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O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder às questões de 11 a 22.
Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata
(1º§) The World Heritage property includes three different archaeological areas: the ancient towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum together with the Villa of the Mysteries (to the west of Pompeii) and the Villa of the Papyri (to the west of Herculaneum), and the Villa A (Villa of Poppaea) and Villa B (Villa of Lucius Crassius Tertius) in Torre Annunziata. The vast expanse of the commercial town of Pompeii contrasts with the smaller but better-preserved remains of the smaller Herculaneum, while Villa A in Torre Annunziata gives a vivid impression of the opulent lifestyle enjoyed by the wealthier citizens of the early Roman Empire.
(2º§) When Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD, it engulfed the two flourishing Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as the many wealthy countryside villas in the area. Pompeii was buried largely by a thick layer of volcanic ash and lapilli and Herculaneum disappeared under pyroclastic surges and flows. These sites have been progressively excavated and made accessible to the public since the mid-18th century. However, in the case of Herculaneum large areas of the ancient town still lie under the modern town and have only been explored and surveyed by the network of 18th-century tunnels that drew the attention of Grand Tour visitors, the basis still today for visiting the Herculaneum's underground ancient theatre. These areas are mostly not currently included in the World Heritage property.
(3º§) Pompeii, with its well-preserved buildings in an excavated area of 44 ha, is the only archaeological site in the world that provides a complete picture of an ancient Roman city. The main forum is flanked by a number of imposing public buildings, such as the Capitolium, the Basilica and temples and within the city there are also many public bath complexes, two theatres and an amphitheatre.
(4º§) In Herculaneum several impressive public buildings are well preserved, including a spacious palaestra accessed through a monumental gateway, two sets of public baths, one of which (Central Thermae) is monumental and vividly decorated, the College of the Priests of Augustus, and a theatre of standard form. The Villa of the Papyri, outside the city walls, is an opulent establishment. The town is also noteworthy for the completeness of its shops, still containing equipment such as enormous wine jars.
(5º§) Herculaneum's urban districts and seafront display a higher level of preservation with noteworthy conservation of upper floors thanks to the pyroclastic material that buried the town. Organic matter was often carbonized by the high temperatures and exceptionally preserved finds include everyday objects such as foodstuffs, architectural elements and wooden furniture.
(6º§) Both Pompeii and Herculaneum are renowned for their remarkable series of residential and commercial buildings, built along well-paved streets. The earliest is the atrium house, entirely inward-looking with a courtyard at its centre: the House of the Surgeon at Pompeii is a good example. Under Hellenistic influences, this type of house was enlarged and decorated with columns and arcades and equipped with large representative rooms. In its highest form, this type of Roman house, known from towns all over the Empire, developed into a veritable mansion, richly decorated and with many rooms, of which the House of the Faun and the House of the Chaste Lovers are outstanding examples.
(7º§) The suburban villas across the Vesuvian area are perhaps even more exceptional in terms of the scale of their buildings and grounds, as well as their lavish decorations. The Villa of the Mysteries is an enormous residence just outside Pompeii's city walls, developed from a modest house built in the 3rd century BC, named from the remarkable wall paintings in the triclinium, which depict the initiation rites ('mysteries') of the cult of Dionysus.
(8º§) The two villas in Torre Annunziata are both extraordinary examples of suburban buildings in the countryside of Pompeii. The villa A, so-called "of Poppaea", is a huge maritime residence built in the middle of the 1st century BCE, enlarged during the Imperial period and under restoration at the moment of the eruption. It is especially well known for its magnificent and well-preserved wall paintings, one of the most important examples of Roman painting with their superb illusionistic frescos of doors, colonnades and garden views. On the other hand, villa B is an excellent example of villa rustica provided with rooms and spaces designated for market activities such as storage of amphoras and trading of locally produced foodstuffs, especially wine.
(9º§) There were many changes to these buildings over time in response to changing circumstances of the owners; these include repairs and adjustments that were a response to the seismic events that led up to the AD 79 eruption and reflect a community living with changing environmental and economic conditions.
(10º§) A special feature of Pompeii is the wealth of graffiti on its walls. An election was imminent at the time of the eruption, and there are many political slogans scrawled on walls, as well as others of a more personal nature, often defamatory. At Herculaneum, the volcanic deposits preserved hundreds of wax tablets, some of which conserve legal documents, and more than 1,800 papyri scrolls containing Greek philosophical texts were found at the Villa of the Papyri.
(11º§) The diverse range of literary sources available in Pompeii and Herculaneum provides a picture of the final decades of these ancient cities and the image of socially complex and dynamic communities, representing exceptional evidence of typical ways of life in Roman society in the first century AD and the importance of texts in political and private life.
(12º§) Other important sources of archaeological evidence are the human remains of those who died in the eruption. Pompeii witnessed an early archaeological experiment when plaster was poured into voids found in the volcanic material and which allowed casts to be made of the forms of the human and animal victims and other organic material. At Herculaneum, on the other hand, about 300 skeletons were discovered along the ancient shoreline. The study of these significant samples of victims from the towns provides insight into their health, lifestyles and death and a chance to compare the two data sets. The casts themselves are important resources as they contain both skeletal remains and evidence of 19th- and 20th-century archaeological practice.
