Questões de Vestibular Sobre inglês
Foram encontradas 6.317 questões
Ano: 2026
Banca:
VUNESP
Órgão:
UNIVESP
Prova:
VUNESP - 2026 - UNIVESP - Vestibular - Eixos: Licenciatura, Computação e Negócios de Produção |
Q4038072
Inglês
Leia a tirinha do cartunista Brian Crane.
O efeito de humor da tirinha decorre, sobretudo, do fato de as mulheres
Ano: 2026
Banca:
VUNESP
Órgão:
UNIVESP
Prova:
VUNESP - 2026 - UNIVESP - Vestibular - Eixos: Licenciatura, Computação e Negócios de Produção |
Q4038071
Inglês
Texto associado
Autonomous vehicles — also known as self-driving cars
or self-driving vehicles — are vehicles that can navigate and
operate safely with little or no human input or intervention.
Autonomous vehicles are equipped with autonomous driving
systems that use a combination of sensors, computing, and
software to safely perceive their environment and execute
driving tasks.
Autonomous driving offers a range of benefits. One of
the most significant advantages is the potential to improve
road safety by reducing vehicle collisions, many of which are
caused by human error. Autonomous vehicles are designed
to follow traffic laws, monitor blind spots, and detect dangers
faster than human drivers.
Autonomous vehicles also have the potential to deliver
freedom of mobility for people who are unable to drive by
expanding access to transportation options. They can navigate
traffic jams and complex urban environments efficiently, which
can help reduce traffic congestion and lower emissions —
particularly as the transportation industry moves away from
internal combustion engines and toward electric vehicles.
(www.nvidia.com. Adaptado.)
No trecho do terceiro parágrafo “as the transportation industry
moves away from internal combustion engines and toward
electric vehicles”, o termo sublinhado pode ser substituído,
sem prejuízo de sentido para a oração, por:
Ano: 2026
Banca:
VUNESP
Órgão:
UNIVESP
Prova:
VUNESP - 2026 - UNIVESP - Vestibular - Eixos: Licenciatura, Computação e Negócios de Produção |
Q4038070
Inglês
Texto associado
Autonomous vehicles — also known as self-driving cars
or self-driving vehicles — are vehicles that can navigate and
operate safely with little or no human input or intervention.
Autonomous vehicles are equipped with autonomous driving
systems that use a combination of sensors, computing, and
software to safely perceive their environment and execute
driving tasks.
Autonomous driving offers a range of benefits. One of
the most significant advantages is the potential to improve
road safety by reducing vehicle collisions, many of which are
caused by human error. Autonomous vehicles are designed
to follow traffic laws, monitor blind spots, and detect dangers
faster than human drivers.
Autonomous vehicles also have the potential to deliver
freedom of mobility for people who are unable to drive by
expanding access to transportation options. They can navigate
traffic jams and complex urban environments efficiently, which
can help reduce traffic congestion and lower emissions —
particularly as the transportation industry moves away from
internal combustion engines and toward electric vehicles.
(www.nvidia.com. Adaptado.)
De acordo com o segundo parágrafo, os veículos autônomos
tendem a melhorar a segurança nas estradas pois
Ano: 2026
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Q4038069
Inglês
Texto associado
Autonomous vehicles — also known as self-driving cars
or self-driving vehicles — are vehicles that can navigate and
operate safely with little or no human input or intervention.
Autonomous vehicles are equipped with autonomous driving
systems that use a combination of sensors, computing, and
software to safely perceive their environment and execute
driving tasks.
Autonomous driving offers a range of benefits. One of
the most significant advantages is the potential to improve
road safety by reducing vehicle collisions, many of which are
caused by human error. Autonomous vehicles are designed
to follow traffic laws, monitor blind spots, and detect dangers
faster than human drivers.
Autonomous vehicles also have the potential to deliver
freedom of mobility for people who are unable to drive by
expanding access to transportation options. They can navigate
traffic jams and complex urban environments efficiently, which
can help reduce traffic congestion and lower emissions —
particularly as the transportation industry moves away from
internal combustion engines and toward electric vehicles.
