Questões de Concurso
Sobre análise sintática | syntax parsing em inglês
Foram encontradas 579 questões
Ano: 2026
Banca:
AMAUC
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Itá - SC
Prova:
AMAUC - 2026 - Prefeitura de Itá - SC - Professor de Inglês |
Q3837325
Inglês
Noun number and concord can be tricky with collective
nouns and nouns that are plural in form but singular in
meaning. Select the alternative that demonstrates correct
subject-verb agreement in standard British English.
Ano: 2026
Banca:
IGEDUC
Órgão:
Prefeitura de São José do Campestre - RN
Prova:
IGEDUC - 2026 - Prefeitura de São José do Campestre - RN - Professor - Área: Inglês |
Q3829932
Inglês
Adverbial phrases provide circumstantial information, and
their specific placement at the beginning of a sentence
can trigger syntactic changes like subject-auxiliary
inversion. Analyze the assertions below regarding
negative adverbials and inversion:
I. Fronting negative adverbials like "Under no circumstances" or "Seldom" requires subject-auxiliary inversion (e.g., "should you go").
II. Adverbials of frequency always trigger inversion when placed at the beginning of the sentence (e.g., "Sometimes go I").
III. "Little did he know" is a fixed phrase exemplifying negative inversion used for dramatic or emphatic effect.
Select the correct analysis:
I. Fronting negative adverbials like "Under no circumstances" or "Seldom" requires subject-auxiliary inversion (e.g., "should you go").
II. Adverbials of frequency always trigger inversion when placed at the beginning of the sentence (e.g., "Sometimes go I").
III. "Little did he know" is a fixed phrase exemplifying negative inversion used for dramatic or emphatic effect.
Select the correct analysis:
Ano: 2026
Banca:
IGEDUC
Órgão:
Prefeitura de São José do Campestre - RN
Prova:
IGEDUC - 2026 - Prefeitura de São José do Campestre - RN - Professor - Área: Inglês |
Q3829931
Inglês
Reading comprehension requires distinguishing between
literal information and inferential reasoning based on
cohesive ties and reference. Considering the sentence
"The heavy rain caused a flood, which destroyed the
bridge," judge the statements as True (T) or False (F):
(__) The relative pronoun "which" refers to the entire preceding clause (the fact that rain caused a flood).
(__) It can be inferred that the bridge was destroyed directly by the rain drops, not by the resulting flood.
(__) This structure is an example of a sentential relative clause, providing a comment on the whole situation.
(__) The pronoun "which" could be grammatically replaced by "that" in this specific non-restrictive context.
The correct sequence, from top to bottom, is:
(__) The relative pronoun "which" refers to the entire preceding clause (the fact that rain caused a flood).
(__) It can be inferred that the bridge was destroyed directly by the rain drops, not by the resulting flood.
(__) This structure is an example of a sentential relative clause, providing a comment on the whole situation.
(__) The pronoun "which" could be grammatically replaced by "that" in this specific non-restrictive context.
The correct sequence, from top to bottom, is:
Ano: 2026
Banca:
IGEDUC
Órgão:
Prefeitura de São José do Campestre - RN
Prova:
IGEDUC - 2026 - Prefeitura de São José do Campestre - RN - Professor - Área: Inglês |
Q3829930
Inglês
The internal structure of noun phrases often involves
complex modification by adjective phrases and specific
pronominal constraints. Analyze the following assertions
regarding syntax and usage constraints of adjectives and
pronouns:
I. In the phrase "The person responsible for the damage," the adjective must follow the noun because it is post-modified by a prepositional phrase.
II. "Between you and I" is the prescriptively correct form for the object of a preposition in standard English grammar.
III. Adjectives ending in -ble or -ible often follow the noun when the noun is modified by a superlative (e.g., "the best hotel available").
Select the correct analysis:
I. In the phrase "The person responsible for the damage," the adjective must follow the noun because it is post-modified by a prepositional phrase.
II. "Between you and I" is the prescriptively correct form for the object of a preposition in standard English grammar.
III. Adjectives ending in -ble or -ible often follow the noun when the noun is modified by a superlative (e.g., "the best hotel available").
