - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q730030
Inglês
Texto associado
Answer the question, according to text 1.
TEXT 1
Brazilian courts tussle over
unproven cancer treatment
Patients demand access to compound
despite lack of clinical testing.
A court in the Brazilian state of São
Paulo has cut off distribution of a compound
that is hailed by some as a miracle cancer
cure — even though it has never been
formally tested in humans. On 11 November,
to the relief of many cancer researchers, a
state court overturned earlier court orders
that had obliged the nation’s largest
university to provide the compound to
hundreds of people with terminal cancer.
The compound, phosphoethanolamine,
has been shown to kill tumor cells only in lab
dishes and in mice (A. K. Ferreira et al.
Anticancer Res. 32, 95–104; 2012). Drugs
that seem promising in lab and animal
studies have a notoriously high failure rate in
human trials. Despite this, some chemists at
the University of São Paulo’s campus in São
Carlos have manufactured the compound for
years and distributed it to people with
cancer. A few of those patients have claimed
remarkable recoveries, perpetuating the
compound’s reputation as a miracle cure.
The Brazilian constitution guarantees
universal access to health care, and it is
common in Brazil for patients to turn to the
courts to access drugs that the state healthcare
system does not dispense because of
their cost. But phosphoethanolamine
presents a different situation because it is
not really a ‘drug’ at all. It is not approved by
Brazil’s National Health Surveillance Agency.
Those who argue that people who are
terminally ill have a right to try experimental
medicines saw a decision in favor of a patient in October 2015 as a significant
victory. But to the university administration,
drug regulators and cancer researchers, it
showed blatant disregard for the basic
scientific principle that a drug should be
demonstrated to be safe and effective before
being given to patients outside of a clinical
trial.
Source: Nature 527, 420–421 (adapted).
http://www.nature.com/news/brazilian-courts-tussleover-unproven-cancer-treatment-1.18864.
Access:
March 21st, 2016.
Which word is similar in meaning to “tussle”
as in the sentence “Brazilian courts tussle
over unproven cancer treatment”?
Ano: 2016
Banca:
FUMARC
Órgão:
CEMIG-TELECOM
Prova:
FUMARC - 2016 - CEMIG-TELECOM - Analista de Vendas JR |
Q726547
Inglês
Texto associado
Read the following text and choose the option which best completes the question,
according to the text:
Think your world view is fixed? Learn another language and you’ll think differently
Bilinguals get all the advantages. Better job prospects, cognitive improvement, and even protection against dementia. Now new research shows that they can also view the world in different ways depending on the language they are operating in.
In the past fifteen years there has been an overwhelming amount of research on the bilingual mind, with the majority of the evidence pointing to the tangible advantages of using more than one language. Going back and forth between languages appears to be a kind of brain training, pushing your brain to be flexible.
Just as regular exercise gives your body some biological benefits, mentally controlling two or more languages gives your brain cognitive benefits. This mental flexibility pays big dividends especially later in life: the typical signs of cognitive ageing occur later in bilinguals – and the onset of age-related degenerative disorders such as dementia or Alzheimer’s are delayed in bilinguals by up to five years.
People self-report that they feel like a different person when using their different languages and that expressing certain emotions carries different emotional resonance depending on the language they are using.
When judging risk, bilinguals also tend to make more rational, economic decisions in a second language. In contrast to one’s first language, it tends to lack the deep-seated, misleading affective biases that unduly influence how risks and benefits are perceived. So the language you speak in really can affect the way you think.
(From: https://goo.gl/GYgpfY. Access: 09/23/2016)
The use of the adjective overwhelming (paragraph 2) indicates that the amount of research on the bilingual mind
Ano: 2016
Banca:
FCC
Órgão:
SEGEP-MA
Prova:
FCC - 2016 - SEGEP-MA - Técnico da Receita Estadual - Arrecadação e Fiscalização de Mercadorias em Trânsito - Conhecimentos Gerais |
Q720490
Inglês
Texto associado
Atenção: Para responder à questão, considere o texto abaixo.
Donald Trump on Monday proposed collapsing the federal income tax rate from seven brackets down to three and called for allowing child-care expenses to be exempt from taxation in a speech allies hope will help the GOP presidential nominee turn the page on a tumultuous period some Republicans fear has severely damaged his campaign.
Overall, Trump offered few new details behind his economic vision, which he unveiled as a candidate last year. One notable exception was his call to enable families to "fully deduct" child-care expenses from their taxes. Some such expenses are already deductible; experts say that the additional amounts will largely benefit middle- and upper middle-class families.