(www.nvidia.com. Adaptado.)
No trecho do primeiro parágrafo “vehicles that can navigate
and operate safely”, o termo sublinhado expressa
Ano: 2026
Banca:
VUNESP
Órgão:
UNIVESP
Prova:
VUNESP - 2026 - UNIVESP - Vestibular - Eixos: Licenciatura, Computação e Negócios de Produção |
Q4038068
Inglês
Texto associado
Autonomous vehicles — also known as self-driving cars
or self-driving vehicles — are vehicles that can navigate and
operate safely with little or no human input or intervention.
Autonomous vehicles are equipped with autonomous driving
systems that use a combination of sensors, computing, and
software to safely perceive their environment and execute
driving tasks.
Autonomous driving offers a range of benefits. One of
the most significant advantages is the potential to improve
road safety by reducing vehicle collisions, many of which are
caused by human error. Autonomous vehicles are designed
to follow traffic laws, monitor blind spots, and detect dangers
faster than human drivers.
Autonomous vehicles also have the potential to deliver
freedom of mobility for people who are unable to drive by
expanding access to transportation options. They can navigate
traffic jams and complex urban environments efficiently, which
can help reduce traffic congestion and lower emissions —
particularly as the transportation industry moves away from
internal combustion engines and toward electric vehicles.
(www.nvidia.com. Adaptado.)
No excerto do primeiro parágrafo “Autonomous vehicles
— also known as self-driving cars or self-driving vehicles”,
o trecho sublinhado apresenta
Ano: 2026
Banca:
VUNESP
Órgão:
UNIVESP
Prova:
VUNESP - 2026 - UNIVESP - Vestibular - Eixos: Licenciatura, Computação e Negócios de Produção |
Q4038067
Inglês
Texto associado
Autonomous vehicles — also known as self-driving cars
or self-driving vehicles — are vehicles that can navigate and
operate safely with little or no human input or intervention.
Autonomous vehicles are equipped with autonomous driving
systems that use a combination of sensors, computing, and
software to safely perceive their environment and execute
driving tasks.
Autonomous driving offers a range of benefits. One of
the most significant advantages is the potential to improve
road safety by reducing vehicle collisions, many of which are
caused by human error. Autonomous vehicles are designed
to follow traffic laws, monitor blind spots, and detect dangers
faster than human drivers.
Autonomous vehicles also have the potential to deliver
freedom of mobility for people who are unable to drive by
expanding access to transportation options. They can navigate
traffic jams and complex urban environments efficiently, which
can help reduce traffic congestion and lower emissions —
particularly as the transportation industry moves away from
internal combustion engines and toward electric vehicles.
(www.nvidia.com. Adaptado.)
According to the text, autonomous vehicles
Ano: 2025
Banca:
VUNESP
Órgão:
UNIFIPA
Prova:
VUNESP - 2025 - UNIFIPA - Vestibular Medicina - Conhecimentos Gerais |
Q3966815
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto e analise o gráfico para responder à questão.
Life Expectancy (1900-2023)
People are living longer. In 1900, the average life
expectancy of a newborn was 32 years. By 2021 this had
more than doubled to 71 years.
The large reduction in child mortality has played
an important role in increasing life expectancy. But life
expectancy has increased at all ages. Infants, children,
adults, and the elderly are all less likely to die than in the
past, and death is being delayed. This remarkable shift
results from advances in medicine, public health, and living
standards. Along with it, many predictions of the “limit” of life
expectancy have been broken.
(Saloni Dattani et al. https://ourworldindata.org, 2023. Adaptado.)
In the excerpt from the second paragraph, “Along with it,
many predictions of the ‘limit’ of life expectancy have been
broken”, the underlined expression can be replaced, without
meaning change, by:
Ano: 2025
Banca:
VUNESP
Órgão:
UNIFIPA
Prova:
VUNESP - 2025 - UNIFIPA - Vestibular Medicina - Conhecimentos Gerais |
Q3966814
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto e analise o gráfico para responder à questão.