Select the correct analysis:
Ano: 2026
Banca:
IGEDUC
Órgão:
Prefeitura de São José do Campestre - RN
Prova:
IGEDUC - 2026 - Prefeitura de São José do Campestre - RN - Professor - Área: Inglês |
Q3829928
Inglês
Os verbos multi-palavra são classificados de acordo com
seu comportamento sintático quanto à posição do objeto
e à natureza da partícula. Analise as assertivas a seguir
sobre a sintaxe dos phrasal verbs e dos prepositional
verbs:
I. "Look forward to" é um verbo phrasal-prepositional de três partes e é inseparável, de modo que o objeto deve ocorrer após a cadeia de partículas.
II. No phrasal verb "turn on" (transitivo e separável), quando o objeto é um pronome (por exemplo, it), ele deve ser colocado entre o verbo e a partícula.
III. Prepositional verbs como "rely on" permitem que o objeto seja colocado antes da preposição (por exemplo, rely it on) para dar ênfase.
Está correto o que se afirma em:
I. "Look forward to" é um verbo phrasal-prepositional de três partes e é inseparável, de modo que o objeto deve ocorrer após a cadeia de partículas.
II. No phrasal verb "turn on" (transitivo e separável), quando o objeto é um pronome (por exemplo, it), ele deve ser colocado entre o verbo e a partícula.
III. Prepositional verbs como "rely on" permitem que o objeto seja colocado antes da preposição (por exemplo, rely it on) para dar ênfase.
Está correto o que se afirma em:
Ano: 2026
Banca:
IGEDUC
Órgão:
Prefeitura de São José do Campestre - RN
Prova:
IGEDUC - 2026 - Prefeitura de São José do Campestre - RN - Professor - Área: Inglês |
Q3829926
Inglês
The voice system allows the speaker to adjust the focus
of the proposition, but some verbs bridge the gap
between active and passive, known as ergative or labile
verbs. Analyze the assertions regarding ergative verbs in
English syntax:
I. In the sentence "The window broke," the verb functions intransitively with a passive meaning, despite having active morphology and no explicit agent.
II. Ergative verbs require an agent in the subject position to be grammatically correct in the active voice.
III. "The book reads well" is an example of a middle voice construction where the grammatical subject undergoes the action.
Select the correct analysis:
I. In the sentence "The window broke," the verb functions intransitively with a passive meaning, despite having active morphology and no explicit agent.
II. Ergative verbs require an agent in the subject position to be grammatically correct in the active voice.
III. "The book reads well" is an example of a middle voice construction where the grammatical subject undergoes the action.
Select the correct analysis:
Ano: 2026
Banca:
IGEDUC
Órgão:
Prefeitura de São José do Campestre - RN
Prova:
IGEDUC - 2026 - Prefeitura de São José do Campestre - RN - Professor - Área: Inglês |
Q3829923
Inglês
Subordination complexifies sentences by establishing
dependency relationships, often involving mood shifts
and alternative syntactic structures like inversion. Select
the option that correctly rewrites "If I had known about the
meeting, I would have attended" using conditional
inversion without a conjunction.
Ano: 2026
Banca:
IGEDUC
Órgão:
Prefeitura de São José do Campestre - RN
Prova:
IGEDUC - 2026 - Prefeitura de São José do Campestre - RN - Professor - Área: Inglês |
Q3829920
Inglês
Noun classification includes variable agreement rules
depending on the morphological form and semantic
content, such as summation plurals and nouns ending in
-s. Choose the alternative where the subject-verb
agreement is grammatically correct regarding nouns
ending in -s that are singular in meaning.
Ano: 2026
Banca:
Instituto Access
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Planaltina - GO
Prova:
Instituto Access - 2026 - Prefeitura de Planaltina - GO - Professor de Inglês |
Q3829861
Inglês
In academic or formal writing, the choice between
coordination (parataxis) and subordination (hypotaxis)
significantly affects textual density and information
hierarchy. Analyze the statements regarding these
mechanisms:
I.Subordination creates a hierarchy of information, allowing the writer to background less important information (in the dependent clause) and foreground the main point (in the independent clause).
II.Heavy nominalization, often associated with subordination, tends to decrease lexical density, making the text resemble spoken language more closely.
