Questões de Concurso Sobre vocabulário | vocabulary em inglês

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Ano: 2016 Banca: FGV Órgão: MRE Prova: FGV - 2016 - MRE - Oficial de Chancelaria |
Q603149 Inglês

TEXT I

How music is the real language of political diplomacy

Forget guns and bombs, it is the power of melody that has changed the world

Marie Zawisza

Saturday 31 October 2015 10.00 GMT

Last modified on Tuesday 10 November 201513.19 GMT 

                   

An old man plays his cello at the foot of a crumbling wall. The notes of the sarabande of Bach’s Suite No 2 rise in the cold air, praising God for the “miracle” of the fall of the Berlin Wall, as Mstislav Rostropovich later put it. The photograph is seen around the world. The date is 11 November 1989, and the Russian virtuoso is marching to the beat of history.

Publicity stunt or political act? No doubt a bit of both – and proof, in any case, that music can have a political dimension. Yo-Yo Ma showed as much in September when the cellist opened the new season of the Philharmonie de Paris with the Boston Symphony Orchestra. As a “messenger of peace” for the United Nations, the Chinese American is the founder of Silk Road Project, which trains young musicians from a variety of cultures to listen to and improvise with each other and develop a common repertoire. “In this way, musicians create a dialogue and arrive at common policies,” says analyst Frédéric Ramel, a professor at the Institut d’Études Politiques in Paris. By having music take the place of speeches and peace talks, the hope is that it will succeed where diplomacy has failed.[…]

Curiously, the study of the role of music in international relations is still in its infancy. “Historians must have long seen it as something fanciful, because history has long been dominated by interpretations that stress economic, social and political factors,” says Anaïs Fléchet, a lecturer in contemporary history at the Université de Versailles-St-Quentin and co-editor of a book about music and globalisation.

“As for musicologists,” she adds, “until quite recently they were more interested in analysing musical scores than the actual context in which these were produced and how they were received.” In the 1990s came a cultural shift. Scholars were no longer interested solely in “hard power” – that is, in the balance of powers and in geopolitics – but also in “soft power”, where political issues are resolved by mutual support rather than force. […] 

                

Gilberto Gil sings while then UN secretary general Kofi Annan plays percussion at a September 2003 concert at the UN headquarters honouring those killed by a bomb at a UN office in Baghdad a month earlier. Photograph: Zuma/Alamy 

Since then, every embassy has a cultural attaché. The US engages in “audio diplomacy” by financing hip-hop festivals in the Middle East. China promotes opera in neighbouring states to project an image of harmony. Brazil has invested in culture to assert itself as a leader in Latin America, notably by establishing close collaboration between its ministries of foreign affairs and culture; musician Gilberto Gil was culture minister during Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva᾽s presidency from 2003 to 2008. He was involved in France’s Year of Brazil. As Fléchet recalls, “the free concert he gave on 13 July, 2005 at the Place de la Bastille was the pinnacle. That day, he sang La Marseillaise in the presence of presidents Lula and Jacques Chirac.” Two years earlier, in September 2003, Gil sang at the UN in honour of the victims of the 19 August bombing of the UN headquartes in Baghdad. He was delivering a message of peace, criticising the war on Iraq by the US: “There is no point in preaching security without giving a thought to respecting others,” he told his audience. Closing the concert, he invited then UN secretary general Kofi Annan on stage for a surprise appearance as a percussionist. “This highly symbolic image, which highlighted the conviction that culture can play a role in bringing people together, shows how music can become a political language,” Fléchet says. 

(adapted from http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/oct/31 /music-language-human-rights-political-diplomacy) 

The word that is closer in meaning to “stunt” in the question “Publicity stunt or political act?” is:
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Q2763246 Inglês

Leia o cartum abaixo e marque a alternativa correta.


Imagem associada para resolução da questão
O verbo modal que pode substituir “ought to” no texto, sem alteração de significado, é:

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Q2763217 Inglês

Read the comic strip below and answer questions 30 and 31.


Mark the alternative in which the word “LOUSY” has the same meaning as in the comic strip.

