Text 1

A Message Across Screens

Every morning, Emma checked her phone before getting out of bed. Messages, videos, and stories filled her screen, connecting her to people from different parts of the world. One day, she came across a short digital story shared by a student from another country. It talked about learning English through music, social media, and online friendships.

Curious, Emma replied to the post. Soon, they started exchanging messages and videos, sharing their daily routines, cultures, and challenges. Through these digital interactions, Emma realized that storytelling was no longer limited to books. It now lived on screens, combining images, sounds, and words to create meaning.

Over time, their stories helped them understand each other better. Digital storytelling became a bridge between cultures, showing that language learning is also about empathy, communication, and connection.

TEXT 1

The Decolonial Option in English Teaching: Can the Subaltern Act?

In this reflective article that straddles the personal and the professional, the author shares his critical thoughts on the impact of the steady stream of discourse on the native speaker/nonnative speaker (NS/NNS) inequity in the field of TESOL. His contention is that more than a quarter century of the discoursal output has not in any significant way altered the ground reality of NNS subordination. Therefore, he further contends, it is legitimate to ask what the discourse has achieved, where it has fallen short, why it has fallen short, and what needs to be done. Drawing insights from the works of Gramsci (1971) on hegemony and subalternity, and Mignolo (2010) on decoloniality, the author characterizes the NNS community as a subaltern community and argues that, if it wishes to effectively disrupt the hegemonic power structure, the only option open to it is a decolonial option which demands resultoriented action, not just “intellectual elaboration.” Accordingly, he presents the contours of a five-point plan of action for the consideration of the subaltern community. He claims that only a collective, concerted, and coordinated set of actions carries the potential to shake the foundation of the hegemonic power structure and move the subaltern community forward.

Excerpt extracted and adapted from: KUMARAVADIVELU, Bala. The decolonial option in English teaching: Can the subaltern act? TESOL Quarterly, [S.l.], v. 50, n. 1, p. 66–85, 2016. DOI: 10.1002/tesq.202. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.202. 

Read the text below and answer the questions:

New beginnings in Wrocław: The refugee students building brighter futures

Eighteen-year-old Daria hopes to begin studying psychology at the university in Wroclaw, Poland in the autumn. She already knows what career she wants to pursue: working with formerly incarcerated individuals to support their reintegration into society.

“I want to help people start a new life after having made mistakes,” Daria says. “I believe everyone deserves a chance to change, and I want to support them.” Three years ago, it wasn’t clear that Daria would be able to study psychology at all – or even graduate from secondary school. In early 2022, with the escalation of the war in Ukraine, she was forced to leave her home of Kryvyi Rih in central Ukraine for Wroclaw, together with her mother and younger brother.

Daria was one of hundreds of Ukrainians who ended up at the same high school in Wroclaw. Wrocław’s multicultural identity has long been a source of pride, and the school is no different: out of its 1,500 students, 500 are from Ukraine. There are also students from Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Kenya, among other countries.

Still, the transition to life in a different country, while being separated from loved ones who remained in Ukraine, was not easy. In the first few months, Daria herself needed psychological support.

Eighteen-year-old Daria hopes to study psychology at university. If that doesn’t work out, she is also considering game design as a backup plan, inspired by her strong interest in video games.

Eighteen-year-old Daria hopes to study psychology at university. If that doesn’t work out, she is also considering game design as a backup plan, inspired by her strong interest in video games.

Fortunately, she found support from the educators and staff at her school. This included the school psychologist, who is Polish but speaks Ukrainian. Her teachers also helped. “They genuinely do everything they can to help us adapt,” Daria says.

“They show us that they are learning together with us – they’re not pretending to know everything. They make mistakes too, they apologize, and everything feels very natural and supportive.”

For 18-year-old Kamila, who graduated from the same high school this year, the language barrier was the greatest challenge. “You don’t immediately understand what the teachers are saying, and you have to ask several times,” she says. “They couldn’t really explain either, because they didn’t speak Ukrainian. That was very hard for me.”

Kamila recalls that during her first months at the new secondary school, she had little time for her hobbies – she spent nearly all her free time learning Polish and keeping up with school assignments. Kamila recalls that during her first months at the new secondary school, she had little time for her hobbies – she spent nearly all her free time learning Polish and keeping up with school assignments. 

Subjects like physics and biology were especially difficult because of the complex technical vocabulary. “I had to learn every term from scratch,” says Kamila, who came from IvanoFrankivsk, western Ukraine, with her family in 2022.

