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                 Eating well may count more than exercise for weight loss: study

                                                                          (By Lizette Borreli on 2/12/17 AT 9:10 AM.)

      We’ve all heard that to lose weight we need to do two things: eat less, exercise more. This makes sense: Burning more calories than we consume will lead to weight loss. But this exercise-based approach provides only short-term results. Now, researchers at Loyola University of Chicago confirm that a healthy diet, not exercise, is the key to losing weight – and keeping it off.

      “Our study results indicate that physical activity may not protect you from gaining weight,” said Lara Dugas, lead author of the study and an assistant professor in the Department of Public Health Sciences of Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, in a statement.

      Previous research has found exercise does help people lose weight by burning fat. A 10-month study split 141 obese or overweight people into three groups to see how cardio affected them – group 1 had to burn 400 calories doing cardio, 5 days a week; group 2 had to burn 600 calories doing cardio, 5 days a week; and group 3 did no exercise. Most participants lost 4.3 percent of their body weight in group 1; group 2 lost a little more at 5.7 percent; and the control group actually gained 0.5 percent.

      The benefits of exercise on weight are notable, but most studies don't take into account its behavioral effects. For example, working out makes people hungrier, which means they are more likely to consume more calories. This suggests how much and what we eat has a bigger impact on our weight than exercise.

      In the new study, published in Peer J, Dugas and her colleagues examined about 2,000 adults from the U.S. and four other countries: Ghana, South Africa, Jamaica and Seychelles, to measure their physical activity levels and weight change throughout the course of three years. Participants wore tracking devices – accelerometers – on their waists for a week, to track their energy expenditure and step count. Weight, height and body fat were also measured at baseline, one year and two years after.

      In the beginning, Ghana participants had the lowest average weights (139 pounds for both men and women), and Americans the highest weights (202 pounds for women, 206 pounds for men). Ghanaians were more fit han Americans; 76 Ghanaian men and 44 percent Ghanaian women met the U.S. Surgeon General physical activity guidelines, while only 44 percent of American men and 20 percent of American women met the guidelines. Adults need 2 hours and 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, like brisk walking, each week, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

      Surprisingly, participants with higher rates of physical activity actually gained more weight than those with lower rates. American men who met the guidelines gained a half pound per year, while American men who did not meet the guidelines lost 0.6 pounds. This shows there's no significant relationship between sedentary time at baseline, and subsequent weight gain or weight loss. The only factors that were significantly linked to weight at baseline were age and gender.

      “From our study it is not evident that higher volumes of PA [physical activity] alone are protective against future weight gain, and by deduction our data suggest that other environmental factors such as the food environment may have a more critical role”, concluded the researchers.

      Exercise-focused weight loss regimens yield low success rates because we tend to poorly estimate calories we consume and calories we burn. For example, a 2010 study found when participants were asked to consume the amount of food they believed they burned in calories, they ended up eating two to three times the amount of calories they burned. This suggests calorie expenditure doesn’t really count for much.

      Diet is a major factor in weight control; portion sizes and what we're eating is crucial to maintaining a healthy body weight. To lose weight and improve health, we need to both eat well and find the time to exercise.

(Available: http://www.newsweek.com/eating-well-count-more-exercise-weight-loss-554821.) 

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                Police in England and Wales consider making

                             misogyny a hate crime

        September 10, 2016

        Police forces across England and Wales are considering expanding their definition of hate crime to include misogyny (hatred, dislike, or mistrust of women, or prejudice against women) after an experiment in one city that saw more than 20 investigations launched in two months.

        The initial success of Nottingham’s crackdown against sexist abuse has drawn national interest after the city’s police revealed that they investigated a case of misogyny every three days during July and August, the first months to see specially trained officers targeting behaviour ranging from street harassment to unwanted physical approaches.

        Several other forces have confirmed they are sending representatives to Nottingham this month to discuss the introduction of misogyny as a hate crime. Police and campaigners said the initial figures were broadly in line with other categories of hate crime such as Islamophobia and antisemitism but were likely to rise significantly as awareness increased.

        Dave Alton, the hate crime manager for Nottingham police, said: “The number of reports we are receiving is comparable with other, more established, categories of hate crime. We have received numerous reports and have been able to provide a service to women in Nottinghamshire who perhaps would not have approached us six months ago. The reality is that all of the reports so far have required some form of police action.”

                                                                                      (www.theguardian.com. Adaptado)

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April

    There was a nice little girl which name was April. 

    One day, she asked her parents why she was called April. They answered that it was because she was born in April. The little girl liked her name and the month April too. Her parents made her a party, all her friends celebrated with her, and she received a lot of presents.

    One day her mother became pregnant and April had a little brother. Her brother was born in February and everybody came and suggested names for the new baby.