III.Coordination links clauses of equal grammatical status, which can sometimes lead to ambiguity regarding the logical relationship between ideas if explicit connectors are not used.
Choose the alternative that indicates the correct statement(s).
I.Subordination creates a hierarchy of information, allowing the writer to background less important information (in the dependent clause) and foreground the main point (in the independent clause).
II.Heavy nominalization, often associated with subordination, tends to decrease lexical density, making the text resemble spoken language more closely.
III.Coordination links clauses of equal grammatical status, which can sometimes lead to ambiguity regarding the logical relationship between ideas if explicit connectors are not used.
Choose the alternative that indicates the correct statement(s).
Ano: 2026
Banca:
Instituto Access
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Planaltina - GO
Prova:
Instituto Access - 2026 - Prefeitura de Planaltina - GO - Professor de Inglês |
Q3829860
Inglês
Correlative comparatives (the... the...) express a
proportionate increase or decrease. This structure often
triggers a specific syntactic arrangement involving the
fronting of the comparative element. Select the sentence
that strictly follows the standard syntactic rule for this
structure.
Ano: 2026
Banca:
Instituto Access
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Planaltina - GO
Prova:
Instituto Access - 2026 - Prefeitura de Planaltina - GO - Professor de Inglês |
Q3829857
Inglês
In advanced text production, the use of cleft sentences
(it-clefts and wh-clefts) allows the writer to manipulate
information structure for emphasis. Considering the
morphosyntactic properties of it-clefts, select the
alternative that correctly analyzes the focus in the
sentence "It was the strong wind that caused the power
outage".
Ano: 2026
Banca:
AMAUC
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Ipira - SC
Prova:
AMAUC - 2026 - Prefeitura de Ipira - SC - Professor de Letras (Língua Inglesa) |
Q3828924
Inglês
Syntax governs the arrangement of words and phrases to
create well-formed sentences, including rules for word
order and the use of auxiliary verbs in different sentence
types. Analyze the following statements regarding
English syntax:
I.Adjectives generally precede the nouns they modify, except in specific cases such as when the adjective functions as a subject complement.
II.Inversion of the subject and auxiliary verb is mandatory in sentences beginning with negative adverbs like "seldom" or "never".
III.Intransitive verbs require a direct object to complete their meaning within a sentence structure.
Choose the correct alternative:
I.Adjectives generally precede the nouns they modify, except in specific cases such as when the adjective functions as a subject complement.
II.Inversion of the subject and auxiliary verb is mandatory in sentences beginning with negative adverbs like "seldom" or "never".
III.Intransitive verbs require a direct object to complete their meaning within a sentence structure.
Choose the correct alternative:
Ano: 2026
Banca:
CESPE / CEBRASPE
Órgão:
SEDUC-SE
Prova:
CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2026 - SEDUC-SE - Professor de Educação Básica - Área de Atuação: Grupo I - Ensino Fundamental e Médio - Disciplina: Língua Inglesa |
Q3825684
Inglês
Texto associado
Text 11A1-IV
The more that you read, the more things you will know.
The more that you learn, the more places you’ll go.
Dr. Seuss. I can read with my eyes shut! New York: Random House, 1987.
Considering text 11A1-IV, which presents a famous Dr. Seuss
quote, choose the correct option regarding the grammatical class
of the words “know” and “go”.
Ano: 2026
Banca:
CESPE / CEBRASPE
Órgão:
SEDUC-SE
Prova:
CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2026 - SEDUC-SE - Professor de Educação Básica - Área de Atuação: Grupo I - Ensino Fundamental e Médio - Disciplina: Língua Inglesa |
Q3825681
Inglês
Texto associado
Text 11A1-II
Kathryn LeMieux. When English teachers snap.
Internet:<https://engl3202lsu.weebly.com>
In the billboard original sentence “got milk?”, presented in
text 11A1-II, the teacher crosses out the word “got” and includes
the words “Do you have any”. Considering word classes and
syntax, it is correct to conclude that the billboard original
sentence was incorrect in standard English because
Ano: 2026
Banca:
ACCESS
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Campos Gerais - MG
Prova:
ACCESS - 2026 - Prefeitura de Campos Gerais - MG - Professor de Educação Básica – Regente de Aulas/Língua Inglesa |
Q3818998
Inglês
Negative inversion is a syntactic phenomenon used for
emphasis where the auxiliary verb precedes the subject
after certain negative or restrictive adverbials. Choose
the alternative that correctly applies this rule.
