Leia o texto para responder à  questão.

                                  What is organized crime?

      Organized crime was characterised by the United Nations, in 1994, as: “group organization to commit crime; hierarchical links or personal relationships which permit leaders to control the group: violence, intimidation and corruption used to earn profits or control territories or markets; laundering of illicit proceeds both in furtherance of criminal activity and to infiltrate the legitimate economy; the potential for expansion into any new activities and beyond national borders; and cooperation with other organized transnational criminal groups.” 

       It is increasingly global. Although links between, for example, mafia groups in Italy and the USA have existed for decades, new and rapid means of communication have facilitated the development of international networks. Some build on shared linguistic or cultural ties, such as a network trafficking drugs and human organs, which links criminal gangs in Mozambique, Portugal, Brazil, Pakistan, Dubai and South Africa. Others bring together much less likely groups, such as those trafficking arms, drugs and people between South Africa, Nigeria, Pakistan and Russia, or those linking the Russian mafia with Colombian cocaine cartels or North American criminal gangs with the Japanese Yakuza. Trafficked commodities may pass from group to group along the supply chain; for instance heroin in Italy has traditionally been produced in Afghanistan, transported by Turks, distributed by Albanians, and sold by Italians.

Organized crime exploits profit opportunities wherever they arise. Globalization of financial markets, with free movement of goods and capital, has facilitated smuggling of counterfeit goods (in part a reflection of the creation of global brands), internet fraud, and money-laundering. On the other hand, organized crime also takes advantage of the barriers to free movement of people across national borders and the laws against non-medicinal use of narcotics: accordingly it earns vast profits in smuggling migrants and psychoactive drugs. Briquet and Favarel have identified deregulation and the “rolling back of the state” in some countries as creating lacunae that have been occupied by profiteers. The political changes in Europe in the late 1980s fuelled the growth in criminal networks, often involving former law enforcement officers. Failed states, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo or Sierra Leone, have provided further opportunities as criminal gangs smuggle arms in and commodities out, for example diamonds, gold, and rare earth metals, often generating violence against those involved in the trade and in the surrounding communities. Finally, there are a few states, such as the Democratic Republic of Korea and Burma and Guinea-Bissau (once described as a narco-state) where politicians have been alleged to have played an active role in international crime.

       Organized criminal gangs have strong incentives. Compared with legitimate producers, they have lower costs of production due to the ability to disregard quality and safety standards, tax obligations, minimum wages or employee benefits. Once established, they may threaten or use violence to eliminate competitors, and can obtain favourable treatment by regulatory authorities either through bribes or threats.

                                                                               (www.globalizationandhealth.com. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder à  questão.

                                  What is organized crime?

      Organized crime was characterised by the United Nations, in 1994, as: “group organization to commit crime; hierarchical links or personal relationships which permit leaders to control the group: violence, intimidation and corruption used to earn profits or control territories or markets; laundering of illicit proceeds both in furtherance of criminal activity and to infiltrate the legitimate economy; the potential for expansion into any new activities and beyond national borders; and cooperation with other organized transnational criminal groups.” 

       It is increasingly global. Although links between, for example, mafia groups in Italy and the USA have existed for decades, new and rapid means of communication have facilitated the development of international networks. Some build on shared linguistic or cultural ties, such as a network trafficking drugs and human organs, which links criminal gangs in Mozambique, Portugal, Brazil, Pakistan, Dubai and South Africa. Others bring together much less likely groups, such as those trafficking arms, drugs and people between South Africa, Nigeria, Pakistan and Russia, or those linking the Russian mafia with Colombian cocaine cartels or North American criminal gangs with the Japanese Yakuza. Trafficked commodities may pass from group to group along the supply chain; for instance heroin in Italy has traditionally been produced in Afghanistan, transported by Turks, distributed by Albanians, and sold by Italians.

Organized crime exploits profit opportunities wherever they arise. Globalization of financial markets, with free movement of goods and capital, has facilitated smuggling of counterfeit goods (in part a reflection of the creation of global brands), internet fraud, and money-laundering. On the other hand, organized crime also takes advantage of the barriers to free movement of people across national borders and the laws against non-medicinal use of narcotics: accordingly it earns vast profits in smuggling migrants and psychoactive drugs. Briquet and Favarel have identified deregulation and the “rolling back of the state” in some countries as creating lacunae that have been occupied by profiteers. The political changes in Europe in the late 1980s fuelled the growth in criminal networks, often involving former law enforcement officers. Failed states, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo or Sierra Leone, have provided further opportunities as criminal gangs smuggle arms in and commodities out, for example diamonds, gold, and rare earth metals, often generating violence against those involved in the trade and in the surrounding communities. Finally, there are a few states, such as the Democratic Republic of Korea and Burma and Guinea-Bissau (once described as a narco-state) where politicians have been alleged to have played an active role in international crime.