(13º§) Another important legacy of the twentieth century was the presentation of Herculaneum to the public as an 'open-air museum', perhaps Europe's first, with buildings reconstructed based on archaeological evidence and displays of original objects within the archaeological site. This concept of 'open-air museum' had already been adopted in some buildings in Pompeii, as a medium to communicate the meaning of ancient spaces, at the end of the 19th century.
(14º§) The impressive remains of the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum and their associated villas, destroyed and yet preserved by Mount Vesuvius, provide a complete and vivid picture of society and daily life at a specific moment in the past that is unparalleled elsewhere. The rediscovery and history of these places as archaeological sites has captured the collective imagination century after century, shaping archaeological, art historical, conservation and interpretation practices in Europe and beyond.
(adapted) https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829/
In the context of the archaeological sites, what inference can be drawn about the relationship between Pompeii and Herculaneum?
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder às questões de 11 a 22.
Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata
(1º§) The World Heritage property includes three different archaeological areas: the ancient towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum together with the Villa of the Mysteries (to the west of Pompeii) and the Villa of the Papyri (to the west of Herculaneum), and the Villa A (Villa of Poppaea) and Villa B (Villa of Lucius Crassius Tertius) in Torre Annunziata. The vast expanse of the commercial town of Pompeii contrasts with the smaller but better-preserved remains of the smaller Herculaneum, while Villa A in Torre Annunziata gives a vivid impression of the opulent lifestyle enjoyed by the wealthier citizens of the early Roman Empire.
(2º§) When Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD, it engulfed the two flourishing Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as the many wealthy countryside villas in the area. Pompeii was buried largely by a thick layer of volcanic ash and lapilli and Herculaneum disappeared under pyroclastic surges and flows. These sites have been progressively excavated and made accessible to the public since the mid-18th century. However, in the case of Herculaneum large areas of the ancient town still lie under the modern town and have only been explored and surveyed by the network of 18th-century tunnels that drew the attention of Grand Tour visitors, the basis still today for visiting the Herculaneum's underground ancient theatre. These areas are mostly not currently included in the World Heritage property.
(3º§) Pompeii, with its well-preserved buildings in an excavated area of 44 ha, is the only archaeological site in the world that provides a complete picture of an ancient Roman city. The main forum is flanked by a number of imposing public buildings, such as the Capitolium, the Basilica and temples and within the city there are also many public bath complexes, two theatres and an amphitheatre.
(4º§) In Herculaneum several impressive public buildings are well preserved, including a spacious palaestra accessed through a monumental gateway, two sets of public baths, one of which (Central Thermae) is monumental and vividly decorated, the College of the Priests of Augustus, and a theatre of standard form. The Villa of the Papyri, outside the city walls, is an opulent establishment. The town is also noteworthy for the completeness of its shops, still containing equipment such as enormous wine jars.
(5º§) Herculaneum's urban districts and seafront display a higher level of preservation with noteworthy conservation of upper floors thanks to the pyroclastic material that buried the town. Organic matter was often carbonized by the high temperatures and exceptionally preserved finds include everyday objects such as foodstuffs, architectural elements and wooden furniture.
(6º§) Both Pompeii and Herculaneum are renowned for their remarkable series of residential and commercial buildings, built along well-paved streets. The earliest is the atrium house, entirely inward-looking with a courtyard at its centre: the House of the Surgeon at Pompeii is a good example. Under Hellenistic influences, this type of house was enlarged and decorated with columns and arcades and equipped with large representative rooms. In its highest form, this type of Roman house, known from towns all over the Empire, developed into a veritable mansion, richly decorated and with many rooms, of which the House of the Faun and the House of the Chaste Lovers are outstanding examples.
(7º§) The suburban villas across the Vesuvian area are perhaps even more exceptional in terms of the scale of their buildings and grounds, as well as their lavish decorations. The Villa of the Mysteries is an enormous residence just outside Pompeii's city walls, developed from a modest house built in the 3rd century BC, named from the remarkable wall paintings in the triclinium, which depict the initiation rites ('mysteries') of the cult of Dionysus.
(8º§) The two villas in Torre Annunziata are both extraordinary examples of suburban buildings in the countryside of Pompeii. The villa A, so-called "of Poppaea", is a huge maritime residence built in the middle of the 1st century BCE, enlarged during the Imperial period and under restoration at the moment of the eruption. It is especially well known for its magnificent and well-preserved wall paintings, one of the most important examples of Roman painting with their superb illusionistic frescos of doors, colonnades and garden views. On the other hand, villa B is an excellent example of villa rustica provided with rooms and spaces designated for market activities such as storage of amphoras and trading of locally produced foodstuffs, especially wine.