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Q2763216 Inglês

Read the text below and answer questions 28 and 29. 


Advantages of Being Bilingual 

Most children have the capacity and facility to learn more than one language. Researchers say that there are advantages to being bilingual. These advantages might include; 
• Being able to learn new words easily 
• Playing rhyming games with words like "cat" and "hat" 
• Breaking down words by sounds, such as C-AT for cat 
• Being able to use information in new ways 
• Putting words into categories 
• Coming up with solutions to problems 
• Good listening skills 
• Connecting with others 

According to the National Center for Educational Statistics, more than one in 5 school-aged children (21%) speak a language other than English at home. That number of bilingual speakers is projected to increase in the coming years. 
Children who are learning to speak two languages follow patterns of learning. The sounds of the first language can influence how children learn and use a second language. It is easier to learn sounds and words when the languages you are learning are similar. Over time, the more difficult sounds and words will be learned. 
Fact: Communication disorders affect more than 42 million Americans. Of these, 28 million have a hearing loss and 14 million have a speech or language disorder. 
If a child _______ a speech or language problem, it ________up in both languages. However, these problems are not caused by learning two languages. If you know a child who is learning a second language and you have concerns about speech and language development, ASHA recommends contacting a bilingual speech-language pathologist (SLP). If you are unable to find a bilingual speech-language pathologist, look for a SLP who has knows the rules and structure of both languages and who has access to an interpreter. For more information or for a referral to a SLP, contact ASHA at 800-638-TALK (8255) (Spanish- speaking operators available) 

Acessado em 25/02/2015 http://www.asha.org/public/speech/developm ent/The- Advantages-of-Being-Bilingual/

Which pair best completes the blanks in the text?

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Q2763209 Inglês

Read the text and answer questions 22 to 25.

Slowly does it
Feb 19th 2015, 17:34 BY R.L.G. | BERLIN


LAST week’s column looked at the long history of language declinism: for more than 600 years people have complained that youngsters cannot write proper English anymore, and even ancient Sumerian schoolmasters worried about the state of the “scribal art” in the world’s first written language. Two universal truths emerge: languages are always changing, and older people always worry that the young are not taking proper care of the language.
But what if the sticklers have a point? Of course language always changes, but could technology (or a simple increase in youthful insouciance and lack of respect for tradition) mean that in some ages it changes faster than in others? Is change accelerating? In this case, a real problem could arise. Even if language change is not harmful, the faster language changes, the less new generations will be able to understand what their forebears wrote.
The Middle English quotation in last week’s column ________ the point for some readers: it is all but impenetrable to modern understanding without special training. It is, in effect, a foreign language. Is this a problem? Perhaps it is too much to expect writing to stay fresh on the shelf for 600 years. More recent writing holds up quite well. Pupils read Shakespeare with only modernised spelling and a bit of help from teachers. And Thomas Jefferson and Jane Austen are perfectly readable.
But maybe a greater conservatism would let modern readers peer further back in their own literary history. If change had been slower, perhaps Chaucer would be only as difficult as Shakespeare is to us; “Beowulf” only as distant as Chaucer is now. What’s not to like?
The problem is that conservatism works differently on writing than it does on speech. Writing is more permanent, so people choose their words carefully and conservatively. It is slow and considered, so people can avoid new usages widely seen as mistakes. It is taught carefully by adults to children, which naturally exerts some conservative drag on the written language. And it is often edited, so (say) a young journalist with a breezy contemporary style may well be edited to a more traditional one by an older editor.
Speech is different: instead of permanent, slow, considered and taught, it is impermanent, fast, spontaneous and learned naturally by children from their surroundings. Speech will—at almost any level of linguistic conservatism—change faster than written language.
The problem with overly successful conservatism then becomes clear. Speech moves on, writing does not, and the two diverge over time. Take just one example: English spelling. As with all languages, the pronunciation of English has changed a lot over the centuries. Spelling has changed much more slowly. Thanks to the Great Vowel Shift of the middle of the last millennium, English uses vowels differently from almost all other European languages. Silent letters like the gh in night are a remnant of an earlier pronunciation (a bit like the German nicht). Other odd spellings were intended to keep etymologies clear: a b was inserted into debt to show the link with Latin debitum. Some linguistic innovations do not make it into writing at all: nearly everyone says gonna and writes going to. ________ a language pays homage to the past, _________modern schoolchildren will find learning to write a bit like learning to speak a foreign tongue.

