Read the text by Brown to answer question.

        The question of whether or not to distinguish between native and nonnative speakers in the teaching profession has grown into a common and productive topic of research in the last decade. For many decades the English language teaching profession assumed that native English-speaking teachers, by virtue of their superior model of oral production, comprised the ideal English language teacher. Then, Medgyes (1994), among others, showed in his research that nonnative English speaking teachers offered as many if not more inherent advantages. Other authors concur by noting not only that multiple varieties of English are now considered legitimate and acceptable, but also that teachers who have actually gone through the process of learning English possess distinct advantages over native speakers.

        As we move into a new paradigm in which the concepts of native and nonnative “speaker” become less relevant, it is perhaps more appropriate to think in terms of the proficiency level of a user of a language. Speaking is one of four skills and may not deserve in all contexts to be elevated to the sole criterion for proficiency. So, the profession is better served by considering a person’s communicative proficiency across the four skills. Teachers of any language, regardless of their own variety of English, can then be judged accordingly, and in turn, their pedagogical training and experience can occupy focal attention.

(Brown, 2006. Adaptado)

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DODGER DILEMMA 

Jammie Dodgers unveils new flavour with an 'exotic twist'... and fans are divided

Biscuit lovers had mixed reactions upon learning there was a new Mango and Passionfruit flavour available to buy at supermarkets.

The 140g packet of biccies is 90p at Sainsbury's and just one of a range of new flavours of the iconic brand.

The flavour is mango and passionfruit. Credit: Facebook

A photo of the mango and passionfruit Jammie Dodgers was shared to the Newfoods UK social media pages where reactions where mixed.

"Wish they would just stick to original!!!! More jam!!!!!!!!" wrote one person.

Another added: "Oh yum."

A third commented: "Tasteless."

And a fourth reacted: "We need to get these."

A spokesperson for Fox Burton's which makes Jammie Dodgers said they expect the new flavours to fly off the shelf.

"We are very excited about these new flavours and expect them to do well in market," the spokesperson told The Sun.

Another of the unique flavours available at supermarkets is cherry, apple and blackcurrant, and strawberry Jammie Dodgers.

Last year, the brand raised eyebrows when shoppers found a re-released banana version of Jammie Dodgers.

The banana flavouring replaces the classic jam filling that Brits have grown to love over the years.

The yellow-flavoured biscuits were first launched in the UK in July 2022 inspired by the Minions film, The Rise of Gru.

It was not the first new flavour the biscuit company has tried - other tempting flavours have been launched such as cherry and apple.

https://www.thesun.co.uk/money/35361009/jammie-dodgers-unveils-new-flavour-exotic-twist/

Leia o texto para responder às questão.

   Let’s start by discussing smoking. It continues to be the leading cause of preventable disease and death in many countries. The highest percent of smoking tends to be seen among people with a high school diploma (or not even that!), and the lowest is among those with a bachelor’s degree or higher. Trends in efforts to quit smoking habits also vary by educational level. Adults with only a high school diploma historically have had the lowest rates of quitting smoking compared to adults overall. But these data document the relationship when it is too late: Adults don’t drop out of school, children do.

   The field of public health recognizes education is a social determinant of health and an indicator of well-being. National efforts in North America are currently focused on promoting literacy, and increasing high school completion and college enrollment. It is critical to ensure that children have positive learning experiences while they are still young so that they can achieve educational success. This is one of the best ways to ensure that they can live healthier lives as adults.

   A human baby’s brain is not fully developed at birth. Rapid brain developments and the acquisition of foundation skills occur in the first few years of life and then steady into childhood and adolescence. Abuse, neglect, poverty and related stressful exposures can put children at risk for problems with healthy cognitive, social and emotional development, which can interfere with learning.

   To effectively address the problem, learning environments must include staff who have knowledge about trauma and symptoms of trauma. Most importantly, the school ecosystems, which include the schools’ staff, must be prepared and able to provide children, and each other, safe, supportive and trusting environments. Thus, creating effective solutions will require a multigenerational approach – that is, one that focuses on the children affected as well as on the adults dealing with them. In order to promote well-being across the lifespan, we must collectively invest in meeting the needs of future generations.

(Shanta R. Dube. 07.02.2018, https://theconversation.com. Adaptado) 

Text 7A2-I  

    If we believe that our own information age is defined by the digital structures of electronic communication, we must take early modern culture as inextricably bound to the medium of print. Printed text and image arose within a few years of each other in the mid-fifteenth century, credited to the German goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg, who seemingly drew together a series of extant yet disparate technologies into a new machine that could print several thousand sheets a day. The ancient oil or wine press, the goldsmith’s craft in fine metal carving, the late-medieval development of plentiful rag paper, and the recent formulation of more stable oil-based inks enabled Gutenberg’s ‘revolution’.

    Similarly, early photography developed from a coming together of two otherwise disparate technologies: on the one hand, the pinhole camera through which capture a refected view of the world as an image, and on the other the chemical means to fix the effects of light exposure on paper. In both cases, these technologies shared aesthetic resources with other media available at the time, while also producing forms of representation that were uniquely theirs, and which offered access to new ways of seeing, and enabled new forms of subjectivity. The greatly expanded flow of visual information facilitated by these technological breakthroughs worked to quicken the circulation of knowledge, and the foundations of thought itself.

Genevieve Warwick and Richard Taws. After Prometheus:

Art and Technology in Early Modern Europe. In:

Art History – Journal of the Association of Art Historians.

Special Edition: Art and Technology in Early Modern Europe. p. 201 (adapted)

Text 1 – How children learn languages

Questions 31 to 39

How long does it take to learn a language?

READ TEXT III AND ANSWER THE FIVE QUESTION THAT FOLLOW IT

TEXT III

From: https://br.pinterest.com/pin/46865652357417512/