Life Expectancy (1900-2023)
People are living longer. In 1900, the average life
expectancy of a newborn was 32 years. By 2021 this had
more than doubled to 71 years.
The large reduction in child mortality has played
an important role in increasing life expectancy. But life
expectancy has increased at all ages. Infants, children,
adults, and the elderly are all less likely to die than in the
past, and death is being delayed. This remarkable shift
results from advances in medicine, public health, and living
standards. Along with it, many predictions of the “limit” of life
expectancy have been broken.
(Saloni Dattani et al. https://ourworldindata.org, 2023. Adaptado.)
No trecho do segundo parágrafo “Infants, children, adults,
and the elderly are all less likely to die than in the past”, o
termo sublinhado equivale, em português, a:
Ano: 2025
Banca:
VUNESP
Órgão:
UNIFIPA
Prova:
VUNESP - 2025 - UNIFIPA - Vestibular Medicina - Conhecimentos Gerais |
Q3966813
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto e analise o gráfico para responder à questão.
Life Expectancy (1900-2023)
People are living longer. In 1900, the average life
expectancy of a newborn was 32 years. By 2021 this had
more than doubled to 71 years.
The large reduction in child mortality has played
an important role in increasing life expectancy. But life
expectancy has increased at all ages. Infants, children,
adults, and the elderly are all less likely to die than in the
past, and death is being delayed. This remarkable shift
results from advances in medicine, public health, and living
standards. Along with it, many predictions of the “limit” of life
expectancy have been broken.
(Saloni Dattani et al. https://ourworldindata.org, 2023. Adaptado.)
According to the chart,
Ano: 2025
Banca:
VUNESP
Órgão:
UNIFIPA
Prova:
VUNESP - 2025 - UNIFIPA - Vestibular Medicina - Conhecimentos Gerais |
Q3966812
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto e analise o gráfico para responder à questão.
Life Expectancy (1900-2023)
People are living longer. In 1900, the average life
expectancy of a newborn was 32 years. By 2021 this had
more than doubled to 71 years.
The large reduction in child mortality has played
an important role in increasing life expectancy. But life
expectancy has increased at all ages. Infants, children,
adults, and the elderly are all less likely to die than in the
past, and death is being delayed. This remarkable shift
results from advances in medicine, public health, and living
standards. Along with it, many predictions of the “limit” of life
expectancy have been broken.
(Saloni Dattani et al. https://ourworldindata.org, 2023. Adaptado.)
O trecho do texto que pode ser confirmado no gráfico é:
Ano: 2025
Banca:
VUNESP
Órgão:
UNIFIPA
Prova:
VUNESP - 2025 - UNIFIPA - Vestibular Medicina - Conhecimentos Gerais |
Q3966811
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto para responder à questão.
Admixture’s impact on Brazilian population
evolution and health
Brazil is a vast continental country home to the largest
population in Latin America and boasts the world’s largest
recently admixed population1
. The colonization process
brought approximately 5 million Europeans to Brazil,
alongside the forced migration of at least 5 million Africans
and the decimation of Indigenous populations, which once
included more than 10 million people speaking more than
1000 languages. This distinctive historical interplay shaped
a complex mosaic of genetic diversity, underscoring the
importance of detailed genomic studies. Nevertheless,
similar to other populations in the Global South2
, the Brazilian
population remains notably underrepresented in genomic
research, where there is a lack of studies investigating the
effects of this population’s admixture on its evolution, diversity,
and health status.
To address these gaps, a research group generated
2723 high-coverage whole-genome sequences of the
Brazilian population, encompassing urban, rural, and riverine
communities from all five geographical regions of Brazil.
This dataset reflects a diverse group of ethnic backgrounds,
including Afro-Brazilians and descendants of Indigenous
people, and provides a comprehensive representation of
Brazilian genomic diversity.
(Kelly Nunes et al. www.science.org, 15.05.2025. Adaptado.)
1admixed population: group of individuals formed through interbreeding
of two or more previously isolated populations.
2Global South: a group of countries mainly located in the Southern
Hemisphere that are often characterized as developing, less developed
or underdeveloped.