Ano: 2026
Banca:
ACCESS
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Campos Gerais - MG
Prova:
ACCESS - 2026 - Prefeitura de Campos Gerais - MG - Professor de Educação Básica – Regente de Aulas/Língua Inglesa |
Q3818995
Inglês
The "the... the..." construction (correlative comparative)
creates a relationship of proportionality between two
clauses. Analyze the sentence "The more sophisticated
the technology becomes, the more vulnerable to
cyberattacks ___." Select the option that correctly
completes the syntactic structure involving the subject
and verb placement.
Ano: 2026
Banca:
Instituto Fênix
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Brunópolis - SC
Prova:
Instituto Fênix - 2026 - Prefeitura de Brunópolis - SC - Professor de Inglês |
Q3816238
Inglês
Texto associado
Para responder à questão, leia o texto a seguir:
How Long Does It Take to Get Fit Again?
When it comes to cardiovascular fitness and muscle strength, the adage is true: Use it or lose it. While regular exercise can improve heart health and increase strength and mobility, taking weeks or months off can reverse many of those benefits.
That’s not to say that rest days are not important. In general, short breaks can help you physically and mentally recharge, but whenever possible, you should avoid extending your time off for too long so that hopping back on the wagon doesn’t feel too daunting or miserable.
“Your body adapts to the stimulus you provide,” said Dr. Kevin Stone, an orthopedic surgeon and the author of the book “Play Forever: How to Recover From Injury and Thrive.” “Your muscles become used to the stress and the testosterone, the adrenaline and endorphins — all the wonderful things that circulate from exercise. When you take that away, the body initiates a muscle loss program.”
Source: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/well/move/fitness-loss
exercise.html
In the sentence “Your muscles become used to the stress
and the testosterone, the adrenaline and endorphins”, the
words testosterone, adrenaline, and endorphins belong to the
same grammatical class and function in the sentence as
Ano: 2025
Banca:
UNIVALI
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Luiz Alves - SC
Prova:
UNIVALI - 2025 - Prefeitura de Luiz Alves - SC - Professor de Língua Inglesa - Edital nº 15 |
Q4037197
Inglês
Texto associado
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder à questão.
We can learn a lot from Troy's trash
Beneath the epic tales of heroes and gods, Troy's true
story is written in something far less glamorous − its
rubbish.
When we think of Troy, we imagine epic battles, valiant
deeds, cunning tricks and the wrath of gods. Thanks to
Homer's Iliad, the city is remembered as a stage for
romance and heroism.
But long before Paris stole Helen and Achilles raged on
the battlefield, the people of bronze age Troy lived
ordinary lives − with extraordinary consequences. They
built, cooked, stored, traded and, crucially, threw things
away. And they did it right where they lived.
Today, waste is whisked away quickly − out of sight, out
of mind. But in bronze age Troy (3000−1000BC), trash
stayed close, often accumulating in domestic dumping
grounds for generations.
Having spent more than 16 summers excavating and
analysing the bronze age layers of Troy, I've learned to read the city's history this waste.
Hundreds of thousands of animal bones from cattle,
sheep, fish − even turtles − were found alongside vast
quantities of pottery shards, ash, food scraps, and human
waste. Sometimes, these layers were reused to level
floors or build walls, showing how closely intertwined
daily life and refuse management were.
This wasn't laziness or neglect, it was pure pragmatism.
In a world without rubbish trucks or sanitation systems,
managing refuse was neither chaotic nor careless, but a
collective, spatially negotiated − and surprisingly strategic
− effort.
The excavations I have worked on as part of the
University of Tübingen's Troy Project, which has been
going on since 1988, have revealed just how deliberate
these routines were. Where people chose to dump, or not
to dump, speaks volumes about status, social roles, and
community boundaries. Waste is the diary no one meant
to write, yet it records the intimate rhythms of daily life
with unfiltered clarity.
Far from a nuisance, Troy's waste is an archaeologist's
treasure trove.