(9º§) There were many changes to these buildings over time in response to changing circumstances of the owners; these include repairs and adjustments that were a response to the seismic events that led up to the AD 79 eruption and reflect a community living with changing environmental and economic conditions.
(10º§) A special feature of Pompeii is the wealth of graffiti on its walls. An election was imminent at the time of the eruption, and there are many political slogans scrawled on walls, as well as others of a more personal nature, often defamatory. At Herculaneum, the volcanic deposits preserved hundreds of wax tablets, some of which conserve legal documents, and more than 1,800 papyri scrolls containing Greek philosophical texts were found at the Villa of the Papyri.
(11º§) The diverse range of literary sources available in Pompeii and Herculaneum provides a picture of the final decades of these ancient cities and the image of socially complex and dynamic communities, representing exceptional evidence of typical ways of life in Roman society in the first century AD and the importance of texts in political and private life.
(12º§) Other important sources of archaeological evidence are the human remains of those who died in the eruption. Pompeii witnessed an early archaeological experiment when plaster was poured into voids found in the volcanic material and which allowed casts to be made of the forms of the human and animal victims and other organic material. At Herculaneum, on the other hand, about 300 skeletons were discovered along the ancient shoreline. The study of these significant samples of victims from the towns provides insight into their health, lifestyles and death and a chance to compare the two data sets. The casts themselves are important resources as they contain both skeletal remains and evidence of 19th- and 20th-century archaeological practice.
(13º§) Another important legacy of the twentieth century was the presentation of Herculaneum to the public as an 'open-air museum', perhaps Europe's first, with buildings reconstructed based on archaeological evidence and displays of original objects within the archaeological site. This concept of 'open-air museum' had already been adopted in some buildings in Pompeii, as a medium to communicate the meaning of ancient spaces, at the end of the 19th century.
(14º§) The impressive remains of the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum and their associated villas, destroyed and yet preserved by Mount Vesuvius, provide a complete and vivid picture of society and daily life at a specific moment in the past that is unparalleled elsewhere. The rediscovery and history of these places as archaeological sites has captured the collective imagination century after century, shaping archaeological, art historical, conservation and interpretation practices in Europe and beyond.
(adapted) https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829/
What is the morphological function of the word "vividly" in the phrase "vividly decorated" (4º§) when describing the Central Thermae in Herculaneum?
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder às questões de 11 a 22.
Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata
(1º§) The World Heritage property includes three different archaeological areas: the ancient towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum together with the Villa of the Mysteries (to the west of Pompeii) and the Villa of the Papyri (to the west of Herculaneum), and the Villa A (Villa of Poppaea) and Villa B (Villa of Lucius Crassius Tertius) in Torre Annunziata. The vast expanse of the commercial town of Pompeii contrasts with the smaller but better-preserved remains of the smaller Herculaneum, while Villa A in Torre Annunziata gives a vivid impression of the opulent lifestyle enjoyed by the wealthier citizens of the early Roman Empire.
(2º§) When Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD, it engulfed the two flourishing Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as the many wealthy countryside villas in the area. Pompeii was buried largely by a thick layer of volcanic ash and lapilli and Herculaneum disappeared under pyroclastic surges and flows. These sites have been progressively excavated and made accessible to the public since the mid-18th century. However, in the case of Herculaneum large areas of the ancient town still lie under the modern town and have only been explored and surveyed by the network of 18th-century tunnels that drew the attention of Grand Tour visitors, the basis still today for visiting the Herculaneum's underground ancient theatre. These areas are mostly not currently included in the World Heritage property.
(3º§) Pompeii, with its well-preserved buildings in an excavated area of 44 ha, is the only archaeological site in the world that provides a complete picture of an ancient Roman city. The main forum is flanked by a number of imposing public buildings, such as the Capitolium, the Basilica and temples and within the city there are also many public bath complexes, two theatres and an amphitheatre.
(4º§) In Herculaneum several impressive public buildings are well preserved, including a spacious palaestra accessed through a monumental gateway, two sets of public baths, one of which (Central Thermae) is monumental and vividly decorated, the College of the Priests of Augustus, and a theatre of standard form. The Villa of the Papyri, outside the city walls, is an opulent establishment. The town is also noteworthy for the completeness of its shops, still containing equipment such as enormous wine jars.
(5º§) Herculaneum's urban districts and seafront display a higher level of preservation with noteworthy conservation of upper floors thanks to the pyroclastic material that buried the town. Organic matter was often carbonized by the high temperatures and exceptionally preserved finds include everyday objects such as foodstuffs, architectural elements and wooden furniture.
(6º§) Both Pompeii and Herculaneum are renowned for their remarkable series of residential and commercial buildings, built along well-paved streets. The earliest is the atrium house, entirely inward-looking with a courtyard at its centre: the House of the Surgeon at Pompeii is a good example. Under Hellenistic influences, this type of house was enlarged and decorated with columns and arcades and equipped with large representative rooms. In its highest form, this type of Roman house, known from towns all over the Empire, developed into a veritable mansion, richly decorated and with many rooms, of which the House of the Faun and the House of the Chaste Lovers are outstanding examples.