According to the second paragraph, as a result of the study,
the researchers managed to supply
Ano: 2025
Banca:
VUNESP
Órgão:
UNIFIPA
Prova:
VUNESP - 2025 - UNIFIPA - Vestibular Medicina - Conhecimentos Gerais |
Q3966810
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto para responder à questão.
Admixture’s impact on Brazilian population
evolution and health
Brazil is a vast continental country home to the largest
population in Latin America and boasts the world’s largest
recently admixed population1
. The colonization process
brought approximately 5 million Europeans to Brazil,
alongside the forced migration of at least 5 million Africans
and the decimation of Indigenous populations, which once
included more than 10 million people speaking more than
1000 languages. This distinctive historical interplay shaped
a complex mosaic of genetic diversity, underscoring the
importance of detailed genomic studies. Nevertheless,
similar to other populations in the Global South2
, the Brazilian
population remains notably underrepresented in genomic
research, where there is a lack of studies investigating the
effects of this population’s admixture on its evolution, diversity,
and health status.
To address these gaps, a research group generated
2723 high-coverage whole-genome sequences of the
Brazilian population, encompassing urban, rural, and riverine
communities from all five geographical regions of Brazil.
This dataset reflects a diverse group of ethnic backgrounds,
including Afro-Brazilians and descendants of Indigenous
people, and provides a comprehensive representation of
Brazilian genomic diversity.
(Kelly Nunes et al. www.science.org, 15.05.2025. Adaptado.)
1admixed population: group of individuals formed through interbreeding
of two or more previously isolated populations.
2Global South: a group of countries mainly located in the Southern
Hemisphere that are often characterized as developing, less developed
or underdeveloped.
No trecho do segundo parágrafo “To address these
gaps, a research group generated 2 723 high-coverage
whole-genome sequences”, a expressão sublinhada
refere-se, no contexto,
Ano: 2025
Banca:
VUNESP
Órgão:
UNIFIPA
Prova:
VUNESP - 2025 - UNIFIPA - Vestibular Medicina - Conhecimentos Gerais |
Q3966809
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto para responder à questão.
Admixture’s impact on Brazilian population
evolution and health
Brazil is a vast continental country home to the largest
population in Latin America and boasts the world’s largest
recently admixed population1
. The colonization process
brought approximately 5 million Europeans to Brazil,
alongside the forced migration of at least 5 million Africans
and the decimation of Indigenous populations, which once
included more than 10 million people speaking more than
1000 languages. This distinctive historical interplay shaped
a complex mosaic of genetic diversity, underscoring the
importance of detailed genomic studies. Nevertheless,
similar to other populations in the Global South2
, the Brazilian
population remains notably underrepresented in genomic
research, where there is a lack of studies investigating the
effects of this population’s admixture on its evolution, diversity,
and health status.
To address these gaps, a research group generated
2723 high-coverage whole-genome sequences of the
Brazilian population, encompassing urban, rural, and riverine
communities from all five geographical regions of Brazil.
This dataset reflects a diverse group of ethnic backgrounds,
including Afro-Brazilians and descendants of Indigenous
people, and provides a comprehensive representation of
Brazilian genomic diversity.
(Kelly Nunes et al. www.science.org, 15.05.2025. Adaptado.)
1admixed population: group of individuals formed through interbreeding
of two or more previously isolated populations.
2Global South: a group of countries mainly located in the Southern
Hemisphere that are often characterized as developing, less developed
or underdeveloped.
In the excerpt from the first paragraph “Nevertheless, similar
to other populations in the Global South”, the underlined word
expresses
Ano: 2025
Banca:
VUNESP
Órgão:
UNIFIPA
Prova:
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Q3966808
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto para responder à questão.