Over nearly 2,000 years, Troy ended up with 15 meters
of built-up debris. Archaeologists can see nine major
building phases in it, each made up of hundreds of thin
layers, which formed as people lived their everyday lives.
These layers act like snapshots, quietly recording how
the city changed over time. Some capture hearth
cleanings, others record the rebuilding of entire city
quarters.
By analysing the layers and their ratios of bones to
pottery, ash concentration, presence of storage jars,
grinding stones, or production debris, specific spaces of
activity become visible: kitchens, workshops, storage
areas, rubbish pits. What appears chaotic turns out to be
a carefully structured map of everyday routines −
showing where meals were prepared, tools made, and
discarded objects left behind.
The story these remains tell is one of profound
transformation. Troy began as a modest agrarian
settlement, shaped by the steady rhythms of farming,
herding, and small-scale craft. Over time, it grew into a
thriving regional centre.
The archaeological record, rich in refuse, traces this long
arc of change. Exotic imports fashioned from stones such
as carnelian and lapis lazuli begin to appear, revealing
distant trade connections. Specialised metalworking tools
emerge alongside monumental architecture. some
buildings stretched nearly 30 metres, signalling growing
ambitions and expanding capabilities.
This rise unfolded gradually, reflected not just in grander
buildings, but in shifting tools, trade, and how people
dealt with what they left behind. Waste management
became more organised, with designated areas for
different types of waste. This reflects broader shifts in
how the community structured space and managed its
economy.
Yet this ascent was interrupted. By the mid-third
millennium BC, signs that things were becoming smaller
appear. Architecture simplifies, household inventories
shrink, production debris declines suggesting economic
slowdown or political instability.
Still, Troy endured. By the mid-second millennium BC,
the city revived. Refined ceramics, luxury imports and
evidence of social complexity marked a new chapter of
recovery and reinvention. This splendid settlement later
became the stage for Homer's Trojan War where Greek
warriors faced the daunting task of climbing towering
mounds of debris built up over centuries just to reach the
palaces.
These insights allow us to see Troy not just as a city of
walls and towers, but as a living organism shaped by
daily routines, unspoken norms and social negotiation.
The waste left behind is a remarkably honest archive of
bronze age society − beneath myths, stones, and poetry.
Troy's trash heaps are the bronze age's search history.
To know what mattered 4,500 years ago, don't ask poets
− ask the garbage. From broken tools to shared meals,
from imported luxuries to scraps, this waste reveals the
pulse of everyday life and society's evolving structure.
Ironically, these mundane refuse layers preserved the
bronze age world for us. Without them, we'd know far
less about early Troy's people. Their depth and
composition trace changes in economy, technology, and
social structure. From scraps to towers of pottery shards,
waste archaeology is key to understanding early urban
complexity.
So next time you picture Achilles storming Troy's gates,
remember: the heroes might have been divine, but their
city smelled very human.
https://theconversation.com/we-can-learn-a-lot-from-troys-trash-260613
Regarding the text, judge the statements below.
I. The sentence "Where people chose to dump, or not to dump, speaks volumes about status, social roles, and community boundaries" contains a concessive type (free relative clause) functioning as the direct object of the verb "speaks," where "where" introduces a clause with an implicit antecedent referring back to "volumes," and this construction is identical to adverbial clauses of place which modify verbs rather than function as noun phrase equivalents.
II. The complex sentence "Having spent more than 16 summers excavating and analysing the bronze age layers of Troy, I've learned to read the city's history this waste" demonstrates a non-finite participial clause ("Having spent...") functioning as an adverbial of reason or temporal background, with the perfect aspect "having spent" indicating that the action of the participle preceded the main clause verb "learned," though the sentence contains a grammatical error with missing preposition "from" or "in" before "this waste."
III. The structure "What appears chaotic turns out to be a carefully structured map" exemplifies a pseudo-cleft (wh-cleft) sentence construction that foregrounds information by moving it to subject position, creating emphasis on "what appears chaotic" while the predicate provides the surprising revelation, and this syntactic pattern is commonly employed in academic writing to manage information flow and create rhetorical impact.
The following statement(s) is/are CORRECT:
I. The sentence "Where people chose to dump, or not to dump, speaks volumes about status, social roles, and community boundaries" contains a concessive type (free relative clause) functioning as the direct object of the verb "speaks," where "where" introduces a clause with an implicit antecedent referring back to "volumes," and this construction is identical to adverbial clauses of place which modify verbs rather than function as noun phrase equivalents.
