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Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
história da educação escolar no contexto ocidental é marcada, desde as suas origens na Antiguidade Clássica, pela maneira como se organizaram e se organizam as sociedades e pelas maneiras que atribuem valor e função social à escola ao longo do tempo. A esse respeito, analise as afirmações a seguir:
I.Na Antiguidade Clássica, os modos de ensinar e aprender foram profundamente influenciados pela educação grega - sobretudo espartana e ateniense - e pela educação romana.
II.Durante a Idade Média, a educação foi profundamente influenciada pela Reforma Protestante, que apregoava a liberdade dos métodos de ensino e a universalização da alfabetização.
III.A Educação escolar no Brasil Colônia foi profundamente influenciada pela Igreja Católica, sobretudo pelos educadores jesuítas, cuja abordagem pedagógica era marcada por uma intensa rigidez na maneira de pensar e de interpretar a realidade e métodos de ensino que privilegiavam o preparo, a seleção e o controle.
IV - No contexto pós-Revolução Industrial, ao longo do século XX, surgem, em países como Alemanha e Rússia, discussões sobre princípios educacionais que viriam a resultar, a partir da sistematização a elas dada por Dewey (nos Estados Unidos), na Escola Nova. Nela, defendia-se, entre outros princípios, conforme Manacorda (2002), a necessidade de jogos e brinquedos na instrução da criança; a aprendizagem ancorada no respeito; escolas equipadas com laboratórios; a psicologia como ferramenta para as exigências ativas; a educação como meio de transformação social e o aprender fazendo.
É correto o que se afirma em:
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
Observe the following comic strip and select the correct alternative:
De acordo com as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais Gerais para a Educação Básica, a educação infantil compreende:
Leia a charge a seguir e as assertivas a respeito de sua relação com o texto-base desta prova.
I. Tanto a charge quanto o texto aludem à cantora Rita Lee.
MAS
II. Apenas a charge aborda o caráter libertário da cantora.
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta a correta relação entre as assertivas.
INSTRUÇÃO: Leia, com atenção, o texto 05 e, a seguir, responda à questão que a ele se refere.
Texto 05
Disponível em: https://tirasarmandinho.tumblr.com. Acesso em: 18 abr. 2023.
Analise as afirmativas a seguir, tendo em vista o texto 05.
I. A pergunta do personagem no último quadro procede, pois, de acordo com a fala do primeiro quadro, os bichos são maltratados.
II. Na fala do personagem, no primeiro quadro, verifica-se marca de coloquialidade, já que houve o pagamento da preposição “a” em “igual um bicho”.
III. A fala da personagem, no primeiro quadro, revela sua indignação pelo fato de alguém ter sido maltratado.
IV. Por meio da desinência -o da palavra “tratado”, usada na primeira fala, identifica-se o gênero do ser que foi maltratado.
V. O texto permite concluir que a expressão “tratado igual um bicho”, que é usada popularmente, não procede, já que os bichos não devem ser maltratados.
Estão CORRETAS as afirmativas