On tax rates, business mogul said he would work with House Republicans and use the same three brackets they have proposed: 12 percent, 25 percent and 33 percent. Previously, Trump proposed tax brackets of 0 percent, 10 percent, 20 percent and 25 percent.
"For many American workers, their tax rate will be zero," said Trump.
The GOP nominee continued to leave large question marks about how he would pay for his plans and avoid ballooning the federal budget deficit. He included no new details on how he would limit the cost of his tax reform plan, which analysts have estimated would reduce federal revenues by as much as $10 trillion over a decade. His child-care expense plan would presumably raise that cost even further.
Trump released a tax plan last year that would reduce the top income tax rate from 39.6 percent to 25 percent and bring down the top corporate rate from 35 percent to 15 percent. The plan would eliminate the estate tax and reduce tax rates to 10 percent for households earning $100,000 or less.
Trump also did not spell out any federal spending cuts. In his remarks, Trump said he would offer more details in the coming weeks.
"For many American workers, their tax rate will be zero," said Trump.
The GOP nominee continued to leave large question marks about how he would pay for his plans and avoid ballooning the federal budget deficit. He included no new details on how he would limit the cost of his tax reform plan, which analysts have estimated would reduce federal revenues by as much as $10 trillion over a decade. His child-care expense plan would presumably raise that cost even further.
Trump released a tax plan last year that would reduce the top income tax rate from 39.6 percent to 25 percent and bring down the top corporate rate from 35 percent to 15 percent. The plan would eliminate the estate tax and reduce tax rates to 10 percent for households earning $100,000 or less.
Trump also did not spell out any federal spending cuts. In his remarks, Trump said he would offer more details in the coming weeks.
(Adapted from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/08/08/trump-to-call-for-excluding-child-care-costs-
from-taxation-as- hetries-to-turn-the-page-on-a-bruising week/?wpisrc=nl_evening&wpmm=1)
from-taxation-as- hetries-to-turn-the-page-on-a-bruising week/?wpisrc=nl_evening&wpmm=1)
Um sinônimo para unveiled (2º parágrafo), conforme usado no texto, é
Ano: 2016
Banca:
FCC
Órgão:
SEGEP-MA
Prova:
FCC - 2016 - SEGEP-MA - Técnico da Receita Estadual - Arrecadação e Fiscalização de Mercadorias em Trânsito - Conhecimentos Gerais |
Q720489
Inglês
Texto associado
Atenção: Para responder à questão, considere o texto abaixo.
Donald Trump on Monday proposed collapsing the federal income tax rate from seven brackets down to three and called for allowing child-care expenses to be exempt from taxation in a speech allies hope will help the GOP presidential nominee turn the page on a tumultuous period some Republicans fear has severely damaged his campaign.
Overall, Trump offered few new details behind his economic vision, which he unveiled as a candidate last year. One notable exception was his call to enable families to "fully deduct" child-care expenses from their taxes. Some such expenses are already deductible; experts say that the additional amounts will largely benefit middle- and upper middle-class families.
On tax rates, business mogul said he would work with House Republicans and use the same three brackets they have proposed: 12 percent, 25 percent and 33 percent. Previously, Trump proposed tax brackets of 0 percent, 10 percent, 20 percent and 25 percent.
"For many American workers, their tax rate will be zero," said Trump.
The GOP nominee continued to leave large question marks about how he would pay for his plans and avoid ballooning the federal budget deficit. He included no new details on how he would limit the cost of his tax reform plan, which analysts have estimated would reduce federal revenues by as much as $10 trillion over a decade. His child-care expense plan would presumably raise that cost even further.
Trump released a tax plan last year that would reduce the top income tax rate from 39.6 percent to 25 percent and bring down the top corporate rate from 35 percent to 15 percent. The plan would eliminate the estate tax and reduce tax rates to 10 percent for households earning $100,000 or less.
Trump also did not spell out any federal spending cuts. In his remarks, Trump said he would offer more details in the coming weeks.
"For many American workers, their tax rate will be zero," said Trump.
The GOP nominee continued to leave large question marks about how he would pay for his plans and avoid ballooning the federal budget deficit. He included no new details on how he would limit the cost of his tax reform plan, which analysts have estimated would reduce federal revenues by as much as $10 trillion over a decade. His child-care expense plan would presumably raise that cost even further.
Trump released a tax plan last year that would reduce the top income tax rate from 39.6 percent to 25 percent and bring down the top corporate rate from 35 percent to 15 percent. The plan would eliminate the estate tax and reduce tax rates to 10 percent for households earning $100,000 or less.