       Organized criminal gangs have strong incentives. Compared with legitimate producers, they have lower costs of production due to the ability to disregard quality and safety standards, tax obligations, minimum wages or employee benefits. Once established, they may threaten or use violence to eliminate competitors, and can obtain favourable treatment by regulatory authorities either through bribes or threats.

                                                                               (www.globalizationandhealth.com. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder à  questão.

                                  What is organized crime?

      Organized crime was characterised by the United Nations, in 1994, as: “group organization to commit crime; hierarchical links or personal relationships which permit leaders to control the group: violence, intimidation and corruption used to earn profits or control territories or markets; laundering of illicit proceeds both in furtherance of criminal activity and to infiltrate the legitimate economy; the potential for expansion into any new activities and beyond national borders; and cooperation with other organized transnational criminal groups.” 

       It is increasingly global. Although links between, for example, mafia groups in Italy and the USA have existed for decades, new and rapid means of communication have facilitated the development of international networks. Some build on shared linguistic or cultural ties, such as a network trafficking drugs and human organs, which links criminal gangs in Mozambique, Portugal, Brazil, Pakistan, Dubai and South Africa. Others bring together much less likely groups, such as those trafficking arms, drugs and people between South Africa, Nigeria, Pakistan and Russia, or those linking the Russian mafia with Colombian cocaine cartels or North American criminal gangs with the Japanese Yakuza. Trafficked commodities may pass from group to group along the supply chain; for instance heroin in Italy has traditionally been produced in Afghanistan, transported by Turks, distributed by Albanians, and sold by Italians.

Organized crime exploits profit opportunities wherever they arise. Globalization of financial markets, with free movement of goods and capital, has facilitated smuggling of counterfeit goods (in part a reflection of the creation of global brands), internet fraud, and money-laundering. On the other hand, organized crime also takes advantage of the barriers to free movement of people across national borders and the laws against non-medicinal use of narcotics: accordingly it earns vast profits in smuggling migrants and psychoactive drugs. Briquet and Favarel have identified deregulation and the “rolling back of the state” in some countries as creating lacunae that have been occupied by profiteers. The political changes in Europe in the late 1980s fuelled the growth in criminal networks, often involving former law enforcement officers. Failed states, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo or Sierra Leone, have provided further opportunities as criminal gangs smuggle arms in and commodities out, for example diamonds, gold, and rare earth metals, often generating violence against those involved in the trade and in the surrounding communities. Finally, there are a few states, such as the Democratic Republic of Korea and Burma and Guinea-Bissau (once described as a narco-state) where politicians have been alleged to have played an active role in international crime.

       Organized criminal gangs have strong incentives. Compared with legitimate producers, they have lower costs of production due to the ability to disregard quality and safety standards, tax obligations, minimum wages or employee benefits. Once established, they may threaten or use violence to eliminate competitors, and can obtain favourable treatment by regulatory authorities either through bribes or threats.

                                                                               (www.globalizationandhealth.com. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder à  questão.

                      Violence Prevention Among Young People in Brazil

       Crime and violence have increased dramatically in Brazil in recent decades, particularly in large urban areas, leading to more intense public debate on causes and solutions. The right to life is the most fundamental of all rights. Having security means living without fearing the risk of violation of one’s life, liberty, physical integrity or property. Security means not only to be free from actual risks, but also to be able to enjoy the feeling of security. In this respect, human rights are systematically undermined by violence and insecurity.

       UNESCO expects to play a primary role in supporting actions of social inclusion to help in the prevention of violence, especially among young people. The attributes and resources to be found in the heart of the Organization’s different areas will be grouped around this objective.

       Violence is seen as a violation of fundamental human rights, as a threat to the respect for the principles of liberty and equality. An approach focused on the access to quality education, to decent jobs, to cultural, sports and leisure activities, to digital inclusion and the protection and promotion of human rights and of the environment will be implemented as a response to the challenge of preventing violence among youths. Such approach should also help in creating real opportunities for young people to improve their life conditions and develop their citizenship.

                                                                                                              (www.unesco.org. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder à  questão.

                      Violence Prevention Among Young People in Brazil

       Crime and violence have increased dramatically in Brazil in recent decades, particularly in large urban areas, leading to more intense public debate on causes and solutions. The right to life is the most fundamental of all rights. Having security means living without fearing the risk of violation of one’s life, liberty, physical integrity or property. Security means not only to be free from actual risks, but also to be able to enjoy the feeling of security. In this respect, human rights are systematically undermined by violence and insecurity.

       UNESCO expects to play a primary role in supporting actions of social inclusion to help in the prevention of violence, especially among young people. The attributes and resources to be found in the heart of the Organization’s different areas will be grouped around this objective.