(7º§) The suburban villas across the Vesuvian area are perhaps even more exceptional in terms of the scale of their buildings and grounds, as well as their lavish decorations. The Villa of the Mysteries is an enormous residence just outside Pompeii's city walls, developed from a modest house built in the 3rd century BC, named from the remarkable wall paintings in the triclinium, which depict the initiation rites ('mysteries') of the cult of Dionysus.
(8º§) The two villas in Torre Annunziata are both extraordinary examples of suburban buildings in the countryside of Pompeii. The villa A, so-called "of Poppaea", is a huge maritime residence built in the middle of the 1st century BCE, enlarged during the Imperial period and under restoration at the moment of the eruption. It is especially well known for its magnificent and well-preserved wall paintings, one of the most important examples of Roman painting with their superb illusionistic frescos of doors, colonnades and garden views. On the other hand, villa B is an excellent example of villa rustica provided with rooms and spaces designated for market activities such as storage of amphoras and trading of locally produced foodstuffs, especially wine.
(9º§) There were many changes to these buildings over time in response to changing circumstances of the owners; these include repairs and adjustments that were a response to the seismic events that led up to the AD 79 eruption and reflect a community living with changing environmental and economic conditions.
(10º§) A special feature of Pompeii is the wealth of graffiti on its walls. An election was imminent at the time of the eruption, and there are many political slogans scrawled on walls, as well as others of a more personal nature, often defamatory. At Herculaneum, the volcanic deposits preserved hundreds of wax tablets, some of which conserve legal documents, and more than 1,800 papyri scrolls containing Greek philosophical texts were found at the Villa of the Papyri.
(11º§) The diverse range of literary sources available in Pompeii and Herculaneum provides a picture of the final decades of these ancient cities and the image of socially complex and dynamic communities, representing exceptional evidence of typical ways of life in Roman society in the first century AD and the importance of texts in political and private life.
(12º§) Other important sources of archaeological evidence are the human remains of those who died in the eruption. Pompeii witnessed an early archaeological experiment when plaster was poured into voids found in the volcanic material and which allowed casts to be made of the forms of the human and animal victims and other organic material. At Herculaneum, on the other hand, about 300 skeletons were discovered along the ancient shoreline. The study of these significant samples of victims from the towns provides insight into their health, lifestyles and death and a chance to compare the two data sets. The casts themselves are important resources as they contain both skeletal remains and evidence of 19th- and 20th-century archaeological practice.
(13º§) Another important legacy of the twentieth century was the presentation of Herculaneum to the public as an 'open-air museum', perhaps Europe's first, with buildings reconstructed based on archaeological evidence and displays of original objects within the archaeological site. This concept of 'open-air museum' had already been adopted in some buildings in Pompeii, as a medium to communicate the meaning of ancient spaces, at the end of the 19th century.
(14º§) The impressive remains of the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum and their associated villas, destroyed and yet preserved by Mount Vesuvius, provide a complete and vivid picture of society and daily life at a specific moment in the past that is unparalleled elsewhere. The rediscovery and history of these places as archaeological sites has captured the collective imagination century after century, shaping archaeological, art historical, conservation and interpretation practices in Europe and beyond.
(adapted) https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829/
In the sentence "The diverse range of literary sources available in Pompeii and Herculaneum provides a picture of the final decades, [...]" (11º§) what semantic role does the phrase "final decades" play in conveying information about the cities?
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder às questões de 11 a 22.
Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata
(1º§) The World Heritage property includes three different archaeological areas: the ancient towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum together with the Villa of the Mysteries (to the west of Pompeii) and the Villa of the Papyri (to the west of Herculaneum), and the Villa A (Villa of Poppaea) and Villa B (Villa of Lucius Crassius Tertius) in Torre Annunziata. The vast expanse of the commercial town of Pompeii contrasts with the smaller but better-preserved remains of the smaller Herculaneum, while Villa A in Torre Annunziata gives a vivid impression of the opulent lifestyle enjoyed by the wealthier citizens of the early Roman Empire.
(2º§) When Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD, it engulfed the two flourishing Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as the many wealthy countryside villas in the area. Pompeii was buried largely by a thick layer of volcanic ash and lapilli and Herculaneum disappeared under pyroclastic surges and flows. These sites have been progressively excavated and made accessible to the public since the mid-18th century. However, in the case of Herculaneum large areas of the ancient town still lie under the modern town and have only been explored and surveyed by the network of 18th-century tunnels that drew the attention of Grand Tour visitors, the basis still today for visiting the Herculaneum's underground ancient theatre. These areas are mostly not currently included in the World Heritage property.
(3º§) Pompeii, with its well-preserved buildings in an excavated area of 44 ha, is the only archaeological site in the world that provides a complete picture of an ancient Roman city. The main forum is flanked by a number of imposing public buildings, such as the Capitolium, the Basilica and temples and within the city there are also many public bath complexes, two theatres and an amphitheatre.
