Questões de Concurso Comentadas sobre vocabulário | vocabulary em inglês

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Q4240826
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary , Sinônimos | Synonyms ,
Ano: 2022 Banca: AMEOSC Órgão: Prefeitura de São Miguel do Oeste - SC Prova: AMEOSC - 2022 - Prefeitura de São Miguel do Oeste - SC - Professor de Língua Inglesa - Edital nº 2 |
Q4240826 Inglês
WEIGH HEY I'm a dietitian - here's 4 physical signs you need to eat MORE carbs


(1º§) Many trendy weight loss diets encourage cutting out carbs, claiming it's the secret to dropping pounds. Both the keto and Atkins diet say to instead focus ___ eating protein and fats.


(2º§) As the body has less carbs to use for energy, it burns body fat instead. But a dietician would say this is the wrong way to approach healthy eating, and potentially dangerous.


(3º§) The body turns to stored fat when there is a lack of carbohydrate, but it also eats away at protein tissue such as in the heart or muscle, The Britician Association of UK Dieticians says.


(4º§) Each food group - carbs, proteins and fats - is important for physical health. Carbs provide fibre to keep bowels moving and prevent disease. They fuel the brain and body. Without carbs, you may get a headache, constipation, bad breath or nausea. Starchy foods, the main source of carbs, should make up a third ___ your daily diet, the NHS says.


(5º§) The BDA says: "We get energy from carbohydrates, protein, fat and alcohol in our diet. "Any extra (unneeded) energy we take in will be converted to fat no matter what the source. "Sometimes people think starchy foods are fattening however, the same amount (in weight) of carbohydrate contains less than half the calories of fat. "Studies have also shown carbohydrates are better at satisfying our hunger."


(6º§) Nichola Ludlam-Raine, a registered dietitian, told Insider there is "no good reason to remove carbs from your diet". She said: "Low-carb diets have been popular for a number of years, even decades now, but reducing your carbohydrate intake can come with a cost."


(7º§) Here are four signs you need to up your carb intake: Carbs are the body's main source of fuel, so if you reduce your carb intake significantly, you'll likely notice a depletion of your energy levels, too, Ludlam-Raine said. "Our body can use other sources of fuel (such as fat), although carbohydrates are able to provide a more rapid source of energy to enable us to function optimally, both cognitively and physically," she said.


(8º§) The primary source of energy in the brain is glucose, which comes from eating delicious carbs. It can rely on other stores, such as ketones. On the keto diet, the body turns fat into ketones in the liver, which can supply the brain. But this isn't a sustainable source of brain power, said Ludlam-Raine. Symptoms of brain fog can include moodiness, irritability and difficulty concentrating.


(9º§) Ludlam-Raine said: "Consuming carbs alongside protein helps to support the production of tryptophan, which is then converted into serotonin, also known as the happy hormone." Ludlam-Raine said the body stores carbohydrates as glycogen ___ the liver and muscles. Glycogen is the main source of energy when you do exercise, and when it's depleted, you feel fatigued. It's no wonder that on a low carb diet, you can feel too tired to go to the gym - which isn't beneficial for overall health.


(10º§) Mikle Molloy, a sports-nutrition coach, said in a worst case scenario of "exercise flu" you'll feel out of it, with a headache and muscle aches, and just want to lie on the ground. Carbs aren't just needed pre-workout, but post-workout too.


(11º§) Once the glycogen stores hit rock bottom, they need replenishing, Ludlam-Raine said. "It's recommended to consume carbohydrates alongside protein to support recovery and enable you to feel at your best before your next workout," she said.


(12º§) Feeling achy, sluggish or low in energy when you go to the gym may signal poor recovery. Some carbs are healthier options than others. Potato is best when baked, mashed or boiled as opposed to fried.


(13º§) We all know brown bread is better for us than white - but do you know why? Wholegrain, wholemeal and brown breads are more fibrous and contain B vitamins, vitamin E, fibre and a wide range of minerals.


(14º§) The same goes for pasta - try and eat wholewheat or whole grain options. Grains, such as couscous, oatmeal, brown rice and barley, are also important sources of starchy carbohydrates. Fruit and vegetables also contain carbohydrates. Ludlam-Raine recommended getting your carbs mostly from whole grains (such as brown bread and pasta), fruits, and vegetables.



https://www.thesun.co.uk/health/news-health/19109904/physical-signs-you-needeat-more-carbs/
Considering the context of the sentence, choose the alternative that does have a synonym to the word "intake" (6º§).
Alternativas
Q4229159
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2026 Banca: AMEOSC Órgão: Prefeitura de São Miguel do Oeste - SC Prova: AMEOSC - 2026 - Prefeitura de São Miguel do Oeste - SC - Professor (Língua Inglesa) |
Q4229159 Inglês
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder à questão.