    April didn’t understand what the problem was. If the baby was born in February, the correct name should be February.

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Olympic Sports

    The first modern Olympic Games took place in Athens, Greece, in the year 1896. Athletes from only 13 countries participated in the Games that year. They competed in 43 different events in just 9 sports (track and field, swimming, cycling, fencing, gymnastics, shooting, tennis, weight lifting, and wrestling). In 2004, the Olympic Games took place once again in Athens. This time athletes from 202 countries competed in 300 events in 28 sports. Only five sports have been in every Olympic Games.

Fonte: adapted from Thoughts and Notions.

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Bento boxes

    People in offices in Japan often have a bento at lunchtime. They do not eat a meal in a restaurant; they eat a bento in the office. They regularly have a menu for the bentos in the office and they telephone a bento store with their orders. The people at bento store make the bentos and take them to all the offices at about 12p.m.

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Sam’s adventure

    It’s a very hot Texas night; 35ºC! Sam can’t sleep. He’s hot and he’s hungry. He goes to the kitchen. He cooks some fried bananas. But he forgets to turn off the gas. He leaves the kitchen and goes to the pool. His parents are asleep; they don’t know about his adventure.

    He’s in the water-alone!

    Mmm, It’s cool! Suddenly he gets cramp in his legs and he can’t swim. He looks at the house and it’s on fire. Sam’s parents are in there and he must help them. He is desperate.

                                             Texto 4

      When he was 19, in 1898, Albert Einstein was refused a place at the Munich Technical Institute because he 'showed no promise'. Three years later, Einstein took Swiss citizenship and became an examiner at the Swiss Patent Office. In his spare time, he continued his study of physics and by 1905 had advanced so far that he was able to publish the first of his celebrated papers on the theory of relativity which earned worldwide fame.

In: I wish I’d never said that, Oxford, Past Times, 2001, p. 60.

                                                                         Texto 5

                              HIGH-TECH EAVESDROPPING ON THE GANGES RIVER DOLPHIN

                 SONAR SIGNALS HOLD CLUES THAT COULD SAVE AN ENDANGERED SPECIES

    The Ganges river dolphin is one of only two remaining freshwater dolphin species on Earth. But pollution, fishing, and dams threaten to wipe it out entirely.

    So acoustical engineer Harumi Sugimatsu and her team have deployed an experimental sonar monitoring system just under the surface of the murky water. The hope is to track the dolphins by the high-frequency clicks they use to navigate and hunt. By eavesdropping on their underwater lives, Sugimatsu believes she can gather data about their behavior and geographical range—data that conservationists can use in their struggle to keep the species from going extinct.

IEEE Spectrum. High-tech eavesdropping on the ganges river dolphin. In: IEEE Spectrum, 2016. Disponível em:<http://spectrum.ieee.org/video/green-tech/conservation/hightech-eavesdropping-on-the-ganges-river-dolphin> . Acesso em: 15/06/2016. 

Texto 1

                  LANDFILLS AND THE INTRODUCTION OF NANOMATERIALS IN WASTE

      Waste disposal on land (dumping) and landfilling remain the most prominent waste management techniques used ______. The standards and practices for this type of waste disposal vary greatly ranging from uncontrolled sites to highly specialised and controlled engineered landfills. The potential ______ of contaminants through landfill gas and leachate is largely dependent on landfill design, site conditions and the sophistication of the control measures in place, ______ landfill gas recovery and leachate collection and treatment systems.

Modern engineered landfills use ______ barriers, with few relying on natural barriers, to line the bottom of a landfill and incorporate collection systems for both leachate and landfill gas. The purpose of these collection systems is to capture and treat leachate and landfill gas; ______ preventing the migration of leachate into ground/surface water and the release of untreated landfill gases to the atmosphere. An un-engineered landfill would be considered an uncontrolled system due to the lack of environmental controls, potentially resulting in significant environmental exposure of contaminants.

      Because of widespread use of ENMs in a broad range of products, it is possible that some ENMs ______ through landfill gases; however this report will primarily focus on ENMs that may be present in landfill leachate, as this is considered to be the primary means by which ENMs could be transported______ a landfill. Characterisation of landfill gases to identify the presence of ENMs ______ an important area for further research.

      Landfill leachate is generated when rain passes through the waste mass and by the liquid generated due to the breakdown of waste ______ the landfill. The composition of leachate is extremely ______ depending on the type of waste landfilled, the quantity of precipitation, the construction and operation of the landfill, the age of the landfill and other factors such as pH, temperature and microbial populations.

                                                                              (…)

ENMs = engineered nanomaterials.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Landfills and the introduction of nanomaterials in waste. In: Landfilling of waste containing nanomaterials and nanowaste, 2015. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 22/04/2015.