Trump also did not spell out any federal spending cuts. In his remarks, Trump said he would offer more details in the coming weeks.
(Adapted from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/08/08/trump-to-call-for-excluding-child-care-costs-
from-taxation-as- hetries-to-turn-the-page-on-a-bruising week/?wpisrc=nl_evening&wpmm=1)
from-taxation-as- hetries-to-turn-the-page-on-a-bruising week/?wpisrc=nl_evening&wpmm=1)
O significado do verbo collapsing (1º parágrafo), conforme empregado no texto, é
Ano: 2016
Banca:
UNISUL
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Biguaçu - SC
Prova:
UNISUL - 2016 - Prefeitura de Biguaçu - SC - Professor III - Inglês |
Q719153
Inglês
Texto associado
But the Americans also invented many new words to
describe landscapes, wildlife, vegetation, food and
lifestyles. Different pronunciations of existing words
emerged as new settlers arrived from various parts of
the UK and established settlements scattered along
the East Coast and further inland. After the USA
achieved independence from Great Britain in 1776
any sense of who ‘owned’ and set the ‘correct rules’
for the English Language became increasingly blurred.
Different forces operating in the UK and in the USA
influenced the emerging concept of a Standard
English. The differences are perhaps first officially
promoted in the spelling conventions proposed by
Noah Webster in The American Spelling Book (1786)
and subsequently adopted in his later work, An
American Dictionary of the English Language (1828).
Both of these publications were enormously
successful and established spellings such as center
and color and were therefore major steps towards
scholarly acceptance that British English and American
English were becoming distinct entities.
Influence of Empire
Meanwhile, elsewhere, the British Empire was
expanding dramatically, and during the 1700s British
English established footholds in parts of Africa, in
India, Australia and New Zealand. The colonisation
process in these countries varied. In Australia and
New Zealand, European settlers quickly outnumbered
the indigenous population and so English was
established as the dominant language. In India and
Africa, however, centuries of colonial rule saw English
imposed as an administrative language, spoken as a
mother tongue by colonial settlers from the UK, but in
most cases as a second language by the local
population.
English as a Global Language
For more than half a century, immigrants from the
Indian subcontinent and the West Indies have added
variety and diversity to the rich patchwork of accents
and dialects spoken in the UK. British colonisers
originally exported the language to all four corners of
the globe and migration in the 1950s brought altered
forms of English back to these shores. ___________(1)
that time, especially in urban areas, speakers of Asian
and Caribbean descent have blended their mother
tongue speech patterns with existing local dialects
producing wonderful new varieties of English,
___________(2) London Jamaican or Bradford Asian
English. Standard British English has also been
enriched by an explosion of new terms, such as balti
(a dish invented in the West Midlands and defined by
a word that would refer to a 'bucket' rather than food
to most South Asians outside the UK) and bhangra
(traditional Punjabi music mixed with reggae and hiphop).
The recordings on this site of speakers from minority
ethnic backgrounds include a range of speakers. You
can hear speakers whose speech is heavily influenced
by their racial background, alongside those whose
speech reveals nothing of their family background and
some who are ranged somewhere in between. There
are also a set of audio clips that shed light on some of
the more recognisable features of Asian English and
Caribbean English.
Slang
As with the Anglo-Saxon and Norman settlers of
centuries past, the languages spoken by today’s ethnic
communities have begun to have an impact on the
everyday spoken English of other communities. For
instance, many young people, regardless of their
ethnic background, now use the black slang terms,
nang (‘cool,’) and diss (‘insult’ — from ‘disrespecting’)
or words derived from Hindi and Urdu, such as
chuddies (‘underpants’) or desi (‘typically Asian’).
Many also use the all-purpose tag-question, innit — as
in statements such as you’re weird, innit. This feature
has been variously ascribed to the British Caribbean
community or the British Asian community, although
it is also part of a more native British tradition - in
dialects in the West Country and Wales, for instance
— which might explain why it appears to have spread
so rapidly among young speakers everywhere.
Original influences from overseas
The English Language can be traced back to the
mixture of Anglo-Saxon dialects that came to these
shores 1500 years ago. Since then it has been played
with, altered and transported around the world in
many different forms. The language we now recognise
as English first became the dominant language in
Great Britain during the Middle Ages, and in Ireland
during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. From
there it has been exported in the mouths of colonists
and settlers to all four corners of the globe.