Peru's Nazca lines were paths for prehistoric culture: Japanese researchers


Tokyo, 16 Jan (EFE).- The mysteries shrouding Peru's Nazca Lines have intrigued scientists for decades. Now, a group of Japanese researchers has developed a new theory that the geoglyphs etched into the ground served as paths and routes. The lines forged into myriad figures of animals and plants straddle an area of 1,000 square kilometers of the immense Ica desert in southern Peru. They were created during the Nazca culture, a pre-Columbian archaeological culture that flourished between the 1st and 7th centuries BC. A research team led by Masato Sakai, of the University of Yamagata in western Japan, has discovered, with the help of local archaeologists, aerial images and drones, over 350 new etchings since 2004. Sakai says there are two types of geoglyphs, linear motifs that were created by removing the upper black stones to reveal the white earth underneath and raised lines that give the pictorial representations depth and that archeologists call relief lines. «The linear ones exist at the beginning and end of straight paths and can be used to travel from one valley to another (...) while the relief ones are on the sides of paths that are not straight and are usually etched on a slope,» the expert says. The meaning of the lines has long been up for debate. Some say they represented an astronomical calendar, others considered they were religious figures and some have even suggested that they serve as landing pads for UFOs. «I'm interested in letters,» Sakai says. «Everyone uses alphabets, but in Andean civilization, they didn't have that way of communicating, so I wanted to discover how they did (communicate).» 


The researcher is convinced that the Nazca lines were used as a means of prehistoric communication


Despite their antiquity, the geoglyphs were not discovered until 1930 because these could only be appreciated with an aerial view or from some of the site's surrounding hills. The team of Japanese researchers started the project using satellite and aerial photos, and more recently using drones, and have now identified hundreds of figures, including a spider, a monkey, a hummingbird, a condor, a pelican, a gull, a snail, a whale, a snake and a llama. The team struck a deal with tech giant IBM in 2019 and have tapped into state-of-the-art artificial intelligence (AI) that could help reveal the location of more figures and help with deciphering their meaning. «It is always a hypothesis, but we hope that with AI we can check whether theories are correct or suggest better ones that coincide with the new data,» the expert adds. Finding all the figures, which according to the expert could be in the thousands, is key to their conservation from both the weather and mining and agriculture which is prevalent in the region. «For the people of Nazca, the geoglyphs are a source of pride because the city is not very big, but many people come to see the figures. When we find new ones, we share the information with the local people because we know that they will respect and defend them, because it is the work of their ancestors» Sakai says. EFE


https://efe.com/other-news/2023-01-16/nazca-lines/
Read the excerpt below:

"The lines forged into myriad figures of animals and plants straddle an area of 1,000 square kilometers of the immense Ica desert in southern Peru."

In this context, the verb "straddle" indicates that the figures:
Alternativas
Q4229152
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2026 Banca: AMEOSC Órgão: Prefeitura de São Miguel do Oeste - SC Prova: AMEOSC - 2026 - Prefeitura de São Miguel do Oeste - SC - Professor (Língua Inglesa) |
Q4229152 Inglês
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder à questão.


Peru's Nazca lines were paths for prehistoric culture: Japanese researchers


Tokyo, 16 Jan (EFE).- The mysteries shrouding Peru's Nazca Lines have intrigued scientists for decades. Now, a group of Japanese researchers has developed a new theory that the geoglyphs etched into the ground served as paths and routes. The lines forged into myriad figures of animals and plants straddle an area of 1,000 square kilometers of the immense Ica desert in southern Peru. They were created during the Nazca culture, a pre-Columbian archaeological culture that flourished between the 1st and 7th centuries BC. A research team led by Masato Sakai, of the University of Yamagata in western Japan, has discovered, with the help of local archaeologists, aerial images and drones, over 350 new etchings since 2004. Sakai says there are two types of geoglyphs, linear motifs that were created by removing the upper black stones to reveal the white earth underneath and raised lines that give the pictorial representations depth and that archeologists call relief lines. «The linear ones exist at the beginning and end of straight paths and can be used to travel from one valley to another (...) while the relief ones are on the sides of paths that are not straight and are usually etched on a slope,» the expert says. The meaning of the lines has long been up for debate. Some say they represented an astronomical calendar, others considered they were religious figures and some have even suggested that they serve as landing pads for UFOs. «I'm interested in letters,» Sakai says. «Everyone uses alphabets, but in Andean civilization, they didn't have that way of communicating, so I wanted to discover how they did (communicate).» 


The researcher is convinced that the Nazca lines were used as a means of prehistoric communication


Despite their antiquity, the geoglyphs were not discovered until 1930 because these could only be appreciated with an aerial view or from some of the site's surrounding hills. The team of Japanese researchers started the project using satellite and aerial photos, and more recently using drones, and have now identified hundreds of figures, including a spider, a monkey, a hummingbird, a condor, a pelican, a gull, a snail, a whale, a snake and a llama. The team struck a deal with tech giant IBM in 2019 and have tapped into state-of-the-art artificial intelligence (AI) that could help reveal the location of more figures and help with deciphering their meaning. «It is always a hypothesis, but we hope that with AI we can check whether theories are correct or suggest better ones that coincide with the new data,» the expert adds. Finding all the figures, which according to the expert could be in the thousands, is key to their conservation from both the weather and mining and agriculture which is prevalent in the region. «For the people of Nazca, the geoglyphs are a source of pride because the city is not very big, but many people come to see the figures. When we find new ones, we share the information with the local people because we know that they will respect and defend them, because it is the work of their ancestors» Sakai says. EFE


https://efe.com/other-news/2023-01-16/nazca-lines/
Read the sentence below:

"The team struck a deal with tech giant IBM in 2019 and have tapped into state-of-the-art artificial intelligence that could help reveal the location of more figures."

