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In terms of text typology, this is a narrative text.
In order for you to catch “the measles” (l.17), you have to go out in the woods with all the necessary hunting equipment.
The expression “sluggish domestic bird” (l.23) refers to “hummingbirds” (l.8).
“The ensuing revelations and Snowden’s flight to Russia infuriated the Obama administration” (l.13 and 14) = As revelações subsequentes e o vôo de Snowden para a Rússia deixou Obama furioso.
“On June 6, the Guardian and the Washington Post broke the first stories in a series that would expose extraordinary surveillance at home and abroad by the U.S. National Security Agency in arguably the most important leak of classified intelligence ever” (l.1 to 5) = Em 6 de junho, o Guardian e o Washington Post quebraram os primeiros casos de uma série que exporia a extraordinária vigilância doméstica e internacional pela Agência de Segurança Nacional dos E.U.A. no mais importante vazamento de inteligência já visto.
“They also embarrassed the intelligence community and initiated an international discussion on the boundaries of surveillance in this age of instant communication” (l.15 to 18) = Eles também envergonharam a comunidade ligada aos serviços de inteligência e deram início a uma discussão internacional sobre os limites da vigilância nesta era de comunicação instantânea.
The adjective “non-living” (l.6) is synonymous with unliving.
The text above is an academic article.
In the sentence “the infants overheard a conversation” (l.7), the prefix “over” is added to the verb form “heard” to emphasize the act of hearing.
In “Tiredness also increases the possibility” (l.28 and 29), the word “Tiredness” can be correctly replaced with Fatigued.
In the sentence “Research has demonstrated its critical role in memory consolidation” (l.20 and 21), the pronoun “its” refers to “Research”.
In the sentence “Society in general, and teenagers in particular, must start to take sleep seriously” (l.40 and 41), the verb “must” can be correctly replaced with should without changing in the meaning of the text.
In the sentence “Sleeping in class declined, as did self-reported depression” (l.35 and 36), the word “as” indicates that depression also declined.
In the sentence “Unsurprisingly, teachers reported students falling asleep in class” (l.17 and 18), the words “Unsurprisingly, teachers” can be correctly replaced with Teachers who had no surprises.
The author’s intention is to explain the benefits of sleep for teenagers.
In the phrase “Rather than enhancing well-being” (l.32), the expression “Rather than” introduces a contrast between the two ideas that follow it.
In the phrase “their emotional state” (l.23), the word “their” refers to “Ethan Kross and colleagues” (l.22).
The author mentions the study by Kross and colleagues to reinforce the findings of Valenzuela and colleagues.
In the sentence “it could actually reduce the satisfaction” (l.9 and 10), the expression “actually” can correctly be replaced with today.
In the sentence “these findings suggest that Facebook may undermine it” (l.32 and 33), the verb “undermine” means the opposite of the verb to mine.