(4º§) In Herculaneum several impressive public buildings are well preserved, including a spacious palaestra accessed through a monumental gateway, two sets of public baths, one of which (Central Thermae) is monumental and vividly decorated, the College of the Priests of Augustus, and a theatre of standard form. The Villa of the Papyri, outside the city walls, is an opulent establishment. The town is also noteworthy for the completeness of its shops, still containing equipment such as enormous wine jars.
(5º§) Herculaneum's urban districts and seafront display a higher level of preservation with noteworthy conservation of upper floors thanks to the pyroclastic material that buried the town. Organic matter was often carbonized by the high temperatures and exceptionally preserved finds include everyday objects such as foodstuffs, architectural elements and wooden furniture.
(6º§) Both Pompeii and Herculaneum are renowned for their remarkable series of residential and commercial buildings, built along well-paved streets. The earliest is the atrium house, entirely inward-looking with a courtyard at its centre: the House of the Surgeon at Pompeii is a good example. Under Hellenistic influences, this type of house was enlarged and decorated with columns and arcades and equipped with large representative rooms. In its highest form, this type of Roman house, known from towns all over the Empire, developed into a veritable mansion, richly decorated and with many rooms, of which the House of the Faun and the House of the Chaste Lovers are outstanding examples.
(7º§) The suburban villas across the Vesuvian area are perhaps even more exceptional in terms of the scale of their buildings and grounds, as well as their lavish decorations. The Villa of the Mysteries is an enormous residence just outside Pompeii's city walls, developed from a modest house built in the 3rd century BC, named from the remarkable wall paintings in the triclinium, which depict the initiation rites ('mysteries') of the cult of Dionysus.
(8º§) The two villas in Torre Annunziata are both extraordinary examples of suburban buildings in the countryside of Pompeii. The villa A, so-called "of Poppaea", is a huge maritime residence built in the middle of the 1st century BCE, enlarged during the Imperial period and under restoration at the moment of the eruption. It is especially well known for its magnificent and well-preserved wall paintings, one of the most important examples of Roman painting with their superb illusionistic frescos of doors, colonnades and garden views. On the other hand, villa B is an excellent example of villa rustica provided with rooms and spaces designated for market activities such as storage of amphoras and trading of locally produced foodstuffs, especially wine.
(9º§) There were many changes to these buildings over time in response to changing circumstances of the owners; these include repairs and adjustments that were a response to the seismic events that led up to the AD 79 eruption and reflect a community living with changing environmental and economic conditions.
(10º§) A special feature of Pompeii is the wealth of graffiti on its walls. An election was imminent at the time of the eruption, and there are many political slogans scrawled on walls, as well as others of a more personal nature, often defamatory. At Herculaneum, the volcanic deposits preserved hundreds of wax tablets, some of which conserve legal documents, and more than 1,800 papyri scrolls containing Greek philosophical texts were found at the Villa of the Papyri.
(11º§) The diverse range of literary sources available in Pompeii and Herculaneum provides a picture of the final decades of these ancient cities and the image of socially complex and dynamic communities, representing exceptional evidence of typical ways of life in Roman society in the first century AD and the importance of texts in political and private life.
(12º§) Other important sources of archaeological evidence are the human remains of those who died in the eruption. Pompeii witnessed an early archaeological experiment when plaster was poured into voids found in the volcanic material and which allowed casts to be made of the forms of the human and animal victims and other organic material. At Herculaneum, on the other hand, about 300 skeletons were discovered along the ancient shoreline. The study of these significant samples of victims from the towns provides insight into their health, lifestyles and death and a chance to compare the two data sets. The casts themselves are important resources as they contain both skeletal remains and evidence of 19th- and 20th-century archaeological practice.
(13º§) Another important legacy of the twentieth century was the presentation of Herculaneum to the public as an 'open-air museum', perhaps Europe's first, with buildings reconstructed based on archaeological evidence and displays of original objects within the archaeological site. This concept of 'open-air museum' had already been adopted in some buildings in Pompeii, as a medium to communicate the meaning of ancient spaces, at the end of the 19th century.
(14º§) The impressive remains of the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum and their associated villas, destroyed and yet preserved by Mount Vesuvius, provide a complete and vivid picture of society and daily life at a specific moment in the past that is unparalleled elsewhere. The rediscovery and history of these places as archaeological sites has captured the collective imagination century after century, shaping archaeological, art historical, conservation and interpretation practices in Europe and beyond.
(adapted) https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829/
The text mentions the "illusionistic frescos" (8º§) in Villa A. What does the term "illusionistic" imply about these frescoes?
Read the text.
Moral Harassment
What is moral harassment?
Many researchers are now trying to define and understand psychological or moral harassment at work. Among these, we have retained a definition from a renowned expert in the field, French psychiatrist MarieFrance Hirigoyen, here freely translated: "If a person or a group of individuals treats you in a manner that is hostile, whether through actions, words or in writing, and if those actions affect your dignity, your physical or psychological well-being, as well as causing a deterioration in your workplace or even jeopardizing your employment, you are the victim of psychological harassment."