In the sentence, the expressions "struck a deal" and "tapped into" indicate, respectively: 
Alternativas
Q4228263
Inglês Vocabulário | Vocabulary , Sinônimos | Synonyms ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: OBJETIVA Órgão: Prefeitura de Nonoai - RS Prova: OBJETIVA - 2023 - Prefeitura de Nonoai - RS - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q4228263 Inglês
Here's why Friday the 13th scares us


    Jane Risen, a behavioral scientist at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, has found that superstitions can influence even nonbelievers. In one 2016 study, Risen found that people who identify as superstitious and non-superstitious both believe a bad outcome is more likely when they've been jinxed. For example, they worry that stating they definitely won't get into a car accident will make it more likely to happen.
    “Generally speaking, I find that this occurs because the bad outcome springs to mind and is imagined more clearly following the jinx,” she explains. “People use the ease of imagining something as a cue to its likelihood.”
     _____________, Risen's research also suggests that performing rituals that ward off bad luck can have surprising results. In a 2014 study, she found that some people use them even when they don't actively believe, and when tested, both types of people reported benefits from such acts.
      It's difficult to pin down the origins and evolution of a superstition. But Stuart Vyse, an author and former _____________ of psychology at Connecticut College in New London, told National Geographic in 2014 that our fear of Friday the 13th may be rooted in religious beliefs surrounding the 13th guest at the Last Supper—Judas, the apostle said to have betrayed Jesus—and the ______________ of Jesus on a Friday, which was known as hangman's day. The combination of those factors produced a "sort of double whammy of 13 falling on an already nervous day," Vyse explained.


(Fonte: National Geographic - adaptado.)
In “This large house is for sale”, the underlined word can be substituted without loss of meaning by:
Alternativas
Q4228258
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: OBJETIVA Órgão: Prefeitura de Nonoai - RS Prova: OBJETIVA - 2023 - Prefeitura de Nonoai - RS - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q4228258 Inglês
Here's why Friday the 13th scares us


    Jane Risen, a behavioral scientist at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, has found that superstitions can influence even nonbelievers. In one 2016 study, Risen found that people who identify as superstitious and non-superstitious both believe a bad outcome is more likely when they've been jinxed. For example, they worry that stating they definitely won't get into a car accident will make it more likely to happen.
    “Generally speaking, I find that this occurs because the bad outcome springs to mind and is imagined more clearly following the jinx,” she explains. “People use the ease of imagining something as a cue to its likelihood.”
     _____________, Risen's research also suggests that performing rituals that ward off bad luck can have surprising results. In a 2014 study, she found that some people use them even when they don't actively believe, and when tested, both types of people reported benefits from such acts.
      It's difficult to pin down the origins and evolution of a superstition. But Stuart Vyse, an author and former _____________ of psychology at Connecticut College in New London, told National Geographic in 2014 that our fear of Friday the 13th may be rooted in religious beliefs surrounding the 13th guest at the Last Supper—Judas, the apostle said to have betrayed Jesus—and the ______________ of Jesus on a Friday, which was known as hangman's day. The combination of those factors produced a "sort of double whammy of 13 falling on an already nervous day," Vyse explained.


(Fonte: National Geographic - adaptado.)
Check the alternative that CORRECTLY fills the gaps in the text:
Alternativas
Q4228257
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary , Sinônimos | Synonyms ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: OBJETIVA Órgão: Prefeitura de Nonoai - RS Prova: OBJETIVA - 2023 - Prefeitura de Nonoai - RS - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q4228257 Inglês
Here's why Friday the 13th scares us


    Jane Risen, a behavioral scientist at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, has found that superstitions can influence even nonbelievers. In one 2016 study, Risen found that people who identify as superstitious and non-superstitious both believe a bad outcome is more likely when they've been jinxed. For example, they worry that stating they definitely won't get into a car accident will make it more likely to happen.
    “Generally speaking, I find that this occurs because the bad outcome springs to mind and is imagined more clearly following the jinx,” she explains. “People use the ease of imagining something as a cue to its likelihood.”
     _____________, Risen's research also suggests that performing rituals that ward off bad luck can have surprising results. In a 2014 study, she found that some people use them even when they don't actively believe, and when tested, both types of people reported benefits from such acts.
      It's difficult to pin down the origins and evolution of a superstition. But Stuart Vyse, an author and former _____________ of psychology at Connecticut College in New London, told National Geographic in 2014 that our fear of Friday the 13th may be rooted in religious beliefs surrounding the 13th guest at the Last Supper—Judas, the apostle said to have betrayed Jesus—and the ______________ of Jesus on a Friday, which was known as hangman's day. The combination of those factors produced a "sort of double whammy of 13 falling on an already nervous day," Vyse explained.


(Fonte: National Geographic - adaptado.)
 In “They worry that stating they definitely won't get into a car accident will make it more likely to happen”, the underlined word can be substituted without loss of meaning by:
Alternativas
Q4227863
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: VUNESP Órgão: Prefeitura de Peruíbe - SP Prova: VUNESP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Peruíbe - SP - Professor de Educação Básica II (Língua Estrangeira Moderna - Inglês) |
Q4227863 Inglês

Leia o texto para responder à questão.



