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O conflito israelo-palestino, que hoje se manifesta de forma veemente e toma atenção global, é um dos conflitos mais antigos e complexos do mundo. Estende-se por mais de 70 anos e envolve questões de território, identidade e religião. Nesse sentido, analise as afirmações a seguir sobre o conflito:
I.Atualmente, o status político das Colinas de Golã é uma das questões mandatórias a serem negociadas entre Israel e os palestinos.
II.Em dezembro de 2017, o presidente americano Donald J. Trump fez uma mudança na política de longa data dos EUA, reconhecendo Jerusalém como a capital de Israel.
III.Os palestinos aspiram a um Estado com Jerusalém como capital, mas, como Israel controla a cidade atualmente, os líderes palestinos estabeleceram suas instituições governamentais em Hebron, tornando a cidade sua capital administrativa.
IV.Após a sua criação nos termos dos Acordos de Oslo, a Autoridade Palestiniana (AP) foi liderada por Mahmoud Abbas, que, durante décadas, encarnou a causa palestiniana. Há muito visto por Israel como um terrorista, Abbas tornou-se uma figura política e o principal parceiro de negociação dos israelitas. Após sua morte, outro oficial de longa data assumiu suas funções como chefe da AP e da Organização para a Libertação da Palestina, o controverso Yasser Arafat.
V.Após a Primeira Guerra Mundial, o Reino Unido assumiu o controle da Palestina sob um mandato da Liga das Nações, que durou até a criação de Israel em 1948.
VI.A Guerra dos Seis Dias foi um conflito armado entre Israel e Egito, Líbano e Iraque que ocorreu de 5 a 10 de junho de 1967. A guerra terminou com uma vitória israelense, que conquistou, entre outros territórios, a Península do Sinai, a Faixa de Gaza e as Colinas de Golã, além de Jerusalém.
VII.Outra disputa militar árabe-israelense, conhecida como Guerra do Yom Kippur, foi travada quando, em 1973, o Egito e a Síria tentam retomar a Península do Sinai e as Colinas de Golã ocupadas por Israel.
É correto o que se afirma em:
A história da educação escolar no contexto ocidental é marcada, desde as suas origens na Antiguidade Clássica, pela maneira como se organizaram e se organizam as sociedades e pelas maneiras que atribuem valor e função social à escola ao longo do tempo. A esse respeito, analise as afirmações a seguir:
I.Na Antiguidade Clássica, os modos de ensinar e aprender foram profundamente influenciados pela educação grega - sobretudo espartana e ateniense - e pela educação romana.
II.Durante a Idade Média, a educação foi profundamente influenciada pela Reforma Protestante, que apregoava a liberdade dos métodos de ensino e a universalização da alfabetização.
III.A Educação escolar no Brasil Colônia foi profundamente influenciada pela Igreja Católica, sobretudo pelos educadores jesuítas, cuja abordagem pedagógica era marcada por uma intensa rigidez na maneira de pensar e de interpretar a realidade e métodos de ensino que privilegiavam o preparo, a seleção e o controle.
IV - No contexto pós-Revolução Industrial, ao longo do século XX, surgem, em países como Alemanha e Rússia, discussões sobre princípios educacionais que viriam a resultar, a partir da sistematização a elas dada por Dewey (nos Estados Unidos), na Escola Nova. Nela, defendia-se, entre outros princípios, conforme Manacorda (2002), a necessidade de jogos e brinquedos na instrução da criança; a aprendizagem ancorada no respeito; escolas equipadas com laboratórios; a psicologia como ferramenta para as exigências ativas; a educação como meio de transformação social e o aprender fazendo.
É correto o que se afirma em:
Parte da imprensa, setores governamentais e a opinião pública da época apontaram como causa do conflito a ignorância e o fanatismo da população cabocla, que seguia a orientação do monge José Maria (Welter, 2007). Depois da batalha de Taquaruçu, em fevereiro de 1914, o movimento chegou mesmo a ser denominado de banditismo, jaguncismo e fanatismo. No entanto, as razões da guerra foram mais amplas e complexas.
RADIN, J.C., and CORAZZA, G. Guerra do Contestado. In: Dicionário histórico-social do Oeste catarinense [online]. Chapecó: Editora UFFS, 2018, p. 81.
A partir do texto e dos seus conhecimentos sobre a Guerra do Contestado, assinale a afirmativa correta:
A Lei n.º 601/1850 estabeleceu que as aquisições de terras devolutas só podem ser adquiridas por meio da compra, exceto as terras situadas nos limites fronteiriços do território nacional, as quais poderiam ser concedidas gratuitamente. Sobre essa lei, é correto afirmar que:
A expansão muçulmana durante os séculos VII e X iniciou na Península Arábica, após a morte do profeta Maomé. Os califas, seus sucessores, iniciaram as campanhas militares que levaram à conquista de várias regiões na África, Ásia e Europa.