Learning Polish wasn’t only key to succeeding in school, but to feeling connected. “Only after I overcame the language barrier I did start participating in extracurricular activities at school,” Kamila explains. “It was important for me to build friendships with Polish students too.”

Despite these difficulties, Kamila now dreams of becoming a translator and is currently learning English and German in addition to Polish.

Seventeen-year-old Sofia, another graduate of the high school, shares this love of language. She studies English, Polish and German. “Aside from languages, I also love history,” she says.

Seventeen-year-old Sofia, who graduated this year from a secondary school in Wrocław, dreams of a career as a translator. She has applied to several universities in Wrocław to pursue her studies.

Seventeen-year-old Sofia, who graduated this year from a secondary school in Wrocław, dreams of a career as a translator. She has applied to several universities in Wrocław to pursue her studies.

Sofia’s passion for history deepened her connection to Wrocław, one of Poland’s oldest and most culturally rich cities. “I really like Wrocław, and right now I think that if my future is in Poland, it will be in this city,” she says.

Like many of her peers, Sofia’s first steps in a new country were filled with fear and uncertainty.

“At the beginning, it was a bit scary – a different country, a different culture, a different language,” she recalls. “But there were actually many kind people who were ready to help. Thanks to them, I managed to adapt, and now I feel quite good living here.”

As well as graduating with honors from her school in Ukraine, in Wroclaw, Sofia received the red stripe distinction, a special recognition for outstanding academic results in Polish schools. She also earned a scholarship for being the top-performing student in the school last year.

Seventeen-year-old Sofia and her mother, Tetiana. The family plans to stay in Poland, as Sofia sees her future in this country.

Sofia and her mother, Tetiana. The family plans to stay in Poland, as Sofia sees her future in this country.

Her family has recently decided to stay in Poland.

“Our daughter sees her future here, and we are ready to support her decision,” her mother Tetiana says.

These stories are a powerful reminder of the resilience and potential of young people when they are given the right opportunities and support.

As we mark International Youth Day, UNICEF celebrates youth like Daria, Kamila and Sofia – who, despite the trauma of war and displacement, are building their futures through education, courage, and determination.

UNICEF, in partnership with local governments and civil society, remains committed to ensuring that every young person has access to quality education and support, no matter their background or circumstances.

This work for refugee children and caregivers from Ukraine in Poland is made possible thanks to the generous support of the Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration of the US Department of State (PRM) and the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Government of Japan.

Source: https://www.unicef.org/eca/stories/new-beginnings-in-Wroclaw 

Text CB2A6

ARPA is considered the biggest conservation program of its kind, successfully leveraging cross-sector support through a financing model that has inspired similar projects around the world, and delivered tangible outcomes on the Amazon forest conservation. The fund guarantees donations over the long term with a clearly defined scope, offering more stability to the implementation of the program.

“Investments indeed translated into a reduction of deforestation and reduction in CO2 emissions resulting from deforestation,” said Britaldo Soares, an associate researcher at the Center for Technology and Innovation at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, and lead author of a paper that analyzes ARPA‘s impact on forest conservation.

Soares and researchers from WWF and FUNBIO found that deforestation between 2008 and 2020 was between 9% and 39% lower in Amazonian protected areas benefiting from ARPA support, and that this helped avoid 104 million metric tons of CO2 emissions.

For Júlio Barbosa, a resident of the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve, ARPA has been important not just for creating conservation areas and infrastructure to support them, but also for strengthening local organizations, like cooperatives and deliberative councils.

ARPA focuses on traditional communities living within sustainable-use reserves, rather than Indigenous populations on Indigenous land, which are protected under different legislation. But the program also supports Indigenous populations who may live within the protected areas it targets and could even bring indirect benefits to other conservation areas, including Indigenous territories, as it helps maintain forest cover across the Amazon.

Who wrote Imagine?

Imagine, John Lennon’s most famous song, was voted “Britain’s favorite song of all time.” It is an idealistic song about peace and the hope for a better world. “Imagine all the people living life in peace.” The song was a big hit in 1971, and again in 1980 after Lennon was murdered in New York. It became a hit for a third time after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001

But who really wrote the song? Until recently the answer to this question was always John Lennon. But on a TV program this week, Lennon’s wife, Yoko Ono, spoke for the first time about how she, in fact, helped write the song.

Ono said that the idea and inspiration for Imagine came from some of her poems that John Lennon was reading at that time. The poems began with the word imagine: “Imagine a raindrop, Imagine a goldfish.” Ono said, “when I was a child in Japan during the Second World War, my brother and I were terribly hungry. I imagined delicious menus for him, and he began to smile. If you think something is impossible, you can imagine it and make it happen.”