       Violence is seen as a violation of fundamental human rights, as a threat to the respect for the principles of liberty and equality. An approach focused on the access to quality education, to decent jobs, to cultural, sports and leisure activities, to digital inclusion and the protection and promotion of human rights and of the environment will be implemented as a response to the challenge of preventing violence among youths. Such approach should also help in creating real opportunities for young people to improve their life conditions and develop their citizenship.

                                                                                                              (www.unesco.org. Adaptado)

Leia a letra da canção do cantor cearense Falcão para responder à  questão.

                                    Guerra de Facão

A dor do cocho é não ter ração pro gado

A dor do gado é não achar capim no pasto

A dor do pasto é não ver chuva há tanto tempo

A dor do tempo é correr junto da morte

A dor da morte é não acabar com os nordestinos

A dor dos nordestinos é ter as penas exageradas

E a viola por desculpa pra quem lhe pisou no lombo

e lhe lascou no cucurute vinte quilos de lajedo.

Em vez de achatar pra caixa-prego o vagabundo,

que se deitou no trono e acordou num pau-de-sebo.

Eh eh eh boi, eh boiada, eh eh boi

A dor do jegue, tadin, nasceu sem chifre

A dor do chifre é não nascer em certa gente

A dor de gente é confiar demais nos outros

A dor dos outros é que nem todo mundo é besta

A dor da besta é não parir pra ter seu filho

A dor pior de um filho é chorar e mãe não ver.

Tá chegando o fim das épocas, vai pegar fogo no mundo,

e o pior, que os vagabundos toca música estrangeira

em vez de aproveitar o que é da gente do Nordeste.

Vou chamar de mentiroso quem dizer que é cabra da peste.

                                                 (Falcão, Guerra de Facão. Em: http://letras.mus.br. Adaptado)

                                                     A seca

          De repente, uma variante trágica.

          Aproxima-se a seca.

          O sertanejo adivinha-a e prefixa-a graças ao ritmo singular com que se desencadeia o flagelo.

          Entretanto não foge logo, abandonando a terra a pouco e pouco invadida pelo limbo candente que irradia do Ceará.

          Buckle, em página notável, assinala a anomalia de se não afeiçoar nunca, o homem, às calamidades naturais que o rodeiam. Nenhum povo tem mais pavor aos terremotos que o peruano; e no Peru as crianças ao nascerem têm o berço embalado pelas vibrações da terra.

          Mas o nosso sertanejo faz exceção à regra. A seca não o apavora. É um complemento à sua vida tormentosa, emoldurando-a em cenários tremendos. Enfrenta-a, estoico. Apesar das dolorosas tradições que conhece através de um sem-número de terríveis episódios, alimenta a todo o transe esperanças de uma resistência impossível.

          Com os escassos recursos das próprias observações e das dos seus maiores, em que ensinamentos práticos se misturam a extravagantes crendices, tem procurado estudar o mal, para o conhecer, suportar e suplantar. Aparelha-se com singular serenidade para a luta. Dois ou três meses antes do solstício de verão, especa e fortalece os muros dos açudes, ou limpa as cacimbas. Faz os roçados e arregoa as estreitas faixas de solo arável à orla dos ribeirões. Está preparado para as plantações ligeiras à vinda das primeiras chuvas.

           Procura em seguida desvendar o futuro. Volve o olhar para as alturas; atenta longamente nos quadrantes; e perquire os traços mais fugitivos das paisagens...

           Os sintomas do flagelo despontam-lhe, então, encadeados em série, sucedendo-se inflexíveis, como sinais comemorativos de uma moléstia cíclica, da sezão assombradora da Terra. Passam as “chuvas do caju” em outubro, rápidas, em chuvisqueiros prestes delidos nos ares ardentes, sem deixarem traços; e pintam as caatingas, aqui, ali, por toda a parte, mosqueadas de tufos pardos de árvores marcescentes, cada vez mais numerosos e maiores, lembrando cinzeiros de uma combustão abafada, sem chamas; e greta-se o chão; e abaixa-se vagarosamente o nível das cacimbas... Do mesmo passo nota que os dias, estuando logo ao alvorecer, transcorrem abrasantes, à medida que as noites se vão tornando cada vez mais frias. A atmosfera absorve-lhe, com avidez de esponja, o suor na fronte, enquanto a armadura de couro, sem mais a flexibilidade primitiva, se lhe endurece aos ombros, esturrada, rígida, feito uma couraça de bronze. E ao descer das tardes, dia a dia menores e sem crepúsculos, considera, entristecido, nos ares, em bandos, as primeiras aves emigrantes, transvoando a outros climas...

             É o prelúdio da sua desgraça.

                                                               (Euclides da Cunha, Os Sertões. Em: Massaud Moisés,

                                                                         A literatura brasileira através dos tempos, 2004.)