Canada: Educating in and for climate emergency 


    Climate change is the most urgent crisis facing our planet today. Youth have repeatedly called for action on tackling this crisis, including the implementation of climate change curricula in schools.


    Canadian students are among those demanding improvement to the sparse and inconsistent delivery of climate change education. A study published in 2019 found that only about half of Canada’s ministries of education and about 60 per cent of school divisions in the country had sustainabilityspecific policy, with this understood to include governance, curriculum, facilities, research, and community outreach. When climate change topics are taught, key concepts are often missing such as the scientific consensus that humans are causing climate change, or a focus on impacts or solutions.


    A recent countrywide survey of 4,035 respondents across the country highlighted the consequences of inadequate climate change education in schools. One-third of Canadians failed a 10-question knowledge quiz. Only around half knew greenhouse gases were the main cause of climate change. Few responded correctly that the average temperature has already increased by more than one degree Celsius. Despite their gaps in knowledge, the majority of survey respondents agreed that we are experiencing a climate emergency and that climate change education should be a high priority.


    Ten percent of survey respondents were educators (406 people), and among this group, half said a lack of time is a barrier when attempting to include climate change education within the classroom. In fact, respected international organizations have noted that implementing climate change education in schools cannot continue to fall on the shoulders of overburdened teachers.


    The traditional way of teaching doesn’t work for complex topics like climate change. Teachers need to shift towards student-directed inquiry and active, real-world learning. It’s not enough to simply quote scientific facts, as a focus on “doom and gloom” can intensify eco-anxiety. Best practices for climate change education include the opportunity to take personal and collective action.


(Karen S. Acton. http://theconversation.com, 07.03.2023. Adaptado)

In the fragment of the last paragraph “Teachers need to shift towards student-directed inquiry and active, real-world learning”, the word “shift” means
Alternativas
Q4227862
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: VUNESP Órgão: Prefeitura de Peruíbe - SP Prova: VUNESP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Peruíbe - SP - Professor de Educação Básica II (Língua Estrangeira Moderna - Inglês) |
Q4227862 Inglês

Leia o texto para responder à questão.



Canada: Educating in and for climate emergency 


    Climate change is the most urgent crisis facing our planet today. Youth have repeatedly called for action on tackling this crisis, including the implementation of climate change curricula in schools.


    Canadian students are among those demanding improvement to the sparse and inconsistent delivery of climate change education. A study published in 2019 found that only about half of Canada’s ministries of education and about 60 per cent of school divisions in the country had sustainabilityspecific policy, with this understood to include governance, curriculum, facilities, research, and community outreach. When climate change topics are taught, key concepts are often missing such as the scientific consensus that humans are causing climate change, or a focus on impacts or solutions.


    A recent countrywide survey of 4,035 respondents across the country highlighted the consequences of inadequate climate change education in schools. One-third of Canadians failed a 10-question knowledge quiz. Only around half knew greenhouse gases were the main cause of climate change. Few responded correctly that the average temperature has already increased by more than one degree Celsius. Despite their gaps in knowledge, the majority of survey respondents agreed that we are experiencing a climate emergency and that climate change education should be a high priority.


    Ten percent of survey respondents were educators (406 people), and among this group, half said a lack of time is a barrier when attempting to include climate change education within the classroom. In fact, respected international organizations have noted that implementing climate change education in schools cannot continue to fall on the shoulders of overburdened teachers.


    The traditional way of teaching doesn’t work for complex topics like climate change. Teachers need to shift towards student-directed inquiry and active, real-world learning. It’s not enough to simply quote scientific facts, as a focus on “doom and gloom” can intensify eco-anxiety. Best practices for climate change education include the opportunity to take personal and collective action.


(Karen S. Acton. http://theconversation.com, 07.03.2023. Adaptado)

While reading the text, some students ask for the meaning of “shift”, in the last paragraph. You react by telling them to try and understand the word from the context. As you do this, you offer them the opportunity to develop the reading ability named
Alternativas
Q4227856
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: VUNESP Órgão: Prefeitura de Peruíbe - SP Prova: VUNESP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Peruíbe - SP - Professor de Educação Básica II (Língua Estrangeira Moderna - Inglês) |
Q4227856 Inglês

Leia o texto para responder à questão.



Canada: Educating in and for climate emergency 


    Climate change is the most urgent crisis facing our planet today. Youth have repeatedly called for action on tackling this crisis, including the implementation of climate change curricula in schools.


    Canadian students are among those demanding improvement to the sparse and inconsistent delivery of climate change education. A study published in 2019 found that only about half of Canada’s ministries of education and about 60 per cent of school divisions in the country had sustainabilityspecific policy, with this understood to include governance, curriculum, facilities, research, and community outreach. When climate change topics are taught, key concepts are often missing such as the scientific consensus that humans are causing climate change, or a focus on impacts or solutions.