Which words complete the conclusion correctly.

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Q2763202 Inglês

Read the text and answer questions 22 to 25.

Slowly does it
Feb 19th 2015, 17:34 BY R.L.G. | BERLIN


LAST week’s column looked at the long history of language declinism: for more than 600 years people have complained that youngsters cannot write proper English anymore, and even ancient Sumerian schoolmasters worried about the state of the “scribal art” in the world’s first written language. Two universal truths emerge: languages are always changing, and older people always worry that the young are not taking proper care of the language.
But what if the sticklers have a point? Of course language always changes, but could technology (or a simple increase in youthful insouciance and lack of respect for tradition) mean that in some ages it changes faster than in others? Is change accelerating? In this case, a real problem could arise. Even if language change is not harmful, the faster language changes, the less new generations will be able to understand what their forebears wrote.
The Middle English quotation in last week’s column ________ the point for some readers: it is all but impenetrable to modern understanding without special training. It is, in effect, a foreign language. Is this a problem? Perhaps it is too much to expect writing to stay fresh on the shelf for 600 years. More recent writing holds up quite well. Pupils read Shakespeare with only modernised spelling and a bit of help from teachers. And Thomas Jefferson and Jane Austen are perfectly readable.
But maybe a greater conservatism would let modern readers peer further back in their own literary history. If change had been slower, perhaps Chaucer would be only as difficult as Shakespeare is to us; “Beowulf” only as distant as Chaucer is now. What’s not to like?
The problem is that conservatism works differently on writing than it does on speech. Writing is more permanent, so people choose their words carefully and conservatively. It is slow and considered, so people can avoid new usages widely seen as mistakes. It is taught carefully by adults to children, which naturally exerts some conservative drag on the written language. And it is often edited, so (say) a young journalist with a breezy contemporary style may well be edited to a more traditional one by an older editor.
Speech is different: instead of permanent, slow, considered and taught, it is impermanent, fast, spontaneous and learned naturally by children from their surroundings. Speech will—at almost any level of linguistic conservatism—change faster than written language.
The problem with overly successful conservatism then becomes clear. Speech moves on, writing does not, and the two diverge over time. Take just one example: English spelling. As with all languages, the pronunciation of English has changed a lot over the centuries. Spelling has changed much more slowly. Thanks to the Great Vowel Shift of the middle of the last millennium, English uses vowels differently from almost all other European languages. Silent letters like the gh in night are a remnant of an earlier pronunciation (a bit like the German nicht). Other odd spellings were intended to keep etymologies clear: a b was inserted into debt to show the link with Latin debitum. Some linguistic innovations do not make it into writing at all: nearly everyone says gonna and writes going to. ________ a language pays homage to the past, _________modern schoolchildren will find learning to write a bit like learning to speak a foreign tongue.

Which verbal tense best completes the sentence” The Middle English quotation in last week’s column ________ the point for some readers”

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Q2122707 Inglês
Choose the option where the question is incorrect.
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Q2122697 Inglês
From the question, choose the option that has the same meaning and idea as the sentences in italics.
He was a very good skater when he was a child.
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Q1359379 Inglês

(Source: TRUSS, L. (2003). EATS, SHOOTS AND LEAVES - The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. Profile Books Ltd,

London, UK. P.55)

The negative prefix un-, as in unpronounced (line 11), is also used with the adjectives below, EXCEPT:
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Q1359378 Inglês

(Source: TRUSS, L. (2003). EATS, SHOOTS AND LEAVES - The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. Profile Books Ltd,

London, UK. P.55)

The definition for the adjective “murky” (line 02) is
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Q1359377 Inglês

