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Thirukural, verse 67, circa 100 A.D. in: KUMARAVADIVELU, B. 2003.
Regular verbs ending in voiced sounds are pronounced with the sound /d/ in the simple past and past perfect, and so are most adjectives with the same form. However, the word “Learned”, present in the quotation above, has a distinctive pronunciation feature when functioning as an adjective or a noun: /ˈlɜːnɪd/. Among the words below, choose the one that follows the same characteristic of pronunciation when used in such functions.
A: Why was the king only able to draw straight lines?
B: Because he is a ruler.
Humor is caused by a linguistic property named
Após a leitura do documento, o professor sente-se mais seguro para fazer sua proposta de atividade, que inclui três etapas:
I. A leitura de notícias recentes em português, sobre o Brasil, selecionadas pelo professor. O objetivo inicial é que estudantes ampliem seus horizontes sobre o que acontece ao seu redor no país. As primeiras tarefas na unidade buscam a identificação do gênero – por que foi escrito, onde, e para quem.
II. A transposição de uma das notícias lidas para o inglês, em um trabalho de grupo. Dentre as notícias em português analisadas, cada grupo seleciona uma de seu particular interesse, e a reescreve em inglês, simplificando-a para que se ajuste ao seu conhecimento da língua inglesa.
III. A revisão de erros produzidos pelos estudantes durante a escrita de seu texto em inglês. Partindo dos erros apresentam-se os aspectos linguísticos e de organização textual que caracterizam o gênero notícia e que devem ser respeitados em qualquer produção de texto no gênero.
O conteúdo da BNCC sobre o trabalho com gêneros textuais em língua inglesa permite avaliar as etapas propostas pelo professor e compreender como pertinentes as ponderações contidas na alternativa indicada a seguir.
The literature about teaching reading in a second language mentions a variety of methods and approaches to deal with unknown vocabulary. Materials and teachers may instruct learners to
I. make use of the dictionary: they will not understand the text properly if they do not know all the words in it.
II. look for the pronunciation of the unknown words: the association between sound and spelling always helps comprehension.
III. ignore vocabulary difficulties and focus on grammar: meaning does not derive from words in isolation but from sentence structures.
IV. Pay attention to context and appeal to background knowledge on the subject: making inferences is key to learning a new language.
V. Concentrate on text meaning rather than word meaning: words may be ignored if not essential to the comprehension of the text’s main points.
A teacher interested in developing their students’ use of reading strategies will, in a reading class with the text “Powerful storm knocks out power to 1.4 million homes in Brazil’s largest city”, focus on the instructions given in items
A particular method can be imposed on teachers by others. However, we also know that teaching is more than following a recipe. Any method is going to be shaped by a teacher's own understanding, beliefs, style, and level of experience.
LARSEN FREEMAN, D. Techniques and principles in language teaching. 2th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Adaptado.
In teaching, “fidelity” refers to closely following specific procedures for how to teach a lesson or respond to student behavior. For example, following a curriculum to fidelity might mean a teacher is required to teach from a designated page in a guidebook on a specific day. However, teachers should observe their students and try to help them – regardless of whether their decisions align with a prescribed curriculum.
http://theconversation.com, 11.12.2024. Adaptado
Observe agora a seguinte situação:
Em uma escola da zona rural, a norma da direção é que o material didático seja seguido à risca. A unidade 5 de um livro de inglês de abordagem estruturalista adotado para o sexto ano traz um texto com orientações sobre como atravessar a rua no trânsito movimentado em cidades grandes. A unidade inclui tarefas de identificação de informações específicas e exercícios de reconhecimento de palavras e estruturas. Os estudantes não compreendem o conteúdo do texto, e se desinteressam pela aula.
Um professor de inglês que adequadamente compreendesse a exposição nos dois excertos, e ao mesmo tempo desejasse cumprir as normas da escola, frente à situação descrita
Das intervenções a seguir, que procuram apontar os desvios na execução da tarefa, está correta aquela em que o professor esclarece
Usage and use
The distinction between language use and language usage was first made by Widdowson. He coined the term usage for language which conformed to pre-established paradigms of language. Usage is independent of context, and is related to language correctness.
In contrast, use has to do with the speaker’s intention in producing a particular sentence. For example, the sentence “I don’t know what you mean”, said in a particular context, may imply a request for clarification; the same sentence, said in a different way and in a different context, may be an expression of disbelief.
Most sentences in textbooks and in grammar practices are well-formed sentences. However, can you think of a real-life situation in which a sentence such as “This is my hand” is pronounced?
LEWIS, Michael. The lexical approach. Heinle Cengage, 2010. Adaptado.