    A recent countrywide survey of 4,035 respondents across the country highlighted the consequences of inadequate climate change education in schools. One-third of Canadians failed a 10-question knowledge quiz. Only around half knew greenhouse gases were the main cause of climate change. Few responded correctly that the average temperature has already increased by more than one degree Celsius. Despite their gaps in knowledge, the majority of survey respondents agreed that we are experiencing a climate emergency and that climate change education should be a high priority.


    Ten percent of survey respondents were educators (406 people), and among this group, half said a lack of time is a barrier when attempting to include climate change education within the classroom. In fact, respected international organizations have noted that implementing climate change education in schools cannot continue to fall on the shoulders of overburdened teachers.


    The traditional way of teaching doesn’t work for complex topics like climate change. Teachers need to shift towards student-directed inquiry and active, real-world learning. It’s not enough to simply quote scientific facts, as a focus on “doom and gloom” can intensify eco-anxiety. Best practices for climate change education include the opportunity to take personal and collective action.


(Karen S. Acton. http://theconversation.com, 07.03.2023. Adaptado)

In the sentence from the first paragraph “Youth have repeatedly called for action on tackling this crisis, including improved climate change education.”, the underlined fragment means that youth, repeatedly, have
Alternativas
Q4227850
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: VUNESP Órgão: Prefeitura de Peruíbe - SP Prova: VUNESP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Peruíbe - SP - Professor de Educação Básica II (Língua Estrangeira Moderna - Inglês) |
Q4227850 Inglês

Leia o texto para responder à questão.


    Assessment is perhaps one of the least understood areas of language teaching and learning. Students may see tests as a threat to their competence because they are afraid they will not perform well. Teachers often do not like to construct tests and are not altogether satisfied with the results when they do.


     A more constructive view of language testing exists when (a) testing is undertood as an opportunity for interaction between teacher and student; (b) students are judged on the basis of the knowledge they have; (c) the criteria for success on the test are clear to students; (d) students receive a grade for their performance on a set of tests representing different testing methods (not just one!); (e) the tests are intended to help students improve their skills; (f) the results are discussed.


    The seminal efforts by Canalle e Swain (1980) to operationalize Hymes’ (1972) communicative competence have provided a relevant set of criteria for describing tests. Tests should be seen as tapping one or more of the four components making up the construct of communicative competence: grammatical, discourse, sociolinguistic and strategic competence.


(Andrew D.Cohen. Second language Assessment. IN: Marianne

Cerce-Murcia(ed). Teaching English as a second or foreign language.

Boston, Massachusstes: Heinle&Heinle. 2nd edition. 2001. Adaptado)

In the fragment from the first paragraph, “Teachers often do not like to construct tests and are not altogether satisfied with the results”, the underlined word means
Alternativas
Q4227842
Inglês Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: VUNESP Órgão: Prefeitura de Peruíbe - SP Prova: VUNESP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Peruíbe - SP - Professor de Educação Básica II (Língua Estrangeira Moderna - Inglês) |
Q4227842 Inglês
Leia o texto para responder à questão.

    Through practice and experience in an increasingly wide range of communicative contexts and events, learners gradually expand their communicative competence, consisting of grammatical competence, discourse competence, sociocultural competence and strategic competence. All these components are interrelated. An increase in one component interacts with other components to produce a corresponding increase in overall communicative competence.

    Grammatical competence refers to sentence-level grammatical form, the ability to recognize the lexical, morphological, syntactic and phonological feature of a language and to make use of these features to interpret and form words and whole sentences. One demonstrates grammatical competence not by stating a rule but by using a rule in the interpretation, expression or negotiation of meaning.

    Discourse competence is concerned not with isolated words or phrases but with the interconnectedness of a series of utterances, written words and/or phrases to build a text, a meaningful whole. Two familiar concepts to talk about discourse competence are text coherence and cohesion. Text coherence is the relation of all sentences or utterances in a text to a single global proposition. Local connections or structural links between individual sentences provide cohesion. Sociocultural competence extends well beyond linguistic forms and is an interdisciplinary field of inquiry having to do with the social rules of language use.

    Sociocultural competence requires an understanding of the social context where language is used: the roles of the participants, the information they share, and the function of the interation. And although we are far from an adequate description of sociocultural rules of appropriateness, we use them to communicate successfully in many different contexts of situation. Sociocultural competence also includes a willingness to suspend judgement and take into consideration the possibility of cultural differences in convention and use. Thus the importance of the term cultural flexibility or cultural awareness.

    The ‘’ideal native speaker,’’ someone who knows a language perfectly and uses it appropriately in all social interactions, exists in theory only. None of us knows all there is to know of English in its many manifestations, both around the world and in our own backyards. Communicative competence is always relative. The coping strategies we use in unfamiliar contexts, with constraints due to imperfect knowledge of rules or limiting factors in their application such as fatigue or distraction, are represented as strategic competence. With practice and experience, we gain in grammatical, discourse, and socio-cultural competence. The relative importance of strategic competence thus decreases. However, the effective use of coping strategies is important for communicative competence in all contexts and distinguishes highly competent communicators from those who are less so.