How to recognize moral harassment?
According to German psychologist Dr. Heinz Leymann, the following are some of the effects and behaviours of moral harassment (for which he uses the term "mobbing"):
Effects on the victim's possibilities to communicate (management gives you no possibility to communicate, you are silenced, verbal attack against you regarding work assignments, verbal threats, verbal activities in order to reject you, etc.)
Effects on the victim's possibilities to maintain social contacts (colleagues do not talk with you any longer or you are even forbidden by management to talk to them, you are isolated in a room far away from others, you are "sent to Coventry", etc.)
Effects on the victim's possibilities to maintain his personal reputation (gossiping about you, others ridicule you, others make fun about a handicap or your ethnic heritage, or your way of moving or talking, etc.)
Effects on the victim's occupational situation (you are not given any work assignment at all, you are given meaningless work assignments, etc.)
Effects on the victim's physical health (you are given dangerous work assignments, others threaten you physically or you are attacked physically, you are sexually harassed in an active way, etc.)
What are the consequences of moral harassment at work?
On The Victim And Witnesses
Moral harassment can lead to an untimely end to a career. The following example shows how such a course of events can lead to an abrupt, premature departure:
Emotional instability: anguish, discouragement, frustration, feelings of helplessness, a loss of selfesteem, of ambition, of motivation.
Physical health problems: tiredness, headaches, lack of sleep, intestinal and other physical discomforts.
Mental health problems: depression, professional burn-out, suicidal thoughts.
Loss of credibility: reputation destroyed, victim’s professionalism questioned.
Job loss: disability leave, resignation or dismissal.
Incapacity to go back to regular work: abandoning the job market. Involuntary witnesses may feel uneasy, insecure and powerless. […]
(Source:http://www.prevention-violence.com/en/int-111.asp). Acesso em: 09 de junho de 2023.
O texto “Moral Harassment” trata sobre definições de assédio psicológico ou moral no trabalho segundo alguns especialistas da área de Psicologia e Psiquiatria.
Now read these sentences about the text and classify in true (T) or false (F):
1. ( ) According to German psychologis Dr. Heinz “If a person or a groups of individuals treats you in a manner that is hostile, you are the victim of psychological harassment.
2. ( ) French psychiatrist Marie France Hirigoyenn say that “If a person or a group of individuals treats you in a manner that is hostile, you are the victim of psychological harassment.
3. ( ) The Dr. Heinz Leymann use the term “mobbing” to the classify the following are some of the effects and behaviours os moral harassment.
4. ( ) If others persons ridicule you, others make fun about a handicap or your ethnic heritage, or your way of moving or talking, according Dr. Heinz these are effects on the victim’s possibilities to maintain his personal reputation.
5. ( ) The moral harassment can lead to na untimely end to a career, stated Dr. Heinz.
Now choose the correct alternative:
Segundo a gramática da Língua Inglesa, os verbos auxiliares em inglês ajudam o verbo principal da frase sem alterar o seu sentido. Eles atuam como ajudantes do verbo principal da frase, indicando o tempo gramatical do discurso.
(Adaptado de: < https://www.educamaisbrasil.com.br/enem/ingles/verbos-auxiliares-em-ingles>. Acesso em: 10
Considerando essa informação, observe as sentenças a seguir:
1. You ______ play the guitar, don’t you?
2. But Elizabeth _______ speak Portuguese; She lived in Rio de Janeiro for 5 years.
3. Does John like popular music? Yes, he _______.
4. Jack _______ say that; I heard it myself!
5. But Liz _______ go to France; She sent me a postcard from there!
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta a sequência de auxiliar verbs correta para completar as lacunas adequadamente:
Leia o trecho a seguir:
Aspartame - is it a possible cause of cancer?
The sweetener aspartame, which is found in a variety of foods and fizzy drinks, is set to be officially classified as "possibly carcinogenic" to humans, reports claim.
The label frequently causes confusion as it gives no sense of whether the potential risk is big or miniscule.
Other "possibly carcinogenic" substances include aloe vera, diesel and pickled Asian vegetables.
The BBC understands the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) will make an announcement on 14 July.
(adaptado de https://www.bbc.com/news/health-66057216 Acesso em: 08 jun. 2023.
Assinale a alternativa correta para countable nouns :
“As preposições devem ser usadas para conectar substantivos, pronomes ou ainda outras palavras em uma determinada oração. Para usá-las corretamente, é importante lembrar que elas cumprem uma função específica na frase, isto é, indicam uma relação de espaço, de tempo ou de direção.”