Admixture’s impact on Brazilian population
evolution and health
Brazil is a vast continental country home to the largest
population in Latin America and boasts the world’s largest
recently admixed population1
. The colonization process
brought approximately 5 million Europeans to Brazil,
alongside the forced migration of at least 5 million Africans
and the decimation of Indigenous populations, which once
included more than 10 million people speaking more than
1000 languages. This distinctive historical interplay shaped
a complex mosaic of genetic diversity, underscoring the
importance of detailed genomic studies. Nevertheless,
similar to other populations in the Global South2
, the Brazilian
population remains notably underrepresented in genomic
research, where there is a lack of studies investigating the
effects of this population’s admixture on its evolution, diversity,
and health status.
To address these gaps, a research group generated
2723 high-coverage whole-genome sequences of the
Brazilian population, encompassing urban, rural, and riverine
communities from all five geographical regions of Brazil.
This dataset reflects a diverse group of ethnic backgrounds,
including Afro-Brazilians and descendants of Indigenous
people, and provides a comprehensive representation of
Brazilian genomic diversity.
(Kelly Nunes et al. www.science.org, 15.05.2025. Adaptado.)
1admixed population: group of individuals formed through interbreeding
of two or more previously isolated populations.
2Global South: a group of countries mainly located in the Southern
Hemisphere that are often characterized as developing, less developed
or underdeveloped.
In the excerpt from the first paragraph “The colonization
process brought approximately 5 million Europeans to Brazil,
alongside the forced migration of at least 5 million Africans”,
the underlined word can be replaced, without meaning
change, by:
Ano: 2025
Banca:
VUNESP
Órgão:
UNIFIPA
Prova:
VUNESP - 2025 - UNIFIPA - Vestibular Medicina - Conhecimentos Gerais |
Q3966807
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto para responder à questão.
Admixture’s impact on Brazilian population
evolution and health
Brazil is a vast continental country home to the largest
population in Latin America and boasts the world’s largest
recently admixed population1
. The colonization process
brought approximately 5 million Europeans to Brazil,
alongside the forced migration of at least 5 million Africans
and the decimation of Indigenous populations, which once
included more than 10 million people speaking more than
1000 languages. This distinctive historical interplay shaped
a complex mosaic of genetic diversity, underscoring the
importance of detailed genomic studies. Nevertheless,
similar to other populations in the Global South2
, the Brazilian
population remains notably underrepresented in genomic
research, where there is a lack of studies investigating the
effects of this population’s admixture on its evolution, diversity,
and health status.
To address these gaps, a research group generated
2723 high-coverage whole-genome sequences of the
Brazilian population, encompassing urban, rural, and riverine
communities from all five geographical regions of Brazil.
This dataset reflects a diverse group of ethnic backgrounds,
including Afro-Brazilians and descendants of Indigenous
people, and provides a comprehensive representation of
Brazilian genomic diversity.
(Kelly Nunes et al. www.science.org, 15.05.2025. Adaptado.)
1admixed population: group of individuals formed through interbreeding
of two or more previously isolated populations.
2Global South: a group of countries mainly located in the Southern
Hemisphere that are often characterized as developing, less developed
or underdeveloped.
According to the first paragraph, one of the facts about the
Brazilian population is:
Ano: 2025
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Q3946332
Inglês
Texto associado
During the nineteen-seventies and eighties, a researcher at
the University of Washington started noticing something strange
in the college’s experimental forest. For years, a blight of
caterpillars had been munching the trees to death. Then,
suddenly, the caterpillars themselves started dying off. The forest
was able to recover. But what had happened to the caterpillars?
The researcher, David Rhoades, who had a background in
chemistry and zoology, found that the trees in the forest had
changed the chemistry of their leaves, to the detriment of the
caterpillars. Even more surprising, trees that had been nibbled by
caterpillars weren’t the only ones that had changed their
chemistry. Some were changing their leaves before caterpillars
reached them, as if they’d received a warning. A shocking
possibility presented itself: the trees were signalling to one
another.
Zoë Schlanger recounts Rhoades’s story in her new book,
“The Light Eaters: How the Unseen World of Plant Intelligence
Offers a New Understanding of Life on Earth.”
The contemporary world of botany that Schlanger explores in
“The Light Eaters” is still divided over the matter of how plants
sense the world and whether they can be said to communicate.