(Source: TRUSS, L. (2003). EATS, SHOOTS AND LEAVES - The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. Profile Books Ltd,

London, UK. P.55)

The idiom “to bark up the wrong tree” (lines 8 and 9) means
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Q1347375 Inglês
Mount Roraima is a fascinating lost world
It's a real lost world. On this flat-topped mountain in Venezuela, cut off from civilisation, prehistoric castaways have evolved into unique species found nowhere else on the planet.
Welcome to the Mount Roraima, a spectacular sight which Lonely Planet has explored for the new book The World's Great Wonders.
Waterfalls spilling down sheer cliff faces into clouds. Labyrinths of stone pinnacles. Valleys carpeted with crystals. Carnivorous pitcher plants. Exquisite rare orchids.
When you gazed up at the fortress of stone from the base of the mountain, you didn't know what to expect from this plateau floating high above the Amazon jungle. Now that you're on the summit, it feels as if you've stepped into some archaic land. A world untouched by humankind. A forgotten world.
Pitching your tent for the night inside the caves, you hunker down, your dreams filled with images of gushing waterfalls, strange shifting landscapes and prehistoric creatures.
http://www.news.com.au/travel/world-travel/mount-roraima-is-a-fascinating-lostworld/story-e6frfqcr-1226928325804 Acesso em 01/09/2015.
The word CUT OFF highlighted in the text may be substituted by:
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Q1250287 Inglês
How can you explain the phrasal verb in the sentence below? “Please fill in the form with your name, address, and phone number”.
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Q1250286 Inglês

Replace the verb “discover” with a synonym.
“So he discovered, did he?”