Adaptado de: <https://exercicios.brasilescola.uol.com.br/exercicios-ingles/exercicios-sobre-prepositions.htm> acesso em: 7 jun. 2023
Complete the sentence:
1. They Always go out ______ Fridays.
2. He is waiting for you ______ the living room.
3. My nephew was born ______ 2012.
4. My children usually go to bed _____ 11pm.
Leia o trecho a seguir:
The Hardworking Family
John is a hardworking man. He always gets up early to work and to do all the things he has to do. Mary, John's wife, helps him and she usually spends a lot of time at work with John. John works all the time.
John and Mary have three children who often complain that their parents work too much and seldom enjoy life. They say, "Dad, you and Mom should take a break from work and try to have some fun. You never relax."
John's answer is: "Sometimes I think of taking a vacation, but who will pay our bills?". Mary agrees with John and says that someday their children will understand the situation.
(Adaptado de: <https://www.englishexperts.com.br>. Acesso em: 9 jun. 2023.)
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta a classe gramatical das palavras em destaque no texto:
“Articles are the words that determine aspects of the noun in terms of whether it is specific or general as well as its quantity."
(Adaptado de: <https://brasilescola.uol.com.br//>. Acesso em: 06 jun. 2023.)
Analise o texto a seguir e complete-o, considerando o uso dos artigos definidos e indefinidos:
“My sister went to the beach last month. She met _____ girl there who was born in Goiânia. When they went to _____ restaurant they notice that _____ place was amazing. There was ______ Picture of ______ Elephant.”
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta os artigos nas formas corretas para completar as lacunas:
“Os conectivos (connectives, ou linking words), também conhecidos como palavras de transição (conjuctive adverbs / transitional adverbs), servem para estabelecer uma ligação entre conceitos, ideias ou palavras em uma mesma frase ou entre frases distintas. Estes termos são importantes para manter o que chamamos de coesão de um texto, isto é, quando as ideias transmitidas em frases e parágrafos estão interligadas e seguem uma lógica. É justamente por existir coesão em um texto que podemos dizer que ele ficou claro ou fácil de compreender.”
(Adaptado de: <https://www.infoescola.com/ingles/conectivos-connectives/>. Acesso em: 7 jun. 2023.)
Com base nas informações do texto, analise o diálogo a seguir:
Lisa: Why did you go to the store?
John: I went to the store so that could buy some beer.
Em relação ao conectivo “so that”, é CORRETO afirmar que:
Leia a tirinha a seguir:
Fonte: www.tudosaladeaula.com
"Os pronomes pessoais são aqueles que substituem substantivos e representam as pessoas do discurso, ou seja, aquelas envolvidas no ato da comunicação."
(Adaptado de: < https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/gramatica/pronomes-pessoais.htm >. Acesso em: 6 jun. 2023.)
Considerando as informações do texto, o pronome “It”, utilizado na charge, refere-se:
Considere a seguinte informação sobre superlativos:
“Em praticamente todos os idiomas do mundo, existem expressões que estabelecem comparações entre coisas, seres ou situações. É muito comum utilizar tais expressões para estipular preferências ou destacar atributos de determinada coisa ou pessoa. Devido a essa necessidade que os superlativos se fazem tão importantes no uso cotidiano de qualquer língua.”
(adaptado de < https://www.infoescola.com/ingles/superlativos-superlatives/ > acesso em 6 de jun. de 2023.)
Analise a sentença a seguir considerando a informação sobre os superlativos:
“In my opinion, Goiania is _____________ city in Brazil. (beautiful)”
Assinale a alternativa CORRETA do superlativo da palavra “beautiful”:
Leia a seguir as informações sobre:
“Os adjetivos na língua inglesa são invariáveis em relação ao gênero e em relação ao número. Os adjetivos na Língua Inglesa geralmente são colocados antes do substantivo, exceto quando houver um verbo entre eles.”
(Adaptado de: <https://mundoeducacao.uol.com.br/> acesso em: 4 de jun. de 2023)
Com base nas informações apresentadas e considerando a função dos adjetivos na Língua inglesa, assinale a alternativa que apresenta o adjetivo em destaque:
Assinale a única alternativa correta sobre a avaliação escolar. “Durante o ano letivo, as notas vão sendo observadas, médias vão sendo obtidas. O que predomina é a nota: não importa como elas foram obtidas nem por quais caminhos. São operadas e manipuladas como se nada tivessem a ver com o percurso ativo do processo de aprendizagem.” (LUCKESI, 2011, p. 36) Essa citação refere-se à:
Assinale a única alternativa correta no que diz respeito a tratamento cruel ou degradante, de acordo com o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente. Art. 18-A. A criança e o adolescente têm o direito de ser educados e cuidados sem o uso de castigo físico ou de tratamento cruel ou degradante, como formas de correção, disciplina, educação ou qualquer outro pretexto, pelos pais, pelos integrantes da família ampliada, pelos responsáveis, pelos agentes públicos executores de medidas socioeducativas ou por qualquer pessoa encarregada de cuidar deles, tratá-los, educá-los ou protegê-los. (Incluído pela Lei nº 13.010, de 2014)
Assinale a única alternativa correta que preenche a lacuna. Segundo Vasconcelos (2004), o projeto político pedagógico é um plano global da instituição que se concretiza na sistematização de um processo de ______________________. É um instrumento teórico e metodológico que se ocupa da intervenção e mudança da realidade.