II. The complex sentence "Having spent more than 16 summers excavating and analysing the bronze age layers of Troy, I've learned to read the city's history this waste" demonstrates a non-finite participial clause ("Having spent...") functioning as an adverbial of reason or temporal background, with the perfect aspect "having spent" indicating that the action of the participle preceded the main clause verb "learned," though the sentence contains a grammatical error with missing preposition "from" or "in" before "this waste."
III. The structure "What appears chaotic turns out to be a carefully structured map" exemplifies a pseudo-cleft (wh-cleft) sentence construction that foregrounds information by moving it to subject position, creating emphasis on "what appears chaotic" while the predicate provides the surprising revelation, and this syntactic pattern is commonly employed in academic writing to manage information flow and create rhetorical impact.
The following statement(s) is/are CORRECT:
Ano: 2025
Banca:
UNIVALI
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Luiz Alves - SC
Prova:
UNIVALI - 2025 - Prefeitura de Luiz Alves - SC - Professor de Língua Inglesa - Edital nº 15 |
Q4037195
Inglês
Texto associado
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder à questão.
We can learn a lot from Troy's trash
Beneath the epic tales of heroes and gods, Troy's true
story is written in something far less glamorous − its
rubbish.
When we think of Troy, we imagine epic battles, valiant
deeds, cunning tricks and the wrath of gods. Thanks to
Homer's Iliad, the city is remembered as a stage for
romance and heroism.
But long before Paris stole Helen and Achilles raged on
the battlefield, the people of bronze age Troy lived
ordinary lives − with extraordinary consequences. They
built, cooked, stored, traded and, crucially, threw things
away. And they did it right where they lived.
Today, waste is whisked away quickly − out of sight, out
of mind. But in bronze age Troy (3000−1000BC), trash
stayed close, often accumulating in domestic dumping
grounds for generations.
Having spent more than 16 summers excavating and
analysing the bronze age layers of Troy, I've learned to read the city's history this waste.
Hundreds of thousands of animal bones from cattle,
sheep, fish − even turtles − were found alongside vast
quantities of pottery shards, ash, food scraps, and human
waste. Sometimes, these layers were reused to level
floors or build walls, showing how closely intertwined
daily life and refuse management were.
This wasn't laziness or neglect, it was pure pragmatism.
In a world without rubbish trucks or sanitation systems,
managing refuse was neither chaotic nor careless, but a
collective, spatially negotiated − and surprisingly strategic
− effort.
The excavations I have worked on as part of the
University of Tübingen's Troy Project, which has been
going on since 1988, have revealed just how deliberate
these routines were. Where people chose to dump, or not
to dump, speaks volumes about status, social roles, and
community boundaries. Waste is the diary no one meant
to write, yet it records the intimate rhythms of daily life
with unfiltered clarity.
Far from a nuisance, Troy's waste is an archaeologist's
treasure trove.
Over nearly 2,000 years, Troy ended up with 15 meters
of built-up debris. Archaeologists can see nine major
building phases in it, each made up of hundreds of thin
layers, which formed as people lived their everyday lives.
These layers act like snapshots, quietly recording how
the city changed over time. Some capture hearth
cleanings, others record the rebuilding of entire city
quarters.
By analysing the layers and their ratios of bones to
pottery, ash concentration, presence of storage jars,
grinding stones, or production debris, specific spaces of
activity become visible: kitchens, workshops, storage
areas, rubbish pits. What appears chaotic turns out to be
a carefully structured map of everyday routines −
showing where meals were prepared, tools made, and
discarded objects left behind.
The story these remains tell is one of profound
transformation. Troy began as a modest agrarian
settlement, shaped by the steady rhythms of farming,
herding, and small-scale craft. Over time, it grew into a
thriving regional centre.
The archaeological record, rich in refuse, traces this long
arc of change. Exotic imports fashioned from stones such
as carnelian and lapis lazuli begin to appear, revealing
distant trade connections. Specialised metalworking tools
emerge alongside monumental architecture. some
buildings stretched nearly 30 metres, signalling growing
ambitions and expanding capabilities.