‘International English’, ‘World English’ or ‘Global
English’ are terms used to describe a type of ‘General
English’ that has, over the course of the twentieth
century, become a worldwide means of
communication.
American English
The first permanent English-speaking colony was
established in North America in the early 1600s. The
Americans soon developed a form of English that
differed in a number of ways from the language
spoken back in The British Isles. In some cases older
forms were retained — the way most Americans
pronounce the sound after a vowel in words like
start, north, nurse and letter is probably very similar
to pronunciation in 17th century England. Similarly,
the distinction between past tense got and past
participle gotten still exists in American English but
has been lost in most dialects of the UK.
English around the world
Like American English, English in Australia, New
Zealand and South Africa has evolved such that they
are distinct from British English. However, cultural
and political ties have meant that until relatively
recently British English has acted as the benchmark
for representing ‘standardised’ English — spelling
tends to adhere to British English conventions, for
instance. Elsewhere in Africa and on the Indian
subcontinent, English is still used as an official
language in several countries, even though these
countries are independent of British rule. However,
English remains very much a second language for
most people, used in administration, education and
government and as a means of communicating
between speakers of diverse languages. As with most
of the Commonwealth, British English is the model on
which, for instance, Indian English or Nigerian English
is based. In the Caribbean and especially in Canada,
however, historical links with the UK compete with
geographical, cultural and economic ties with the USA,
so that some aspects of the local varieties of English
follow British norms and others reflect US usage.
An international language
English is also hugely important as an international
language and plays an important part even in
countries where the UK has historically had little
influence. It is learnt as the principal foreign language
in most schools in Western Europe. It is also an
essential part of the curriculum in far-flung places like
Japan and South Korea, and is increasingly seen as
desirable by millions of speakers in China. Prior to
WWII, most teaching of English as a foreign language
used British English as its model, and textbooks and
other educational resources were produced here in
the UK for use overseas. This reflected the UK's
cultural dominance and its perceived ‘ownership’ of
the English Language. Since 1945, however, the
increasing economic power of the USA and its
unrivalled influence in popular culture has meant that American English has become the reference point for
learners of English in places like Japan and even to a
certain extent in some European countries. British
English remains the model in most Commonwealth
countries where English is learnt as a second
language. However, as the history of English has
shown, this situation may not last indefinitely. The
increasing commercial and economic power of
countries like India, for instance, might mean that
Indian English will one day begin to have an impact
beyond its own borders.
https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/minority-ethnic/
In the passage: “The colonisation process in these
countries varied. In Australia and New Zealand,
European settlers quickly outnumbered the
indigenous population and so English was
established as the dominant language.” The best
translation to Portuguese of the word outnumberd
is:
Ano: 2016
Banca:
UNISUL
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Biguaçu - SC
Prova:
UNISUL - 2016 - Prefeitura de Biguaçu - SC - Professor III - Inglês |
Q719152
Inglês
Texto associado
But the Americans also invented many new words to
describe landscapes, wildlife, vegetation, food and
lifestyles. Different pronunciations of existing words
emerged as new settlers arrived from various parts of
the UK and established settlements scattered along
the East Coast and further inland. After the USA
achieved independence from Great Britain in 1776
any sense of who ‘owned’ and set the ‘correct rules’
for the English Language became increasingly blurred.
Different forces operating in the UK and in the USA
influenced the emerging concept of a Standard
English. The differences are perhaps first officially
promoted in the spelling conventions proposed by
Noah Webster in The American Spelling Book (1786)
and subsequently adopted in his later work, An
American Dictionary of the English Language (1828).
Both of these publications were enormously
successful and established spellings such as center
and color and were therefore major steps towards
scholarly acceptance that British English and American
English were becoming distinct entities.
Influence of Empire
Meanwhile, elsewhere, the British Empire was
expanding dramatically, and during the 1700s British
English established footholds in parts of Africa, in
India, Australia and New Zealand. The colonisation
process in these countries varied. In Australia and
New Zealand, European settlers quickly outnumbered
the indigenous population and so English was
established as the dominant language. In India and
Africa, however, centuries of colonial rule saw English
imposed as an administrative language, spoken as a
mother tongue by colonial settlers from the UK, but in
most cases as a second language by the local
population.
