it should take into account the different amounts of work or the psychological stress undergone by L2 pilots and controllers in their real life environment.

it does not cover as many language skills and proficiency levels as necessary to validate pilots and controllers’ performance in the L2.

it does not consider the ICAO’s language proficiency requirements for aviation professionals.

the number of air traffic controllers and pilots who need to be tested is very large.

the proficiency levels of the high L2 and low L2 groups are very different.

“these learners appear to engage in a nonautomatic, effortful form of processing.” (lines 50-51) – endorsement

“Clearly, the notion of L2 proficiency needs to be clarified…” (lines 59-60) – assertion

“It may be important to continue fine-tuning this scale,” (lines 69-70) – permission

“… under workload conditions similar to those they might face in the workplace.” (lines 78-79) – advice

“This and other pedagogical interventions can often be accomplished…” (lines 79-80) – ability

Stable

Different

Cognitive

Adequate

Compatible

“concurrent” (line 12) and simultaneous.

“hold” (line 41) and deny.

“engage” (line 51) and take part.

“constraints” (line 110) and limitations.

“Ultimately” (line 111) and eventually.

compare the level of L2 proficiency of pilots to that of native language speakers.

discuss the consequences of miscommunication between air traffic controllers and pilots.

comment on the effects of high cognitive overload on air traffic professionals who are native speakers of English.

investigate accentedness, comprehensibility and fluency in L2 controllers and pilots communicating among themselves.

report on the effects of L2 proficiency and workload on speech production and retention of information in pilot-controller interaction.

highly desirable, due to the fact that it is an attempt to improve safety in aviation in the long run.

partially reliable, since the performance of foreign language instructors will not be evaluated.

irrelevant, because it does not seem to take into account the diversity in native languages and cultures across the member states.

contradictory, because, while it intends to evaluate Aviation English on a global basis, only a few countries are willing to take part in the accreditation process.

welcome, since there is concrete evidence to prove that air professionals will be prepared to speak fluent English according to any university business standard.

has already been successfully implemented in thousands of universities around the world.

is meant to evaluate the Aviation English component of flight schools in different countries and cultures.

is meant to evaluate the global performance of flight schools, air traffic controller programs and English language schools in different countries and cultures.

will be mandatory for Aviation English teachers who work in flight schools and programs.

will be a profitable initiative for flight schools and programs due to the high taxes to be charged.

were – restrictions – As a result – be – despite – doubt.

have been – advances – So – are – but no – suspicion.

has been – progress – However – be – as well as – misinformation.

used to be – improvements – Hence – are – instead of – misunderstanding.

had been – drawbacks – Nevertheless – have been – together with – opportunism.

“Unfortunately, the coding mechanisms for recording cause of failure often obscure the role of language.” (lines 5-7)

“By contrast, there is substantial evidence to support the claim that ‘effective communication in global airspace …will become even more important tomorrow.’ ” (lines 14-16)

“Additionally, there are clear indicators that per capita air travel traffic, which increases with wealth, is about to undergo dramatic shifts in demography.” (lines 22-24)

“Accreditation is a common element of education systems all over the world. Some accreditation agencies are general, and assess overall performance, while others are specific to a particular task.” (lines 47-50)

“Instead, it would focus only on the Aviation English component of that school or program, and assess it only with respect to the stated ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) standards and benchmarks for Aviation English.” (lines 54-58)

The way things are going I should be back in Rome soon.

Intended to relieve pressure on the most popular courses, the system should be up and running by this coming spring.

I should refrain from attempts to exercise your brain if I were you,’ he advised her tautly.

I should like to bring in my support for the first speaker, but actually I’ve more agreement with the last woman speaker.

Drivers who persistently drive over the limit should think how they would feel if a speeding motorist kills one of their loved ones.

“...such data,” (line 8) refers to “...several airplane crashes,” (line 4).

“ ...the historically-dominant region...” (lines 20-21) refers to “...the Asia-Pacific region,” (line 18).

“...those criteria...” (line 42) refers to “...peer evaluations...” (line 41).

“...others...” (line 49) refers to “...accreditation agencies...” (line 48).

“These two bodies...” (lines 67-68) refers to “...universities...” (line 67) and “...schools of business...” (line 64).

“There is substantial anecdotal evidence to suggest that language miscommunication…and in even more nearmisses.” (lines 2-5)

“The result is surprisingly scant hard evidence to systematically support any claim that language communication ‘in global airspace is an important safety issue today’.” (lines 9-12)

“By contrast, there is substantial evidence to support the claim that ‘effective communication in global airspace … will become even more important tomorrow.’ ” (lines 14-16)

“In projecting air traffic for the year 2026, the Boeing web site indicates that traffic within the Asia-Pacific region, … comprised of but three native languages.” (lines 16-21)

“Additionally, there are clear indicators that per capita air travel traffic, which increases with wealth, is about to undergo dramatic shifts in demography.” (lines 22-24)

“withholding” (line 8) and restraining are antonyms.

“skittish” (line 9) and easy-going are synonyms.

“exceed” (line 19) could not be substituted by surpass.

“undergo” (line 24) and endure have similar meanings.

“ensure” (line 26) and guarantee have opposing meanings.

it has been proved that unclear language has triggered most aircraft accidents and near collisions.

it has been undeniable that inadequate communication is the major source of accidents and near accidents in aviation.

it has been difficult to attest that language mistakes have been responsible for a large number of airplane accidents and near crashes.

there has been a slight suspicion that most airplane accidents and near accidents have been caused by the ineffective communication.

there have been strong indications that linguistic misunderstandings have played a significant role in aviation accidents and narrowly avoided collisions.

warn the aviation industry of the increasing number of air disasters due to the sudden rise in air traffic worldwide.

encourage educational associations to adopt training programs so as to make pilots and controllers proficient in Aviation English.

advocate a certification program in Aviation English as a means to reduce the impact of linguistic misunderstandings in air accidents.

advise universities to teach Aviation English in their business schools and to evaluate students’ performance through ICAO standards and benchmarks.

advertise EQUIS and AACSB, two global bodies for the accreditation of business programs within universities, and report on their relevance to aviation.

shall - must - should - may

owes - needs - behooves - may

should - needs - ought to - might

must to - need - ought to - could

hardship ; wide-ranging ; depart ; elegant ; true

tricky ; complete ; walk away ; stylish ; authentic

difficult solution ; varied ; go away ; refined ; herself

difficult ; ample ; walk out on ; elegantly ; authentical

formidable ; comprehensive ; defect ; exquisite ; dependable

I have received your letter and the check attached thereto.

I have received your letter and attached to the same I received your check.

I received your letter and attached that letter I received your check.

I received your letter and annexed to that letter received your check sent.

I received your letter and attached letter that check your receipt.

The report sent by the national regulator.

The report has sent by the regulator body.

The report was sent by the regulator organ.

The report has been sent by the organ regulating.

The report has been sent by the regulatory body.

It suggests that…/ It meets that.../ It believes that...

It is suggested that.../ It is known that.../ It is believed that…

It is a suggestion that… / It is met that… / It is accredited that…

By suggesting that…/ In knowing that … / If believing that…

One might suggest that…/ One knows that…/ One will believe that…