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“ELF is now the most common use of English in the world (Jenkins 2007), so a study of its linguistic features and the ways it allows people to achieve successful intercultural communication offers insights about international communication and also guidelines for English language teaching. (...) Although ELF shares some grammatical and phonological features with New Englishes (Deterding and Kirkpatrick 2006), ELF speakers generally avoid the use of local lexis and idioms (Kirkpatrick 2007b). This is a key distinction between World Englishes and ELF, as one fundamental role of World Englishes lies in their ability to reflect local phenomena and cultural values, often through the use of borrowings from local languages. In contrast, this is avoided in ELF communication, where the fundamental role is to facilitate cross-cultural communication”
Kirkpatrick and Deterding, p. 382. In: SIMPSON, J. (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics. London: Routledge, 2011.)
In relation to New Englishes and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), it is correct to state that
“This redefinition of goals had a knock-on effect in terms of methodology: the focus on communicating messages – as opposed to rehearsing structural patterns – created the need for activities that encouraged some kind of meaningful exchange, as in informationgap tasks, and, in order to practice functional language, role plays and simulations became standard practice. And since communicative competence implies the capacity to communicate one’s meanings irrespective of formal accuracy, fluency was prioritized, reinforcing the trend towards incorporating less-controlled production activities within the PPP format. For similar reasons, the use of authentic reading and listening materials was promoted, and classroom procedures for minimizing the difficulties of these – such as the use of skimming and scanning strategies – became commonplace “
THORNBURY, 2011, p. 188-189. In: SIMPSON, J. (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics. London: Routledge, 2011.
Which statement best exemplifies this methodology in language learning?
“As Norton and Toohey (2001) explain, in this perspective constructs such as motivation, aptitude, and other individual differences are reconceptualized as stemming from the interplay between people’s understanding of themselves in the world and the constraints, material and symbolic, that their worlds afford them. These understandings are dialectically shaped by the hopes and aspirations of individuals and by the power structures of the societal milieus that they inhabit”
ORTEGA, 2011, p. 179. In: SIMPSON, J. (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics. London: Routledge, 2011).
Which statement best exemplifies the critical perspective in language learning?
1. Knowledge Transmission 2. Constructivism 3. Socioculturalism
A) Practices linked to this approach involve students actively engaging through experimentation, problem-solving, and discussions. They are also encouraged to reflect on these experiences by discussing their actions and the insights they gained.
B) Teachers are viewed as responsible for conveying their knowledge to students. A knowledgeable teacher’s structured presentation of information can assist students in comprehending and retaining what has been taught.
C) More skilled peers (and teachers) support or "scaffold" learners, providing a socially focused justification for interactive and collaborative work in pairs and groups.
What is the correct association between numbers and letters?
Which statement DOES NOT represent adequately one of those benefits?
The __________ Approach involves students drawing conclusions about a rule or generalization based on a collection of examples. This method enables teachers to evaluate students' existing knowledge of a specific structure and make any necessary modifications to their lesson plans.
In contrast, the ___________ Approach presents students with the rule first, which they then apply to examples. Clearly stating a rule can lead to valuable linguistic insights more effectively, provided that the rule is neither overly simplified nor overly complex in its explanation.
What is the correct sequence of words, from left to right, to fill in the gaps?
I. Pre-listening II. While-listening III. Post-listening
( ) Verify understanding, clear up any confusion, and consider challenges faced during listening.
( ) Engage in straightforward tasks that require minimal writing or reading.
( ) Complete tasks of various difficulty levels, focusing on different elements of the information.
( ) Define the objectives for listening exercises.
( ) Stimulate relevant prior knowledge and provide language support.
The correct association, from top to bottom, is:
( ) Authenticity in ESP materials involves various factors, such as real-life users or participants, communicative and social purposes, settings, and social practices.
( ) For ESP students with low proficiency, authentic materials can be adapted based on the language and content they aim to learn. Learners can engage with shorter texts, easier vocabulary, and simpler sentence structures.
( ) To design ESP materials, teachers should include texts from different and varied vocational domains, so that students will become familiar with how to understand and produce texts in as many professional areas as possible.
The correct sequence of True and False statements, from top to botton, is
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of Needs Analysis?
__________________ help establish relationships between different sentences, with examples including pronouns, conjunctions, repetition, superordinates and hyponyms (like animals/cats), as well as synonyms and antonyms. Another tool for enhancing coherence in writing is ________________, which help readers structure, interpret, and assess information. Examples include logical connectives (e.g., therefore, but), sequencers (e.g., firstly, finally), certainty markers (e.g., certainly), among others.
The noun phrases that correctly fills in the text, from left to right, is
( ) Text characteristic is an important variable which affects the reading process. Narrative and expository texts, for example, have very similar organizational structures and linguistic features.