English as a Global Language
For more than half a century, immigrants from the
Indian subcontinent and the West Indies have added
variety and diversity to the rich patchwork of accents
and dialects spoken in the UK. British colonisers
originally exported the language to all four corners of
the globe and migration in the 1950s brought altered
forms of English back to these shores. ___________(1)
that time, especially in urban areas, speakers of Asian
and Caribbean descent have blended their mother
tongue speech patterns with existing local dialects
producing wonderful new varieties of English,
___________(2) London Jamaican or Bradford Asian
English. Standard British English has also been
enriched by an explosion of new terms, such as balti
(a dish invented in the West Midlands and defined by
a word that would refer to a 'bucket' rather than food
to most South Asians outside the UK) and bhangra
(traditional Punjabi music mixed with reggae and hiphop).
The recordings on this site of speakers from minority
ethnic backgrounds include a range of speakers. You
can hear speakers whose speech is heavily influenced
by their racial background, alongside those whose
speech reveals nothing of their family background and
some who are ranged somewhere in between. There
are also a set of audio clips that shed light on some of
the more recognisable features of Asian English and
Caribbean English.
Slang
As with the Anglo-Saxon and Norman settlers of
centuries past, the languages spoken by today’s ethnic
communities have begun to have an impact on the
everyday spoken English of other communities. For
instance, many young people, regardless of their
ethnic background, now use the black slang terms,
nang (‘cool,’) and diss (‘insult’ — from ‘disrespecting’)
or words derived from Hindi and Urdu, such as
chuddies (‘underpants’) or desi (‘typically Asian’).
Many also use the all-purpose tag-question, innit — as
in statements such as you’re weird, innit. This feature
has been variously ascribed to the British Caribbean
community or the British Asian community, although
it is also part of a more native British tradition - in
dialects in the West Country and Wales, for instance
— which might explain why it appears to have spread
so rapidly among young speakers everywhere.
Original influences from overseas
The English Language can be traced back to the
mixture of Anglo-Saxon dialects that came to these
shores 1500 years ago. Since then it has been played
with, altered and transported around the world in
many different forms. The language we now recognise
as English first became the dominant language in
Great Britain during the Middle Ages, and in Ireland
during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. From
there it has been exported in the mouths of colonists
and settlers to all four corners of the globe.
‘International English’, ‘World English’ or ‘Global
English’ are terms used to describe a type of ‘General
English’ that has, over the course of the twentieth
century, become a worldwide means of
communication.
American English
The first permanent English-speaking colony was
established in North America in the early 1600s. The
Americans soon developed a form of English that
differed in a number of ways from the language
spoken back in The British Isles. In some cases older
forms were retained — the way most Americans
pronounce the sound after a vowel in words like
start, north, nurse and letter is probably very similar
to pronunciation in 17th century England. Similarly,
the distinction between past tense got and past
participle gotten still exists in American English but
has been lost in most dialects of the UK.
English around the world
Like American English, English in Australia, New
Zealand and South Africa has evolved such that they
are distinct from British English. However, cultural
and political ties have meant that until relatively
recently British English has acted as the benchmark
for representing ‘standardised’ English — spelling
tends to adhere to British English conventions, for
instance. Elsewhere in Africa and on the Indian
subcontinent, English is still used as an official
language in several countries, even though these
countries are independent of British rule. However,
English remains very much a second language for
most people, used in administration, education and
government and as a means of communicating
between speakers of diverse languages. As with most
of the Commonwealth, British English is the model on
which, for instance, Indian English or Nigerian English
is based. In the Caribbean and especially in Canada,
however, historical links with the UK compete with
geographical, cultural and economic ties with the USA,
so that some aspects of the local varieties of English
follow British norms and others reflect US usage.
An international language
English is also hugely important as an international
language and plays an important part even in
countries where the UK has historically had little
influence. It is learnt as the principal foreign language
in most schools in Western Europe. It is also an
essential part of the curriculum in far-flung places like
Japan and South Korea, and is increasingly seen as
desirable by millions of speakers in China. Prior to
WWII, most teaching of English as a foreign language
used British English as its model, and textbooks and
other educational resources were produced here in
the UK for use overseas. This reflected the UK's
cultural dominance and its perceived ‘ownership’ of
the English Language. Since 1945, however, the
increasing economic power of the USA and its
unrivalled influence in popular culture has meant that American English has become the reference point for
learners of English in places like Japan and even to a
certain extent in some European countries. British
English remains the model in most Commonwealth
countries where English is learnt as a second
language. However, as the history of English has
shown, this situation may not last indefinitely. The
increasing commercial and economic power of
countries like India, for instance, might mean that
Indian English will one day begin to have an impact
beyond its own borders.
https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/minority-ethnic/
In the excerpt : “For instance, many young
people, regardless of their ethnic background, now
use the black slang terms, nang (‘cool,’) and diss
(‘insult’ — from ‘disrespecting’) or words derived
from Hindi and Urdu, such as chuddies (‘underpants’)
or desi (‘typically Asian’)” which of the words below
could replace the underlined word without changing
its meaning.