But, in the past twenty years, the idea that plants communicate
has gained broader acceptance. Research in recent decades has
shown garden-variety lima beans protecting themselves by
synthesizing and releasing chemicals to summon the predators of
the insects that eat them; lab-grown pea shoots navigating mazes
and responding to the sound of running water; and a chameleonic
vine in the jungles of Chile mimicking the shape and color of
nearby plants by a mechanism that’s not yet understood.
Schlanger acknowledges that some of the research yields as
many questions as answers. It’s not clear how the vine gathers
information about surrounding plants to perform its mimicry.
New Yorker. 12 June 2024. Adaptado.
O caso da vinha chilena apresentado no texto suscita
questionamentos científicos quanto
Ano: 2025
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Q3946331
Inglês
Texto associado
During the nineteen-seventies and eighties, a researcher at
the University of Washington started noticing something strange
in the college’s experimental forest. For years, a blight of
caterpillars had been munching the trees to death. Then,
suddenly, the caterpillars themselves started dying off. The forest
was able to recover. But what had happened to the caterpillars?
The researcher, David Rhoades, who had a background in
chemistry and zoology, found that the trees in the forest had
changed the chemistry of their leaves, to the detriment of the
caterpillars. Even more surprising, trees that had been nibbled by
caterpillars weren’t the only ones that had changed their
chemistry. Some were changing their leaves before caterpillars
reached them, as if they’d received a warning. A shocking
possibility presented itself: the trees were signalling to one
another.
Zoë Schlanger recounts Rhoades’s story in her new book,
“The Light Eaters: How the Unseen World of Plant Intelligence
Offers a New Understanding of Life on Earth.”
The contemporary world of botany that Schlanger explores in
“The Light Eaters” is still divided over the matter of how plants
sense the world and whether they can be said to communicate.
But, in the past twenty years, the idea that plants communicate
has gained broader acceptance. Research in recent decades has
shown garden-variety lima beans protecting themselves by
synthesizing and releasing chemicals to summon the predators of
the insects that eat them; lab-grown pea shoots navigating mazes
and responding to the sound of running water; and a chameleonic
vine in the jungles of Chile mimicking the shape and color of
nearby plants by a mechanism that’s not yet understood.
Schlanger acknowledges that some of the research yields as
many questions as answers. It’s not clear how the vine gathers
information about surrounding plants to perform its mimicry.
New Yorker. 12 June 2024. Adaptado.
Conforme o texto, a experiência conduzida por David Rhoades,
na floresta experimental da Universidade de Washington,
tornou-se marcante para a botânica, por revelar a
Ano: 2025
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Q3946321
Inglês
Texto associado
Think for a minute about the
little bumps on your tongue. You
probably saw a diagram of those
taste bud arrangements once in
a biology textbook — sweet
sensors at the tip, salty on either
side, sour behind them, bitter in
the back.
But the idea that specific
tastes are confined to certain
areas of the tongue is a myth that
“persists in the collective
consciousness, despite decades
of research debunking it”,
according to a review published this month in The New
England Journal of Medicine. Also wrong: the notion that taste
is limited to the mouth.
The old diagram, which has been used in many textbooks
over the years, originated in a study published by David Hanig,
a German scientist, in 1901. But the scientist was not
suggesting that various tastes are segregated on the tongue.
He was actually measuring the sensitivity of different areas,
said Paul Breslin, a researcher at Monell Chemical Senses
Center in Philadelphia. “What he found was that you could
detect things at a lower concentration in one part relative to
another,” Dr. Breslin said. The tip of the tongue, for example, is
dense with sweet sensors but contains the others as well.
The map’s mistakes are easy to confirm. If you place a
lemon wedge at the tip of your tongue, it will taste sour, and if
you put a bit of honey toward the side, it will be sweet.
The perception of taste is a remarkably complex process,
starting from that first encounter with the tongue. Taste cells
have a variety of sensors that signal the brain when they
encounter nutrients or toxins. For some tastes, tiny pores in cell
membranes let taste chemicals in.