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Ano: 2015 Banca: IDHTEC Órgão: Prefeitura de Itaíba - PE
Q1206861 Inglês
''Teaching is hard''. The opposite of ''hard‘ is:
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Ano: 2015 Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPE Órgão: Instituto Rio Branco
Q1201871 Inglês
1 Most of the recent scholarly works on the evolution of diplomacy highlight the added complexity in which “states and other international actors communicate, negotiate and 4 otherwise interact” in the 21st century. Diplomacy has to take into account “the crazy-quilt nature of modern interdependence”. Decision-making on the international stage 7 involves what has been depicted as “two level games” or “double-edged diplomacy”. With accentuated forms of globalization the scope of diplomacy as the “engine room” of 10 International Relations has moved beyond the traditional core concerns to encompass a myriad set of issue areas. And the boundaries of participation in diplomacy — and the very 13 definition of diplomats — have broadened as well, albeit in a still contested fashion. In a variety of ways, therefore, not only its methods but also its objectives are far more expansive than 16 ever before. Yet, while the theme of complexity radiates through the pages of this book, changed circumstances and the 19 stretching of form, scope, and intensity do not only produce fragmentation but centralization in terms of purposive acts. Amid the larger debates about the diversity of principals, 22 agents, and intermediaries, the space in modern diplomacy for leadership by personalities at the apex of power has expanded. At odds with the counter-image of horizontal breadth with an 25 open-ended nature, the dynamic of 21st-century diplomacy remains highly vertically oriented and individual-centric. To showcase this phenomenon, however, is no to 28 suggest ossification. In terms of causation, the dependence on leaders is largely a reaction to complexity. With the shift to multi-party, multi-channel, multi-issue negotiations, with 31 domestic as well as international interests and values in play, leaders are often the only actors who can cut through the complexity and make the necessary trade-offs to allow 34 deadlocks to be broken. In terms of communication and other modes of representation, bringing in leaders differentiates and elevates issues from the bureaucratic arena. 37 In terms of effect, the primacy of leaders reinforces elements of both club and network diplomacy. In its most visible manifestation via summit diplomacy, the image of club 40 diplomacy explicitly differentiates the status and role of insiders and outsiders and thus the hierarchical nature of diplomacy. Although “large teams of representatives” are 43 involved in this central form of international practice, it is the “organized performances” of leaders that possess the most salience. At the same time, though, the galvanizing or catalytic 46 dimension of leader-driven diplomacy provides new avenues and legitimation for network diplomacy, with many decisions of summits being outsourced to actors who did not participate 49 at the summit but possess the technical knowledge, institutional credibility, and resources to enhance results. 
Andrew F. Cooper. The changing nature of diplomacy. In: Andrew F. Cooper and Jorge Heine. The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. p. 36 (adapted).
In relation to the content and the vocabulary of the text, decide whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).
As far as textual unity is concerned, “Yet” provides a transition from the first to the second paragraphs, and establishes a contrast between the ideas in each of them.
Alternativas
Ano: 2015 Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPE Órgão: Instituto Rio Branco
Q1201773 Inglês
   1 Most of the recent scholarly works on the evolution of diplomacy highlight the added complexity in which “states and other international actors communicate, negotiate and 4 otherwise interact” in the 21st century. Diplomacy has to take into account “the crazy-quilt nature of modern interdependence”. Decision-making on the international stage 7 involves what has been depicted as “two level games” or “double-edged diplomacy”. With accentuated forms of globalization the scope of diplomacy as the “engine room” of 10 International Relations has moved beyond the traditional core concerns to encompass a myriad set of issue areas. And the boundaries of participation in diplomacy — and the very 13 definition of diplomats — have broadened as well, albeit in a still contested fashion. In a variety of ways, therefore, not only its methods but also its objectives are far more expansive than 16 ever before.
     Yet, while the theme of complexity radiates through the pages of this book, changed circumstances and the 19 stretching of form, scope, and intensity do not only produce fragmentation but centralization in terms of purposive acts. Amid the larger debates about the diversity of principals, 22 agents, and intermediaries, the space in modern diplomacy for leadership by personalities at the apex of power has expanded. At odds with the counter-image of horizontal breadth with an 25 open-ended nature, the dynamic of 21st-century diplomacy remains highly vertically oriented and individual-centric.
    To showcase this phenomenon, however, is no to 28 suggest ossification. In terms of causation, the dependence on leaders is largely a reaction to complexity. With the shift to multi-party, multi-channel, multi-issue negotiations, with 31 domestic as well as international interests and values in play, leaders are often the only actors who can cut through the complexity and make the necessary trade-offs to allow 34 deadlocks to be broken. In terms of communication and other modes of representation, bringing in leaders differentiates and elevates issues from the bureaucratic arena.
   37   In terms of effect, the primacy of leaders reinforces elements of both club and network diplomacy. In its most visible manifestation via summit diplomacy, the image of club 40 diplomacy explicitly differentiates the status and role of insiders and outsiders and thus the hierarchical nature of diplomacy. Although “large teams of representatives” are 43 involved in this central form of international practice, it is the “organized performances” of leaders that possess the most salience. At the same time, though, the galvanizing or catalytic 46 dimension of leader-driven diplomacy provides new avenues and legitimation for network diplomacy, with many decisions of summits being outsourced to actors who did not participate 49 at the summit but possess the technical knowledge, institutional credibility, and resources to enhance results. 