Assinale a única alternativa correta. O advento da redemocratização e a discussão da Constituição de 88 tornam obsoleta a LDB anterior a 1996, tendo como consequência a redação e promulgação da LDB que foi sancionada em dezembro de 1996 pelo Presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso. O novo texto foi relatado pelo antropólogo, professor e então Senador Darcy Ribeiro, o qual tomou por base o princípio do direito universal à educação, e trouxe mudanças significativas em outras leis. Dentre outras providências, estabeleceu:
No navegador web Google Chrome para ambiente Linux ou Windows, é possível fechar a guia atual utilizando o atalho:
Leia o texto abaixo para responder às questões de 01 a 10:
Todo mundo, em algum momento da vida, já fez planos. Ainda que em curto prazo, fazer planos dá um sentido para a rotina, sejam planos de viagem, planos de férias ou planos para mudar de casa. Mas e plano de vida, você tem um?
Provavelmente, você já fez planos para sua carreira profissional, mas talvez nunca tenha pensado em fazer um planejamento detalhado para sua vida em geral, para colocar em prática em um futuro próximo. Vamos entender melhor o que é um plano de vida, quais as vantagens de ter um e como criar o seu.
O que é um plano de vida?
Existem várias opiniões e teorias sobre o segredo para ter uma vida feliz. Trabalhar muito, ter foco, disciplina e resiliência são apenas alguns exemplos. No entanto, um dos fatores essenciais para alcançar sucesso em qualquer coisa na vida é ter um planejamento. Todo mundo tem metas ou desejos na vida que geralmente giram em torno de afirmações como “quero ganhar mais dinheiro”, “quero ser feliz”, “quero ter um trabalho de que eu goste” ou “quero fazer uma viagem ao redor do mundo”, entre vários outros exemplos. No entanto, a maioria não tem um plano específico para atingir esses objetivos, com detalhes sobre como alcançar seus sonhos e metas.
Planejar sua vida é uma das maneiras mais poderosas de alcançar o que você deseja. Ninguém planeja falhar na vida, mas, sem um planejamento, a probabilidade de fracasso é bem maior. Planejar sua vida é como ter um mapa que ajuda você a chegar ao seu destino. Apesar disso, muitas pessoas não planejam suas vidas e acabam se sentindo perdidas ou estagnadas.
Por que um plano de vida é tão importante?
Quando você planeja sua vida, está dando os primeiros passos necessários não apenas para identificar e alcançar seus objetivos, mas também para fazer isso da maneira mais eficiente. Sem um plano, as coisas acontecem totalmente ao acaso. Com um plano de vida, você sabe qual o caminho a seguir. Usando um exemplo simples: quando você vai viajar, você planeja sua viagem; se você vai se casar, você planeja seu casamento; quando você decide dar uma festa em casa, você planeja o evento.
Qualquer uma dessas ações exige um planejamento prévio. Planejar sua vida é a mesma coisa e é muito importante para ajudar você a conquistar seus objetivos e a se sentir no controle do seu presente e futuro. Ao criar um plano de vida, você identifica seus valores, determina o que é importante para você e o que deseja em sua vida. Dessa maneira, você avalia suas opções em relação aos seus valores e escolhe a alternativa que melhor atende as suas prioridades.
Seja uma decisão mais simples, como comprar o carro dos seus sonhos, ou uma decisão importante, como mudar de carreira ou investir seu dinheiro na criação da sua própria empresa, um plano de vida o ajuda a decidir o que é adequado para você.
Faça-se as perguntas certas
Você pode propor as seguintes questões antes de traçar seu plano de vida:
a) Quais objetivos você deseja alcançar? O que você precisa melhorar? É importante saber que suas metas podem mudar com o tempo. As prioridades aos 30 anos de idade são diferentes das prioridades que se tem aos 50 ou 60 anos.
b) Quem são as pessoas e quais são os aspectos mais importantes da sua vida? O mais importante para você pode ser crescer na carreira, criar sua própria empresa, criar uma família ou um projeto de vida sustentável. Concentre-se e pense em suas prioridades.
c) O que inspira você em suas metas? Todo mundo deseja ter liberdade financeira e um ambiente de trabalho saudável. Mas o que mais inspira você? Ao se fazer essa pergunta, você descobrirá o que o motiva. Assim, será mais fácil começar a criar um plano de vida.
d) Como conseguirei atingir esses objetivos? Um plano de vida define metas que sejam viáveis, mensuráveis e alinhadas com os resultados que você pretende obter. Fazer uma lista de etapas práticas transforma seu plano em algo que é real.
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(ADAPATDO. A Importância do Plano de Vida para Alcançar seus Objetivos | Indeed.com Brasil)
Segundo o texto, falhar na vida pode ser por conta:
Conheça nossos planos