Nesse contexto, assinale a alternativa correta sobre os principais fatores que contribuíram para a expansão muçulmana:
O Google Workspace possui diversas ferramentas de produtividade e colaboração para o trabalho. Analise as principais ferramentas apresentadas a seguir e a sua funcionalidade:
I. Drive: Armazenamento de documentos em nuvem.
II. Meet: Videoconferência e chamada de voz.
III. Sharepoint: Espaço dedicado para compartilhar arquivos, dados, notícias e recursos.
As principais ferramentas e funcionalidades do Google Workspace são as que se afirma em:
Um serviço estava previsto para ser realizado em 17 dias, com 5 horas de trabalho por dia. Sendo necessário terminar essa obra em 10 dias, mantendo o ritmo de trabalho, a quantidade de horas que devem ser trabalhadas por dia deverá ser de
Leia as afirmações a seguir acerca da Educação, Didática e Metodologia de ensino; avaliando sua pertinência de acordo com os documentos norteadores da Educação Brasileira e os estudos contemporâneos na área da Educação:
I.A Educação, sobretudo a educação escolar, é um fenômeno intencional, não neutro, sócio-histórico e cultural.
II.A Didática pode ser compreendida como resultado da ação mediadora entre os processos de ensino e aprendizagem. Ou seja, ela se ocupa de refletir sobre os modos, formas e metodologias para ensinar com o objetivo de promover a aprendizagem dos estudantes.
III.Metodologias de ensino, na contemporaneidade, devem obrigatoriamente estar comprometidas com a transmissão do conhecimento, tomando o professor como única parte ativa no processo de ensinar e aprender.
É correto o que se afirma em:
Associe a segunda coluna de acordo com a primeira, que relaciona termos a notas explicativas:
Primeira coluna: termos
1.Disciplinaridade
2.Interdisciplinaridade
3.Transdisciplinaridade
Segunda coluna: nota explicativa
(__)Gestado por Piaget, o termo se refere à busca por uma abordagem de ensino em que se supere a lógica disciplinar, tensionando e buscando romper as fronteiras entre as disciplinas, para se pensar a maneira como os conhecimentos de diversas áreas se articulam na vida e nas interações sociais.
(__)Exploração científica, didática e metodológica especializada de um determinado domínio de estudo; ou seja, reúnem um conjunto sistemático e organizado de conhecimentos de uma mesma área ou campo de estudo, o que se reflete em planos de ensino, metodologias e materiais desenvolvidos para ensinar.
(__)Método de pesquisa e de ensino em que duas ou mais disciplinas são colocadas em interação, podendo envolver desde o simples diálogo entre ideias até a integração de conceitos, metodologias de ensino e procedimentos.
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta a correta associação entre as colunas:
Questão 23 A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), em seu relatório 2021 Antibacterial agents in clinical and preclinical development: an overview and analysis, revelou que o desenvolvimento de novos tratamentos antibacterianos é inadequado para lidar com a crescente ameaça de resistência aos antibióticos. "Há uma grande lacuna na descoberta de tratamentos antibacterianos e, mais ainda, na descoberta de tratamentos inovadores", afirmou Hanan Balkhy, diretora-geral assistente da OMS sobre resistência antimicrobiana. No Brasil, o Sindicato da Indústria de Produtos Farmacêuticos (Sindusfarma) reforça a necessidade de investimento para frear o avanço das superbactérias (adaptado de Sobrinho (2023) e OPAS (2022)). Ao encontro dessa temática, analise as asserções a seguir:
I.Ainda que a OMS chame a atenção acerca da lacuna na descoberta de tratamentos antibacterianos, o número de mortes relacionadas às superbactérias que resistem a medicamentos tradicionais permanece estável, principalmente nos últimos anos.
II.Como as bactérias se tornam resistentes cada vez mais cedo, os medicamentos ficam obsoletos rapidamente e deixam de interessar à indústria farmacêutica. Além disso, o setor privado prefere investir em áreas mais lucrativas, como, por exemplo, a oncologia.
III.O insuficiente número de pesquisas sobre novos antibióticos representa um sério desafio para superar a crescente pandemia de resistência antimicrobiana e deixa a população cada vez mais vulnerável a infecções bacterianas, incluindo as infecções mais simples.
É correto o que se afirma em:
O artigo 121 da Lei Orgânica do Município de Florianópolis elucida que o ensino municipal será ministrado, com base, entre outros, no seguinte princípio:
A Lei Orgânica do Município de Florianópolis, em seu art. 31, afirma que o servidor, entre outros, será aposentado:
III. voluntariamente, desde que cumprido tempo mínimo de dez anos de efetivo exercício no serviço público e cinco anos no cargo efetivo em que se dará a aposentadoria, observadas as seguintes condições (entre outras):
§ 5º Os requisitos de idade e de tempo de contribuição serão reduzidos em _________, em relação ao disposto no inciso III, para o professor que comprove exclusivamente tempo de efetivo exercício das funções de magistério na educação infantil e no ensino fundamental e médio.