Andrew F. Cooper. The changing nature of diplomacy. In: Andrew F. Cooper and Jorge Heine. The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. p. 36 (adapted).
In relation to the content and the vocabulary of the text, decide whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).
From the third paragraph, it is correct to infer that the more complex the diplomatic scenario, the more necessary the presence of leaders is.
Alternativas
Ano: 2015 Banca: FEPESE Órgão: Prefeitura de Bombinhas - SC
Q1197401 Inglês
Older and Better     Many people opt ____________ newer homes because they are cleaner, bigger and often have more amenities. But new research shows old houses ____________ old neighborhoods may be better for your health.   University of Utah researchers found that people who live in older, more walkable neighborhoods are ____________ lower risk for overweight and obesity. The study, to be published in the September issue of The American Journal of Preventive Medicine, tracked the body mass index ____________ nearly a half million Salt Lake County residents in Utah. They found that neighborhoods built before 1950 tended ____________ offer greater overall walkability because they had been designed for pedestrians. Newer neighborhoods often were designed primarily to facilitate car travel, the researchers noted.   “It’s difficult for individuals to change their behavior,” said Ken Smith, co-author of the study and professor of family and consumer studies at the University of Utah. “But we can build environments that promote healthy behavior.”   Dr. Smith and colleagues used census data as well as height and weight information obtained from the drivers’ license records of 453,927 Salt Lake County residents between the ages of 25 and 64. They found that men, on average, weighed ten pounds less if they lived in a walkable neighborhood versus a neighborhood less conductive to walking. The average women weighed six pounds less.   “The data show that how and where we live can greatly affect our health,” Dr. Smith said. “Neighborhoods with higher fractions of residents who walk to work tell us that something beneficial about neighborhood is promoting health.”   The research offers a blueprint for communities on better ways to design new developments to encourage healthful living. And for people shopping for homes, the lesson is to think about not just the house itself but whether the neighborhood is pedestrian-friendly, with sidewalks, bikes and walking paths, low traffic and amenities like coffee shops or convenient stores that are within walking distance.   Last fall, Stanford Medicine Magazine also looked at the effect neighborhoods have on health. Researchers there found that among people who were trying to be more active, living in walkable neighborhoods dramatically improved their odds of exercising for at least two-and-a-half hours week. In one study of people who lived in walkable neighborhoods achieved their goals, compared to just 30 percent of those who lived in pedestrian-unfriendly areas.    Match the words on column 1 with their meanings on column 2: 
Column 1 - Words  1. Amenities  2. Walkable  3. Tracked  4. Conducive 
Column 2 - Meaning  (   ) propitious.  (   ) studied, analyzed.  (   ) places that make life more pleasant.  (   ) suitable for a walk. 
Choose the alternative which presents the correct sequence:
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Q1185003 Inglês
Our Kids Don’t Belong in School By Bridget Samburg | Boston Magazine | September 2015
When Milva McDonald sent her oldest daughter to Newton public school kindergarten in 1990, she was disturbed by what she saw. The kids were being tracked, even at that young age. And then there were the endless hours the small children spent sitting at their desks. It felt unnatural. In the real world, you wouldn’t be stuck in a room with people all the same ages with one person directing them, she thought.

During that single year her daughter was in the school system, McDonald saw enough to convince her that she could do better on her own. That would be no small feat: Newton’s public schools have long been rated as among the best in the state (in our Greater Boston rankings this year, they’re 10th.). But she’d always worked part time—she’s now an online editor—and she was fortunate that she could maintain a flexible schedule. So she yanked her daughter out of school, and over the next two decades homeschooled all four of her children—including her youngest, Abigail Dickson, who’s now 16.
McDonald’s first homeschool rule was to throw out the book and let her children guide their learning, at their own pace. In lieu of a curriculum or published guides, McDonald improvised, taking advantage of the homeschooling village that had sprouted up around her. One mother ran a theater group, a dad ran a math group, and McDonald oversaw a creative-writing club. Their children took supplementary classes at the Harvard Extension School and Bunker Hill Community College. “I wanted them to be in charge of their own education and decide what they were interested in, and not have someone else telling them what to do and what they were good at,” she says.

And by any measure, it’s working. McDonald’s daughter Claire—the third of her four children to be homeschooled—will enter Harvard College as a freshman this fall.
Back in the ’90s, McDonald was considered a homeschooling pioneer; now she’s joined by a growing movement of parents who are abstaining from traditional schooling, not on religious grounds but because of another strong belief: that they can educate their kids better than the system can. Though far from mainstream (an estimated 2.2 million students are home-educated in the U.S.), secular homeschooling is trending up. Last year, 277 children were homeschooled in Boston, more than double the total from 2004; in Cambridge the number was 46. (In surrounding towns, the numbers are growing, too: During the 2013–2014 school year, Arlington had 55; Somerville, 36; Winthrop, 5; Brookline, 11; Natick, 36; Newton, 33; and Watertown, 24.)