Em muitos contextos da escola brasileira permanece forte a herança da tradição estruturalista, focada em usage. Pense em um professor brasileiro formado dentro de tal tradição que, percebendo seus limites para desenvolver a capacidade de o estudante interagir no mundo por meio da língua inglesa, começa a preparar suas aulas sob a ótica de uma abordagem centrada em use. Esse professor, ao final de uma atividade em classe, perguntar-se-ia em primeiro lugar se, em sua aula,
The interest of a soccer game lies of course not in the ball, but in the moves and strategies of the players as they kick, pass, and fake their way along the field. The interest of communication lies similarly in the moves and strategies of the participants. The terms that best represent the collaborative nature of what goes on are interpretation, expression, and negotiation of meaning.
(SAVINGON, Sandra. Communicative language teaching for the twenty-first century. IN: Marianne Celce-Murcia. 3r ed. Teaching English as a second or foreign language. Boston, MA: Heinle&Heinle. 3rd edition. 2002. Adaptado.)
In her search for a better comprehension of CLT, Julia invites the other English teachers in her school to study the topic together and create classroom proposals accordingly. From the five proposals designed by Júlia’s group of teachers, select the one which best reflects the CLT teaching principles.
Transfer is a general term referring to the application of prior skills or knowledge to subsequent learning. While positive transfer benefits the learning task, “negative transfer” or “interference” disrupts learning. In language learning, the learner’s mother tongue is an obvious set of previous experiences, and a most common source of interference errors. Observe os pares de frases que seguem. A versão em português foi fornecida pela professora. A tradução foi feita por um dos estudantes. Nas traduções, observa-se a interferência do português.
I. Aconteceu um milagre com o velho casal que finalmente reencontrou seu filho! Happened a miracle with the old couple who finally met their son again!
II. Ele realmente não compreendeu nada do que eu lhe contei.
He really did not understand nothing of what I told him.
III. As informações sobre novos temporais são todas muito preocupantes.
The informations about new storms are all very disturbing.
IV. A menina ficou extremamente feliz com seu novo corte de cabelo!
The girl stayed extremely happy with her new haircut!
V. A mãe comemorou o novo emprego com seu marido e filhos.
The mother celebrated the new job with your husband and friends.
Enquanto corrige a tarefa, a professora escreve um breve comentário ao lado de cada frase traduzida. Assinale a alternativa que contém uma observação correta sobre a tradução realizada pelo estudante.
Learning Strategies
CHAMOT, Anna et al. The learning strategies handbook: creating independent learners. New York: Longman, 1999. Adaptado.
Apart from teaching reading in English, the teacher is also highly concerned with developing their students’ autonomy as learners. Considering that the option for the blog Science News for Students resulted from negotiation between the group and not necessarily from individual interests, the teacher will help promote their students’ autonomy if, for the work with the blog, proposes that they
#6 Science News for Students
Created by the Society for Science, this blog is dedicated to promoting a love for science in teenagers by presenting complex topics in a clear and understandable manner. It covers a wide range of scientific subjects, from biology and chemistry to astronomy and environmental science.
What is so special about Science News for Students is its well-written, easy-to-understand content that not only informs but also inspires. It gives young learners the opportunity to stay updated on the latest scientific advancements, encouraging their curiosity and critical thinking.
https://www.nshss.org/resources/blog/blog-posts/top-10-educationalblogs-for-teens. Acesso em 22.04.2025. Adaptado.
The purpose of the teacher to have the students read the whole post and then choose one particular blog to follow is that they develop a more fluent reading in English. The instruction provided – “Quickly go through the blogs in the post to have a general idea of their content and then decide which one you would like to follow” – focuses on the development of the reading ability named.
You might think of assessing and testing as synonymous terms, but they are not. Let’s differentiate the two concepts.
In educational practice, assessment is an ongoing process that includes a wide range of methodological techniques. Whenever a student responds to a question, offers a comment, or tries a new word or structure, the teacher subconsciously analyses the student’s performance. Written work—from a simple sentence to a formal essay—is a performance that ultimately is “judged” by self, teacher, and possibly other students. Reading and listening activities usually require some sort of productive performance that the teacher observes and then implicitly evaluates. A good teacher never ceases to assess students, whether those assessments are incidental or intended.
Tests, on the other hand, are prepared administrative procedures that occur at identifiable times in a curriculum, when learners know that their responses are being measured and evaluated.
BROWN, H .Douglas. Principles of language learning and teaching. 5th ed. Longman, 2000. Adaptado.
Uma professora de Inglês recém-formada, desejosa de melhor compreender o desempenho de seus estudantes adolescentes no dia a dia de suas aulas, demonstrará ter compreendido adequadamente o conceito de ‘assessment’ proposto no texto se, para alcançar seu objetivo,
In a certain school in the state of Mato Grosso, the English coordinator determines all English teachers should prepare lessons and activities that incorporate the theme “interculturality”.
Only one of the teachers seems to have adequately understood what the term means, and what BNCC says about ways in which it could be dealt with in the classroom. Mark the alternative describing the proposal by this particular teacher.