(Sandra J. Savignon. Communicative language teaching for the
twenty-first century. IN: Marianne Celce-Murcia. Teaching English as a
second or foreign language. Boston, Massachusstes: Heinle&Heinle.
3rd edition. 2002. Adaptado)
A word with a silent gh, as in “through” (line 1), is also found in alternative:
Alternativas
Q4227840
Inglês Vocabulário | Vocabulary , Sinônimos | Synonyms ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: VUNESP Órgão: Prefeitura de Peruíbe - SP Prova: VUNESP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Peruíbe - SP - Professor de Educação Básica II (Língua Estrangeira Moderna - Inglês) |
Q4227840 Inglês
Leia o texto para responder à questão.

    Through practice and experience in an increasingly wide range of communicative contexts and events, learners gradually expand their communicative competence, consisting of grammatical competence, discourse competence, sociocultural competence and strategic competence. All these components are interrelated. An increase in one component interacts with other components to produce a corresponding increase in overall communicative competence.

    Grammatical competence refers to sentence-level grammatical form, the ability to recognize the lexical, morphological, syntactic and phonological feature of a language and to make use of these features to interpret and form words and whole sentences. One demonstrates grammatical competence not by stating a rule but by using a rule in the interpretation, expression or negotiation of meaning.

    Discourse competence is concerned not with isolated words or phrases but with the interconnectedness of a series of utterances, written words and/or phrases to build a text, a meaningful whole. Two familiar concepts to talk about discourse competence are text coherence and cohesion. Text coherence is the relation of all sentences or utterances in a text to a single global proposition. Local connections or structural links between individual sentences provide cohesion. Sociocultural competence extends well beyond linguistic forms and is an interdisciplinary field of inquiry having to do with the social rules of language use.

    Sociocultural competence requires an understanding of the social context where language is used: the roles of the participants, the information they share, and the function of the interation. And although we are far from an adequate description of sociocultural rules of appropriateness, we use them to communicate successfully in many different contexts of situation. Sociocultural competence also includes a willingness to suspend judgement and take into consideration the possibility of cultural differences in convention and use. Thus the importance of the term cultural flexibility or cultural awareness.

    The ‘’ideal native speaker,’’ someone who knows a language perfectly and uses it appropriately in all social interactions, exists in theory only. None of us knows all there is to know of English in its many manifestations, both around the world and in our own backyards. Communicative competence is always relative. The coping strategies we use in unfamiliar contexts, with constraints due to imperfect knowledge of rules or limiting factors in their application such as fatigue or distraction, are represented as strategic competence. With practice and experience, we gain in grammatical, discourse, and socio-cultural competence. The relative importance of strategic competence thus decreases. However, the effective use of coping strategies is important for communicative competence in all contexts and distinguishes highly competent communicators from those who are less so.


(Sandra J. Savignon. Communicative language teaching for the
twenty-first century. IN: Marianne Celce-Murcia. Teaching English as a
second or foreign language. Boston, Massachusstes: Heinle&Heinle.
3rd edition. 2002. Adaptado)
At the lexical level, competence includes the recognition and use of longer stretches of language such as the underlined expression in “an interdisciplinary field of inquiry having to do with the social rules of language use”. The same meaning for the expression is found in alternative:
Alternativas
Q4225405
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2022 Banca: EPL Concursos Órgão: Prefeitura de Curitibanos - SC Prova: EPL Concursos - 2022 - Prefeitura de Curitibanos - SC - Professor de Língua Inglesa |
Q4225405 Inglês
The writer quotes a grandmother who … 
Alternativas
Q4221002
Inglês Vocabulário | Vocabulary , Sinônimos | Synonyms ,
Ano: 2026 Banca: Ápice Consultoria Órgão: Prefeitura de Sobrado - PB Prova: Ápice Consultoria - 2026 - Prefeitura de Sobrado - PB - Professor B - Inglês |
Q4221002 Inglês
Em textos formais de nível acadêmico e jornalístico, o verbo "to underscore" e o adjetivo "pivotal" são amplamente utilizados. Assinale a alternativa que apresenta sinônimos precisos e de alto nível para esses termos, respectivamente: 
Alternativas
Q4219696
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2026 Banca: INSTITUTO AOCP Órgão: Prefeitura de Vitória da Conquista - BA Prova: INSTITUTO AOCP - 2026 - Prefeitura de Vitória da Conquista - BA - Professor Fundamental II - Nível II - Inglês |
Q4219696 Inglês
Underground library in Warsaw metro invites commuters to trade scrolling for stories

In Warsaw’s Targówek district, a metro ride has become more than a daily routine. Now it offers a chance to escape into a story. Thanks to Metroteka, a newly opened subterranean library inside the Kondratowicza M2 metro station, commuters can now trade mindless scrolling for meaningful reading.

The 150-square-meter space is stocked with more than 16,000 books, all available through a fast self-checkout system. Visitors can also borrow laptops, sip complimentary coffee, and unwind in a cozy communal area, all while waiting for their train.

“Our dream is for Metroteka to become an educational and cultural center, and not just a place where you can borrow your books from,” says Grażyna StrzelczakBatkowska, deputy director of the Targówek library.

A modern space that breathes life into books

Metroteka’s design is as inviting as its mission. A lush hydroponic garden wall filled with herbs and flowers gives the underground space a breath of fresh air, literally. Basil, oregano, and other plants grow without soil or sunlight, infusing the library with an unexpected sense of vitality. The bookshelves, shaped like soft, undulating waves, add to the organic feel.