Such taste receptors aren’t limited to the tongue; they are
also found in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, fat cells,
brain, muscle cells, thyroid and lungs. We don’t generally think
of these organs as tasting anything, but they use the receptors
to pick up the presence of various molecules and metabolize
them, said Diego Bohórquez, a self-described gut-brain
neuroscientist at Duke University. For example, when the gut
notices sugar in food, it tells the brain to alert other organs to
get ready for digestion.
New York Times. May 29, 2024. Adaptado.
O texto informa que, de acordo com Paul Breslin, a
interpretação do estudo de Hanig foi equivocada, porque
Ano: 2025
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Q3946320
Inglês
Texto associado
Think for a minute about the
little bumps on your tongue. You
probably saw a diagram of those
taste bud arrangements once in
a biology textbook — sweet
sensors at the tip, salty on either
side, sour behind them, bitter in
the back.
But the idea that specific
tastes are confined to certain
areas of the tongue is a myth that
“persists in the collective
consciousness, despite decades
of research debunking it”,
according to a review published this month in The New
England Journal of Medicine. Also wrong: the notion that taste
is limited to the mouth.
The old diagram, which has been used in many textbooks
over the years, originated in a study published by David Hanig,
a German scientist, in 1901. But the scientist was not
suggesting that various tastes are segregated on the tongue.
He was actually measuring the sensitivity of different areas,
said Paul Breslin, a researcher at Monell Chemical Senses
Center in Philadelphia. “What he found was that you could
detect things at a lower concentration in one part relative to
another,” Dr. Breslin said. The tip of the tongue, for example, is
dense with sweet sensors but contains the others as well.
The map’s mistakes are easy to confirm. If you place a
lemon wedge at the tip of your tongue, it will taste sour, and if
you put a bit of honey toward the side, it will be sweet.
The perception of taste is a remarkably complex process,
starting from that first encounter with the tongue. Taste cells
have a variety of sensors that signal the brain when they
encounter nutrients or toxins. For some tastes, tiny pores in cell
membranes let taste chemicals in.
Such taste receptors aren’t limited to the tongue; they are
also found in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, fat cells,
brain, muscle cells, thyroid and lungs. We don’t generally think
of these organs as tasting anything, but they use the receptors
to pick up the presence of various molecules and metabolize
them, said Diego Bohórquez, a self-described gut-brain
neuroscientist at Duke University. For example, when the gut
notices sugar in food, it tells the brain to alert other organs to
get ready for digestion.
New York Times. May 29, 2024. Adaptado.
Sobre os receptores gustativos e sua distribuição corporal, o
texto sugere que
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Researchers investigated the quantities of thousands of
muscle proteins and found a possible new explanation for
muscle memory. A study showed for the first time that muscles
"remember" training at the protein level. It is often thought that
the effects of exercise are short-lived, and a break from the
gym can cause stress over muscle loss. However, the research
has shown that this stress is partly unnecessary, as the effects
of resistance training persist in muscles for up to two months
and the gains are fast when training is started again. But what
mechanisms and changes at the cellular and molecular levels
explain muscle memory? In the study, ten weeks of resistance
training was followed by a break of the same length and then
followed by another ten weeks of resistance training. Using the
proteomics method, it was possible to study the quantities of
over 3,000 muscle proteins using advanced mass
spectrometry equipment. The study found two types of change
profiles in muscle proteins. Some proteins changed as a result
of training, returned to their pre-training state during the break,
and changed again during the new training period similarly to
the first training period. These included proteins related to
aerobic metabolism. Another group of proteins changed as a
result of training and remained changed during the break and
after the new training period. Among these proteins were
several calcium-binding proteins, such as calpain-2, whose
gene has recently been identified to retain a memory trace
even after a training break. "At the level of the number of
muscle nuclei and the memory traces of genes, that is,
epigenetics, long-term responses that persist even after a
break and possibly explain 'muscle memory' have previously
been observed," says a researcher. "Now, for the first time, we
have shown that muscles 'remember' previous resistance
training at the protein level for at least two and a half months."
Disponível em https://jyu.fi/en/news/. 14 April 2025. Adaptado.
Segundo o texto, os experimentos demonstram que
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