There’s enough momentum that major cultural institutions—from the Franklin Park Zoo and the New England Aquarium to the Museum of Fine Arts and MIT’s Edgerton Center—now regularly offer classes for homeschoolers. Tellingly, even public school systems are becoming more accommodating. In Cambridge, for example, homeschoolers have the option to attend individual classes in the district’s schools. Some take math or science classes and participate in sports—last year, one homeschooler took music and piano lessons. Carolyn Turk, deputy superintendent for teaching and learning at Cambridge Public Schools, says she’s seeing more of this “hybrid” approach than in the past. “In Cambridge we look at homeschooling as a choice,” she says. “Cambridge is a city of choice.”

The Boston Public Schools, meanwhile, have begun to view homeschooling as one of the many laboratories in which it can explore new teaching methods. “These people are looking to do instructive, nontraditional education. It’s all different types of people from all incomes,” says Freddie Fuentes, the executive director of educational options for Boston Public Schools. Fuentes, who personally helps parents with academic plans, finds that many homeschooling parents want “very deep, expeditionary learning” for their children. “A lot of them are looking at innovative ways of learning,” he says. “We as a school system need to think about innovation and the cutting edge.”

In other words, homeschooling is arriving here in a very Boston-like way: It’s aspirational, intellectual, entrepreneurial, and innovative.

(http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/article/2015/08/25/homeschooling-in-boston/)

The underlined modal verb in “they can educate their kids better than the system can.” (5ᵗʰ paragraph) expresses a
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Ano: 2015 Banca: FGV Órgão: CODEMIG
Q1183277 Inglês
Innovation is the new key to survival […] At its most basic, innovation presents an optimal strategy for controlling costs. Companies that have invested in such technologies as remote mining, autonomous equipment and driverless trucks and trains have reduced expenses by orders of magnitude, while simultaneously driving up productivity. Yet, gazing towards the horizon, it is rapidly becoming clear that innovation can do much more than reduce capital intensity. Approached strategically, it also has the power to reduce people and energy intensity, while increasing mining intensity. Capturing the learnings The key is to think of innovation as much more than research and development (R&D) around particular processes or technologies. Companies can, in fact, innovate in multiple ways, such as leveraging supplier knowledge around specific operational challenges, redefining their participation in the energy value chain or finding new ways to engage and partner with major stakeholders and constituencies. To reap these rewards, however, mining companies must overcome their traditionally conservative tendencies. In many cases, miners struggle to adopt technologies proven to work at other mining companies, let alone those from other industries. As a result, innovation becomes less of a technology problem and more of an adoption problem. By breaking this mindset, mining companies can free themselves to adapt practical applications that already exist in other industries and apply them to fit their current needs. For instance, the tunnel boring machines used by civil engineers to excavate the Chunnel can vastly reduce miners’ reliance on explosives. Until recently, those machines were too large to apply in a mining setting. Some innovators, however, are now incorporating the underlying technology to build smaller machines—effectively adapting mature solutions from other industries to realize more rapid results. Re-imagining the future At the same time, innovation mandates companies to think in entirely new ways. Traditionally, for instance, miners have focused on extracting higher grades and achieving faster throughput by optimizing the pit, schedule, product mix and logistics. A truly innovative mindset, however, will see them adopt an entirely new design paradigm that leverages new information, mining and energy technologies to maximize value. […] Approached in this way, innovation can drive more than cost reduction. It can help mining companies mitigate and manage risks, strengthen business models and foster more effective community and government relations. It can help mining services companies enhance their value to the industry by developing new products and services. Longer-term, it can even position organizations to move the needle on such endemic issues as corporate social responsibility, environmental performance and sustainability. (http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ru/Document s/energy-resources/ru_er_tracking_the_trends_2015_eng.pdf) The fragment “To reap these rewards” (l. 17) means to:
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Respostas
2321: B
2322: E
2323: E
2324: C
2325: C
2326: C
2327: B
2328: C
2329: A
2330: D
2331: B
2332: B
2333: C
2334: A
2335: C
2336: C
2337: C
2338: E
2339: C
2340: C