“I always joke that books are not made of glass,” Strzelczak-Batkowska says. “You can just pop in, grab a few, throw them on a self-checkout machine, and that’s it—you’re out on a new adventure.”

Aiming to reverse a national trend

Poland’s reading habits have been in steady decline for years. A 2024 survey by the National Library of Poland found that only 41 percent of respondents had read at least one book in the past year. According to Tomasz Makowski, director of the National Library, the legacy of war has shaped these numbers. During World War II, Poland lost 70 percent of its libraries.

“We had several generations that did not see their parents or grandparents in front of a wall of books,” Makowski says. “Reading is [also] not something associated with adulthood, but with schools, teachers, librarians, and usually mothers reading to children.”

By placing literature in the path of everyday commuters, Metroteka hopes to shift that cultural perception.

An open invitation to all

For Makowski, the location is just as important as the books. “Opening a library in a metro station is like a dream for us,” he says. “Libraries should be beautiful and open; inviting, not intimidating. It’s not a shrine, but a place where you can spend time freely, take part in discussions, public consultations, or meet people.”

In the coming months, Metroteka plans to host author readings, workshops, and classes to further engage the community. Books can be returned either directly to the library or via parcel lockers outside the station, available around the clock.

As commuters pass through Kondratowicza station with coffee in hand and a novel tucked under one arm, Metroteka quietly transforms daily routines into cultural moments. By meeting people where they are, literally underground, the library isn’t just promoting reading. It’s redefining what public space can offer.


Source: https://www.optimistdaily.com/2025/09/underground-libraryin-warsaw-metro-invites-commuters-to-trade-scrolling-for-stories/. Access on May 4th 2026. 
Consider the last part of the article to answer question.

An open invitation to all
For Makowski, the location is just as important as the books. “Opening a library in a metro station is like a dream for us,” he says. “Libraries should be beautiful and open; inviting, not intimidating. It’s not a shrine, but a place where you can spend time freely, take part in discussions, public consultations, or meet people.”
In the coming months, Metroteka plans to host author readings, workshops, and classes to further engage the community. Books can be returned either directly to the library or via parcel lockers outside the station, available around the clock.
As commuters pass through Kondratowicza station with coffee in hand and a novel tucked under one arm, Metroteka quietly transforms daily routines into cultural moments. By meeting people where they are, literally underground, the library isn’t just promoting reading. It’s redefining what public space can offer.

You, an English teacher, decided to use the last part of the article to teach fixed phrases, idiomatic expressions and phrasal verbs to your students. After reading the article, you found three good examples to use during your class. Before explaining, you ask your students to guess their meanings. All your students’ guesses can be considered correct in the context of the article, EXCEPT
Alternativas
Q4219571
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2026 Banca: Instituto Legalle Órgão: Prefeitura de Campestre da Serra - RS Prova: Instituto Legalle - 2026 - Prefeitura de Campestre da Serra - RS - Professor de Letras - Inglês/Espanhol/Literatura |
Q4219571 Inglês
Para responder à questão, leia o texto abaixo.


Examples of Professional Ethics


Professional ethics are principles of professional behavior that are adopted by an individual in their work. To be considered ethics, these must go beyond what is required by laws, regulations and reasonable expectations.


Key examples include:


Accountability

Honesty & Candor

Integrity & Moral

Conduct Confidentiality & Privacy

Respect For Individuals

Transparency

Objectivity

Fairness

Responsibility

Do the Right Thing


Fonte: https://simplicable.com/talent/professional-ethics.
In the expression Honesty & Candor, the word candor MOST nearly suggests:
Alternativas
Q4217997
Inglês Preposições | Prepositions , Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2026 Banca: FGV Órgão: NAV Brasil Prova: FGV - 2026 - NAV Brasil - Profissional Técnico de Navegação Aérea - Operador de Torre de Controle |
Q4217997 Inglês
Read Text IV and answer the question that follow it.

TEXT IV

Flights resume in Sao Paulo after brief airspace closure due to technical issue

        SAO PAULO, April 9 (Reuters) - The airspace of Sao Paulo has been reopened following a brief closure on Thursday morning, the Congonhas and Guarulhos airports' operators and the Brazilian Air Force said in separate statements.

        Operators for the local Congonhas Airport and Guarulhos International Airport had said earlier that all landings and takeoffs had been suspended in the city due to what the Congonhas' operator said was an "electrical failure."

        Brazil's Air Force, which is responsible for national air traffic, said the suspension lasted just over half an hour, adding it found a "technical operational issue" as the reason for the incident, without providing further details.

        Guarulhos' operator said the issue did not happen at its airport, the busiest in Latin America.

        As operators rushed to mitigate the impacts, Brazil's civil aviation regulator said it implemented a series of initial measures outlined in its pre-crisis protocol, with the aim of monitoring the consequences of the incident.

Adapted from: https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/sao-paulos-airspacetemporarily-closed-one-airport-cites-electrical-failure-2026-04-09
Due to” in “due to what the Congonhas' operator said” (2nd paragraph) means 
Alternativas
Q4217996
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2026 Banca: FGV Órgão: NAV Brasil Prova: FGV - 2026 - NAV Brasil - Profissional Técnico de Navegação Aérea - Operador de Torre de Controle |
Q4217996 Inglês
Read Text IV and answer the question that follow it.