Ano: 2016
Banca:
CESPE / CEBRASPE
Órgão:
FUNPRESP-JUD
Prova:
CESPE - 2016 - FUNPRESP-JUD - Analista - Tecnologia da Informação |
Q711684
Inglês
In the text 5A5AAA,
“en route” (
.24) can be replaced by on the way without any
change in the meaning of the sentence.
Ano: 2016
Banca:
FCC
Órgão:
SEGEP-MA
Prova:
FCC - 2016 - SEGEP-MA - Auditor Fiscal da Receita Estadual - Administração Tributária - Conhecimentos Gerais |
Q702328
Inglês
Texto associado
Atenção: Para responder à questão, considere o texto abaixo.
The sole proprietor of a plumbing shop was sentenced to 13 months in prison, three years of supervised release for tax evasion and ordered to pay approximately $130,000 in restitution to the IRS. The business owner willfully attempted to evade paying his federal income taxes by skimming gross receipts of his plumbing business and paying personal expenses from his business accounts and claiming them as business expenses.
As part of his tax evasion scheme, he instructed several of his employees to solicit checks from clients payable in his name, rather than in the name of the business. He then cashed these checks and did not deposit the monies into his business’ bank account. Since this money was not recorded on the books of the business, nor deposited into the business’ account, he did not include these gross receipts on his income tax return. He also deducted personal expenses as business expenses thereby substantially reducing his tax for tax years 2003 through 2006.
(Adapted from http://www.bizfilings.com/toolkit/sbg/tax-info/fed-taxes/tax-avoidance-and-tax-evasion.aspx)
A synonym for ‘rather than’, as used in the text, is
Ano: 2016
Banca:
FCC
Órgão:
SEGEP-MA
Prova:
FCC - 2016 - SEGEP-MA - Auditor Fiscal da Receita Estadual - Administração Tributária - Conhecimentos Gerais |
Q702324
Inglês
Texto associado
Atenção: Para responder à questão, considere o texto abaixo.
In the United States of America, an income tax audit is the examination of a business or individual tax return by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or state tax authority. The IRS and various state revenue departments use the terms audit, examination, review, and notice to describe various aspects of enforcement and administration of the tax laws.
The purpose of a tax audit or a return examination is to determine 
reports filed with the taxing authorities are correct. The
tax agencies identify and resolve taxpayer errors.
There are several different methods used to select individuals and businesses for examination.
Employers and financial institutions, among other organizations, are required by law to send documentation (W-2's and 1099's, for example) to the IRS. The IRS uses software to ensure that the numbers on a tax return match the numbers the IRS receives from third parties. If the documentation does not match, the return may be examined.
When a tax return is filed, the IRS uses computer software called the Discriminant Index Function System (DIF) to analyze the return for oddities and discrepancies. Once the return has been processed through DIF, it is given a score. If the DIF score is high enough (i.e. a large amount of oddities or discrepancies are found), that tax return may be selected for examination. The formulas the IRS use to create the DIF software and analysis are a closely guarded secret.
Filed tax returns are also subjected to an evaluation called the UIDIF, or the Unreported Income Discriminant Function System. This evaluation involves the analysis of tax returns based on a series of factors to determine a tax return's potential for unreported income. Returns that are found to have a high UIDIF score (i.e. the likelihood of unreported income) and a high DIF score may be selected for examination. The IRS formulas used to calculate UDIF are secret, but it is commonly thought that the IRS uses statistical comparisons between returns to determine UIDIF potential.
The IRS selects a certain amount of income tax returns to be audited each year through random selection. No errors need to be found for the Enforcement branch to examine a tax return. Random selection exams tend to be more extensive and time-consuming than other forms of review.
The practice of random selection has been a source of controversy for many years. The practice was suspended for a short time in the early 2000s amid criticism that the audits were too burdensome and intrusive. The IRS revived the practice in the fall of 2006.
(Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax_audit)
O significado de likelihood (6º parágrafo), conforme empregado no texto, é
Ano: 2016
Banca:
CESPE / CEBRASPE
Órgão:
TCE-PR
Prova:
CESPE - 2016 - TCE-PR - Analista de Controle - Tecnologia da Informação |
Q693463
Inglês
In text 8A5BBB, the word “former” (
.6) refers to
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