( ) Different readers engage with the same text in varied ways due to their unique individual traits. Given these diverse factors, teachers should consider such differences when creating lesson plans for reading activities.
( ) Readers interpret meaning based on their cultural models and knowledge. While these sociocultural frameworks can enhance understanding if used effectively, they may also hinder comprehension if they distort the process.
The correct sequence of True and False statements, from top to bottom, is
( ) Top-down processing refers to understanding a text or information by starting with smaller components, such as letters, words, and sounds, and building up to a broader understanding of the meaning.
( ) Bottom-up processing involves using prior knowledge, context, and expectations to make sense of the information.
( ) Critical reading involves actively engaging with a text or media in a way that goes beyond surface-level understanding. This process involves looking for implied meanings, questioning the purpose of the author, and assessing the credibility of the arguments.
( ) The concept of reading and literacy now includes digital forms, where understanding the internet and intertextuality is crucial. Digital texts often link to additional meanings on other websites and feature multimedia elements like sounds, images, and videos.
The correct sequence of True and False statements, from top to bottom, is
1. Pre-task Planning 2. Task Repetition 3. Metacognition Enhancement
A. Teachers need to offer support and direction, both in terms of content and language, to assist learners in successfully completing a speaking task.
B. Teachers should promote self-assessment, encouraging learners to evaluate their own speaking performance and the effectiveness of the tasks.
C. Teachers should inspire learners by having them do the task in its original format again with different speaking partners.
What is the correct association between numbers and letters?
I. Communication-gap tasks can take various forms, often involving missing information or details that one student must describe, narrate, or explain to their partner.
II. In discussion tasks, learners are expected to present their ideas individually to either one listener or an audience of listeners. Students may also speak extensively on a topic without interruptions.
III. Monologic tasks are interactive activities in which learners exchange ideas, opinions, or information on a particular topic, typically in a pair setting. When a consensus is required, students should also negotiate with one another.
IV. Monologic tasks may be done in small groups, but presenting them to the entire class is preferable, as it lowers speaker anxiety and allows peers to ask questions and offer feedback in a more spontaneous manner.
The INCORRECT affirmatives are only
1. Generation of knowledge 2. Encouragement of collective intelligence 3. Development of planetary consciousness 4. Re-literacy
A. The challenge for the teacher is to find the balance between preserving our individuality and accepting the diversity of others.
B. The teacher must have a good level of proficiency in not only the mediation processes through which access to knowledge is given, but also the social practice implicit in this knowledge.
C. Society needs new knowledge to face the countless challenges of everyday life and the teacher is the professional who, par excellence, is able to meet this need.
D. There are cross-cutting themes and tasks that can only be performed by bringing together the knowledge of different people and areas of knowledge.
What is the correct association between numbers and letters?
( ) Students should learn new words within a meaningful context. The subjects in the student's curriculum can represent the ideal context for lexical development, making learning more authentic and communicative.
( ) There are words that are more frequent and others that will rarely be encountered by students. Considering the ease with which the most frequent terms can be identified, priority should be given to teaching and analyzing less frequent words.
( ) Regarding retention strategies, the most pertinent proposals involve a conscious effort to retain both the form and content of the word.
The correct sequence of True and False statements, from top to bottom, is
Regarding these three dimensions, associate the items, using the following code:
I. Quantity II. Depth III. Productivity
( ) Considers the evolution that goes from superficial knowledge to complex knowledge of the word.
( ) Considers lexical development along a continuum of words known by the learner.
( ) Considers the ability to establish paradigmatic, syntagmatic and collocational relationships.
( ) Considers the opposition between receptive knowledge and active knowledge of the lexicon.
The correct association, from top to bottom, is
Select the statement that best elucidates its objective:
( ) Learners have more difficulty learning sounds that are phonetically closer, because they tend not to perceive them as different.
( ) The goal of learning pronunciation is to teach learners to speak like native speakers.
( ) It is important to highlight specific differences in the vowel systems of the native language and the target language in order to avoid intelligibility problems in communication.
( ) Students need resources to be able to understand speakers with different profiles, as well as to make their speech more intelligible.
The correct sequence of True and False statements, from top to bottom, is
( ) There are more vowels in the Portuguese language compared to the English language.
( ) Regarding the consonants of the English language, there is phonetic variability depending on the syllabic position occupied by such segments within the word.
( ) The stress is distinctive in both English and Portuguese. In both languages, it can be used to differentiate verbs from nouns, for example.
( ) In the English language, words can be stressed on any syllable, unlike Portuguese, where words are stressed on one of the last three syllables.
The correct sequence of True and False statements, from top to bottom, is