This rise unfolded gradually, reflected not just in grander
buildings, but in shifting tools, trade, and how people
dealt with what they left behind. Waste management
became more organised, with designated areas for
different types of waste. This reflects broader shifts in
how the community structured space and managed its
economy.
Yet this ascent was interrupted. By the mid-third
millennium BC, signs that things were becoming smaller
appear. Architecture simplifies, household inventories
shrink, production debris declines suggesting economic
slowdown or political instability.
Still, Troy endured. By the mid-second millennium BC,
the city revived. Refined ceramics, luxury imports and
evidence of social complexity marked a new chapter of
recovery and reinvention. This splendid settlement later
became the stage for Homer's Trojan War where Greek
warriors faced the daunting task of climbing towering
mounds of debris built up over centuries just to reach the
palaces.
These insights allow us to see Troy not just as a city of
walls and towers, but as a living organism shaped by
daily routines, unspoken norms and social negotiation.
The waste left behind is a remarkably honest archive of
bronze age society − beneath myths, stones, and poetry.
Troy's trash heaps are the bronze age's search history.
To know what mattered 4,500 years ago, don't ask poets
− ask the garbage. From broken tools to shared meals,
from imported luxuries to scraps, this waste reveals the
pulse of everyday life and society's evolving structure.
Ironically, these mundane refuse layers preserved the
bronze age world for us. Without them, we'd know far
less about early Troy's people. Their depth and
composition trace changes in economy, technology, and
social structure. From scraps to towers of pottery shards,
waste archaeology is key to understanding early urban
complexity.
So next time you picture Achilles storming Troy's gates,
remember: the heroes might have been divine, but their
city smelled very human.
https://theconversation.com/we-can-learn-a-lot-from-troys-trash-260613
Read the excerpt below:
"What appears chaotic turns out to be a carefully structured map of everyday routines."
Grammatically, the underlined structure "What appears chaotic" functions as:
"What appears chaotic turns out to be a carefully structured map of everyday routines."
Grammatically, the underlined structure "What appears chaotic" functions as:
Ano: 2025
Banca:
UNIVALI
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Luiz Alves - SC
Prova:
UNIVALI - 2025 - Prefeitura de Luiz Alves - SC - Professor de Língua Inglesa - Edital nº 15 |
Q4037187
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New research unveils the "dark side" of social media
influencers and their impact on marketing and
consumer behaviour
Social media influencers (SMIs) pose psychological,
health and security risks and need tighter regulation, a
new study finds.
SMIs have revolutionised marketing, shaping consumer
behaviour, brand strategies, and even societal norms.
However, new research exposes a lesser-known side of
influencer culture, one that raises ethical, psychological,
and regulatory concerns.
A recent study by the University of Portsmouth
systematically examines the negative impacts of SMIs,
highlighting issues such as misinformation, endorsement
of dangerous products, unrealistic beauty standards, the
fostering of a comparison culture, deceptive
consumption, and privacy risks.
With influencer marketing projected to reach an
estimated $480 billion by 2027, companies increasingly
rely on SMIs to promote products and foster consumer
trust.
A Digital Marketing Institute (2024) survey found that 60
per cent of consumers trust influencer recommendations,
with nearly half of all purchasing decisions being
influenced by these endorsements. However, as
influencer culture grows, so do concerns about its
unintended consequences.
Many SMIs act as opinion leaders or experts within their
respective areas, frequently reviewing products and
leveraging their authority, expertise, or relationships with
followers to influence purchasing decisions. Some inspire
and entertain; others deceive and upset. The deception
and damage, and their impact on consumption, need to
be carefully regulated.
Yuksel Ekinci, Professor of Marketing and Sales at the
University of Portsmouth
The paper, published in Psychology and Marketing,
warns power of SMIs is creating a worrying consumer
landscape. Unlike traditional celebrities, whose fame is
typically rooted in institutional settings - such as acting,
music, or sports - SMIs gain recognition through social media platforms, often relying on personal branding and
consistent engagement with their audiences.