Assinale a alternativa que corretamente completa a lacuna no excerto:
Segundo uma pesquisa de Simielli (2023), a diferença entre a nota de um aluno negro e a de um branco no Pisa equivale a dois anos de escolaridade. Um levantamento elaborado pelo Todos Pela Educação e pela Mahin Consultoria Antirracista, com dados do Sistema de Avaliação da Educação Básica (Saeb), de 2019, demonstra essa disparidade. Em relação a uma criança negra, uma branca tem 18,9% mais chances de ter acesso à Educação Infantil do que uma criança negra; 39,2% mais chances de frequentar a escola; 40,4% mais chances de aprendizagem adequada em Língua Portuguesa e 53,9% mais chances de aprendizagem adequada em Matemática no 9° ano do Ensino Fundamental; e 48% mais chances de cursar o Ensino Superior (Gotti; Noronha, 2023). Dado esse contexto, registre V, para verdadeiras, e F, para falsas:
(__)A equidade étnico-racial precisa ser um projeto de nação, com centralidade nas políticas públicas, não apenas como ações adjacentes.
(__)Dentro da escola, o racismo estrutural é também um desafio a ser enfrentado.
(__)Um fator que impacta a aprendizagem envolve os problemas psicológicos que o racismo causa.
Assinale a alternativa com a sequência correta:
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
Ao longo da história da educação, esta foi marcada pela influência de diferentes teorias de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento. Analise as duas afirmações a seguir e localize, entre as afirmativas, aquela que corretamente as nomeia:
TEORIA 1 - Também denominado comportamentalismo, relaciona a aprendizagem do ser humano ao ambiente em que se encontra, estando o homem a mercê do meio em que se constitui. Na educação, ancorou métodos de ensino baseados em estímulo e resposta, e na previsibilidade do comportamento humano.
TEORIA 2 - Baseia-se, sobretudo, nos estudos de Piaget sobre o desenvolvimento humano e vincula a aprendizagem ao acionamento de dois mecanismos: a assimilação e a equilibração ou acomodação. O primeiro processo envolve a maneira como o ser humano desenvolve ações para atribuir significado a elementos do ambiente no qual está inserido e interage, buscando, para tanto, estabelecer relações com experiências já vividas e conhecimentos já assimilados. O segundo se refere ao mecanismo por meio do qual o ser humano busca reestabelecer, continuamente, no processo de aprendizagem, um equilíbrio com o meio em que vive.
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
Discourse genres refer to specific types or forms of communication that follow particular conventions, structures, and styles, and are used within specific contexts or communities to convey information, ideas, or meaning effectively. These genres can include various forms such as essays, reports, letters, conversations, speeches, and more, each tailored to suit the purpose and audience of the communication. Said that, consider the following statements about discourse genres in TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages):
I.Discourse genres primarily focus on the structural aspects of language, such as grammar and vocabulary.
II.Discourse genres are a valuable pedagogical tool in TESOL as they provide students with the practical ability to use language in context, enabling effective communication and language acquisition.
III.In TESOL, discourse genres often revolve around written communication and are less relevant in spoken language instruction.
It is correct what is state in:
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
In the field of TESOL, understanding language conceptions is crucial for effective language teaching. Which of the following statements accurately represents a commonly held language conception in TESOL?
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
In the context of education, CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) is an instructional approach that integrates language learning with content instruction. What is the primary goal of CLIL, and how does it differ from traditional language education?
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
Observe the following clauses I and II:
I.If school authorities had allowed translanguaging to achieve its potential,
II.It could have cracked open more opportunities for students to have plurilingual contexts in the education system.
Regarding these statements, select the correct option:
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
Read the following statements about English and language conceptions:
I.The official document called 'BNCC' treats the English language, prioritizing the focus on the social and political function of the language, in its status as a língua franca.
II.According to BNCC, the concept of English as a foreign language is heavily criticized for its Eurocentric bias.
III.According to BNCC, other language concepts such as international language, global language, additional language and língua franca are more up to date and because of that the term 'foreign language' should be left in the past and never be used in any type of context.
It is correct what is state in:
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
In TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) classes, students develop their language skills through various activities: they enhance their listening abilities by engaging in group discussions, practice speaking by participating in oral presentations, refine their writing skills through essay assignments, and strengthen their reading comprehension by analyzing texts in different genres. In the light of that, match the second column according to the first:
First column: skill
1.Reading
2.Listening
3.Writing
4.Speaking
Second column: definition
(__)is the skill of actively perceiving and comprehending spoken language, allowing individuals to understand and interpret oral communication effectively.
(__)is the aptitude to convey thoughts, information, and creativity through the creation of text, using written language to communicate ideas, stories, or messages.
(__)involves the ability to express one's thoughts, ideas, and emotions through coherent and articulate oral communication, contributing to effective dialogue and interpersonal interactions.
(__)is the capacity to decode, interpret, and comprehend written text, enabling individuals to access and extract meaning from written materials, ranging from books and articles to digital content.
Select the option that presents the correct association between the columns:
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