TEXT IV

Flights resume in Sao Paulo after brief airspace closure due to technical issue

        SAO PAULO, April 9 (Reuters) - The airspace of Sao Paulo has been reopened following a brief closure on Thursday morning, the Congonhas and Guarulhos airports' operators and the Brazilian Air Force said in separate statements.

        Operators for the local Congonhas Airport and Guarulhos International Airport had said earlier that all landings and takeoffs had been suspended in the city due to what the Congonhas' operator said was an "electrical failure."

        Brazil's Air Force, which is responsible for national air traffic, said the suspension lasted just over half an hour, adding it found a "technical operational issue" as the reason for the incident, without providing further details.

        Guarulhos' operator said the issue did not happen at its airport, the busiest in Latin America.

        As operators rushed to mitigate the impacts, Brazil's civil aviation regulator said it implemented a series of initial measures outlined in its pre-crisis protocol, with the aim of monitoring the consequences of the incident.

Adapted from: https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/sao-paulos-airspacetemporarily-closed-one-airport-cites-electrical-failure-2026-04-09
The opposite of “earlier” (2nd paragraph) is 
Alternativas
Q4217995
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2026 Banca: FGV Órgão: NAV Brasil Prova: FGV - 2026 - NAV Brasil - Profissional Técnico de Navegação Aérea - Operador de Torre de Controle |
Q4217995 Inglês
Read Text IV and answer the question that follow it.

TEXT IV

Flights resume in Sao Paulo after brief airspace closure due to technical issue

        SAO PAULO, April 9 (Reuters) - The airspace of Sao Paulo has been reopened following a brief closure on Thursday morning, the Congonhas and Guarulhos airports' operators and the Brazilian Air Force said in separate statements.

        Operators for the local Congonhas Airport and Guarulhos International Airport had said earlier that all landings and takeoffs had been suspended in the city due to what the Congonhas' operator said was an "electrical failure."

        Brazil's Air Force, which is responsible for national air traffic, said the suspension lasted just over half an hour, adding it found a "technical operational issue" as the reason for the incident, without providing further details.

        Guarulhos' operator said the issue did not happen at its airport, the busiest in Latin America.

        As operators rushed to mitigate the impacts, Brazil's civil aviation regulator said it implemented a series of initial measures outlined in its pre-crisis protocol, with the aim of monitoring the consequences of the incident.

Adapted from: https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/sao-paulos-airspacetemporarily-closed-one-airport-cites-electrical-failure-2026-04-09
In the title, the word “resume” means that flights have been 
Alternativas
Q4217985
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2026 Banca: FGV Órgão: NAV Brasil Prova: FGV - 2026 - NAV Brasil - Profissional Técnico de Navegação Aérea - Operador de Torre de Controle |
Q4217985 Inglês

Read text I and answer the  question that follow it.


TEXT I

The Growing Complexity of Airspace

        The aviation industry has witnessed unprecedented growth in recent years. The number of flights, both commercial and private, has surged, resulting in a more congested airspace. This increased traffic volume places immense strain on air traffic controllers, who must manage a complex web of aircraft movements with precision and efficiency.

        Moreover, the integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) into the airspace adds another layer of complexity. While drones offer various benefits, their unregulated use poses significant risks to commercial aviation. Harmonizing the operations of manned and unmanned aircraft is a major challenge that requires careful consideration and robust regulations.

        Despite advancements in aviation technology, the air traffic control system still relies heavily on outdated infrastructure and systems. Many air traffic control centers operate with aging equipment that is prone to failures and lacks the capacity to handle the increasing volume of traffic. This infrastructure gap can lead to delays, inefficiencies, and safety concerns.

         Furthermore, the integration of new technologies, such as advanced automation and data analytics, has been slow. While these technologies hold the potential to revolutionize air traffic management, their implementation has been hindered by various factors, including cost, interoperability, and cybersecurity concerns.

        Air traffic control is a high-pressure job that demands exceptional focus, decision-making skills, and situational awareness. While air traffic controllers undergo rigorous training, human error remains a significant risk factor. Factors such as fatigue, stress, and workload can contribute to mistakes that have serious consequences. […]

        The increasing reliance on technology in the aviation industry has made it a prime target for cyberattacks. Air traffic control systems are critical infrastructure and must be protected from malicious actors. A successful cyberattack could have catastrophic consequences, including loss of life and economic damage. […]

        Addressing the problems facing air traffic control requires a multi-faceted approach involving collaboration between government agencies, aviation industry stakeholders, and technology providers.


Adapted from https://birminghamjournal.co.uk/ problems-with-air-traffic-control-today/

In the sentence “While air traffic controllers undergo rigorous training, human error remains a significant risk factor.” (5th paragraph), it is implied that humans are 
Alternativas
Respostas
1: C
2: B
3: A
4: C
5: A
6: C
7: D
8: B
9: B
10: A
11: B
12: A
13: E
14: C
15: D
16: A
17: C
18: B
19: B
20: A
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