In an interview just before he died, Lennon admitted that Yoko deserved credit for Imagine. He said, “a lot of it - the lyrics and the concept - came from her, from her book of poems, imagine this, imagine that. “Lennon said that he was “too macho” to share the credit with her at the time.

Ono said that part of the song was written when they were flying across the Atlantic, and the rest was written on the piano in their bedroom at their home in England. Ono said, “The song speaks about John’s dream for the world. It was something he really wanted to say.” Imagine became a popular song for peace activists everywhere.

In March 2002 the airport in his home town of Liverpool was renamed John Lennon Airport. A sign above the main entrance has a line from Imagine: “Above us only sky.”

Text I

African schools gear up for the AI revolution

The emergence of cheap or free AI tools is being eagerly embraced by those with smartphones and the ability to get online. As governments and legislators struggle to get their heads around the implications of this powerful technology and work out how to bring in regulations for its safe use, millions of people are enjoying its ability to save time, helping them to transforming raw data into essays, exam answers, or, with a bit more work, even videos and podcasts.

Even in developing countries where electricity and internet access is limited (it’s estimated that over 570 million people in Africa lack electricity), there is enthusiasm for the potential of AI. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), for example, a nation riven by internal conflict, poverty and vast inequality, educators are seeing the impact of AI. “It is obvious that our country is lagging behind in terms of new technologies for one reason or another,” says Benjamin Sivanzire, a teacher in Beni, North Kivu Province. “Many parts of the DRC do not even have traditional methods of communication, or even radio or television.” However, even though Mr. Sivanzire and his students are not yet able to make use of AI in their classes, they are seeing it being used in the wider culture, often in a negative way, to manipulate public opinion. The teacher underlines the importance of educating people to distinguish between verifiable information and lies. “There are videos created by artificial intelligence that show images that are not real and have been created for propaganda purposes,” he explains.

One concern that is frequently raised is the extent to which the development of AI tools is concentrated in the hands of a relatively small group of people. Farida Shahid, the independent Special Rapporteur on the right to education, shares these concerns. “AI algorithms are being made by individuals who often sit in a particular location, such as Silicon Valley, where the people who make and test them have their own biases,” she says. “Often the algorithms don’t do well at recognizing people with dark skin. They also have great problems with people who are autistic and don’t like looking into cameras. “Another example is the UK where, recently, an AI program was used to grade exam papers. This led to decisions that were biased against people from certain ethnic backgrounds. We really need to look at this issue more closely, starting with the human rights perspective, and I think that’s where the U.N. role comes in: if you increasingly rely on AI as the source of verification, you’re going to have problems because you are using a framework  which privileges white males, and doesn’t reflect the whole gamut of people’s lives and experiences”.

The urgent need to expand the developer talent base has been identified by the UN as central to ensuring that a wide variety of voices are heard in the “EdTech” (educational technology) space. Shafika Isaacs, the head of technology and AI at the UN agency for science, technology and education (UNESCO), says that the number of African EdTech startups has been mushrooming in recent years, with entrepreneurs experimenting with the AIenabled digital tools which could support learning and teaching across many different contexts, including in African languages, and local dialects. “I’ve personally engaged with a startup that matches high school students to career pathways, including choosing the right university, community college or even entrepreneurship program. They have seen strong results because of their focus on children in underprivileged contexts and schools. Tech startups have also looked at developing AI-enabled mobile apps, including chat bots, that can support teachers in teaching literacy or teaching mathematics. “The challenge is that there’s often a disconnect between the public education system and tech startups. We need educators to be proactive in engaging with those developing tools, and we encourage students and teachers to learn how to create and design technologies that are relevant to their linguistic and cultural contexts.”

Many African governments are keen to adopt national AI strategies and integrate AI into their national policies on technologies in education. In Côte d’Ivoire, where AI is already being widely used in the private sector, Mariatou Koné, the Minister of Education, says that the country’s education system is undergoing a transformation, following a 2022 review which recommended a digitalization strategy. “We have put in place initiatives to ensure that everyone is aware of the issue of AI. It can provide individual learning programs, and help struggling students to improve,” said Ms. Koné. “However, we are worried about potential abuses. We have to be able to protect personal data and ensure that learners are aware of the potential dangers.” The Minister agrees that, in order to guard against bias, the pool of engineers building AI tools needs to be expanded. “We need the right tools, adapted to the African context, to the Ivorian context. We have our own history, our own heritage. If we create our own industry, it has to be adapted to the realities of Côte d’Ivoire.”

Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/01/1159621. Retrieved on: January 6, 2026. Adapted.