Yuksel Ekinci, Professor of Marketing and Sales at the
University of Portsmouth, said: "Many SMIs act as
opinion leaders or experts within their respective areas,
frequently reviewing products and leveraging their
authority, expertise, or relationships with followers to
influence purchasing decisions. Some inspire and
entertain; others deceive and upset. The deception and
damage, and their impact on consumption, need to be
carefully regulated."
This study organises the negative aspects of influencer
marketing into six key themes:
1. Promotion of harmful products − SMIs often endorse
unhealthy or dangerous products such as diet pills, detox
teas, and alcohol without full disclosure, influencing
consumption habits, particularly among younger
audiences.
2. Dissemination of misinformation − many influencers,
despite lacking expertise, spread false information about
health, politics, and social issues, leading to widespread
disinformation.
3. Reinforcement of unrealistic beauty standards − by
presenting filtered and curated images, influencers
contribute to body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and
harmful beauty practices.
4. Fostering of comparison culture − influencer-driven
content fuels lifestyle envy and social anxiety, leading to
negative self-comparison and diminished wellbeing.
5. Deceptive consumption practices − some influencers
engage in unethical behaviours such as undisclosed
sponsorships, promotion of counterfeit goods, and
misleading advertisements, undermining consumer trust.
6. Privacy concerns − the extensive data collection and
sharing by influencers raise significant security and
regulatory issues, posing risks for both influencers and
followers.
Social media influencers hold immense power over
consumer decisions and cultural norms. While they
provide entertainment, inspiration, and brand
engagement, the unchecked influence of some SMIs can
lead to serious ethical and psychological consequences.
Our study highlights the urgency for both academic and
industry stakeholders to address these challenges
proactively.
Dr Georgia Buckle, Research Fellow in the School of
Accounting, Economics and Finance at the University of
Portsmouth
The study calls for more stringent oversight, increased
transparency, and ethical marketing strategies to mitigate
these risks. Researchers suggest the following strategies
for policymakers and marketeers:
•Transparency and ethical compliance: brands must
enforce clear disclosure policies to ensure responsible
influencer partnerships.
• Regulation and consumer protection: governments should strengthen policies on influencer marketing to
prevent deceptive practices and misinformation.
• Mental health awareness: companies and influencers
must prioritize authentic content that promotes well-being
rather than unattainable ideals.
• Data privacy protections: stronger safeguards and
awareness campaigns are needed to protect users from
privacy breaches and data exploitation.
Dr Georgia Buckle, Research Fellow in the School of
Accounting, Economics and Finance at the University of
Portsmouth, said: "Social media influencers hold
immense power over consumer decisions and cultural
norms. While they provide entertainment, inspiration, and
brand engagement, the unchecked influence of some
SMIs can lead to serious ethical and psychological
consequences. Our study highlights the urgency for both
academic and industry stakeholders to address these
challenges proactively."
This research offers a critical framework for analysing
influencer culture beyond its commercial benefits,
emphasising the need for ethical marketing practices and
a healthier digital ecosystem.
https://www.port.ac.uk/news-events-and-blogs/news/new-research-unv
eils-the-dark-side-of-social-media-influencers-and-their-impact-on-mark
eting-and-consumer-behaviour
Read the excerpt below:
"Unlike traditional celebrities, whose fame is typically rooted in institutional settings - such as acting, music, or sports - SMIs gain recognition through social media platforms, often relying on personal branding and consistent engagement with their audiences."
An English teacher preparing advanced reading comprehension activities for upper-intermediate students identifies this sentence as exemplifying complex syntactic structures that warrant explicit instruction. When analyzing the sentence's grammatical architecture, discourse function, and pedagogical implications for teaching academic English reading skills, particularly focusing on contrastive constructions and non-restrictive relative clauses embedded within comparative frameworks, the teacher should recognize that:
"Unlike traditional celebrities, whose fame is typically rooted in institutional settings - such as acting, music, or sports - SMIs gain recognition through social media platforms, often relying on personal branding and consistent engagement with their audiences."
An English teacher preparing advanced reading comprehension activities for upper-intermediate students identifies this sentence as exemplifying complex syntactic structures that warrant explicit instruction. When analyzing the sentence's grammatical architecture, discourse function, and pedagogical implications for teaching academic English reading skills, particularly focusing on contrastive constructions and non-restrictive relative clauses embedded within comparative frameworks, the teacher should recognize that:
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