“Tomato crisis” spreads panic in Nigeria

Making jollof rice, a beloved traditional dish in Nigeria, has suddenly become very expensive. Tomatoes, one of its main ingredients and a staple of Nigerian cuisine, are going for $2 each ____ local markets, with wholesale baskets costing as much as N42,000, or $212, Kaduna state agriculture commissioner Manzo Daniel told AFP.

The culprit is a moth called Tuta absoluta, which has destroyed crops in the northern Kaduna state, forcing the local government to declare a state of emergency. “It is a serious problem. The disease has affected production and consumption, prices are continuing to rise and there is no availability,” Shehu Sani, Senator for Kaduna Central, told CNN.

The area, which contributes strongly to Nigeria’s overall production, has already seen losses of millions of dollars, according to Sani. “Many depend ____ tomato farming for their livelihood and tomatoes are an indispensable part of the diet. People cannot do without them,” he said.

The tomato crisis comes on the heels of a recent fuel shortage and a general rise in commodity prices due to inflation and a lack of foreign currency. In local towns, the problem has been labeled “Tomato Ebola”. “People are panicking, because attaching that name to a staple food has worsened the situation,” said Sani. Even those who can afford to buy find it difficult to trust any tomato product, and some have started buying imported tinned tomatoes. “Nobody knows now which tomatoes are safe to eat and some people are avoiding them altogether.”

Nigerians have taken to Twitter to lament the situation, pointing out ____ playful disbelief that while they have to pay dearly for tomatoes, at an annual festival in Spain they are wasted for fun. The next ‘La Tomatina’ festival isn’t due until August, but ____ then Nigerians hope they’ll have gone back to tomato-normality.

Adapted from CNN. Accessed on May 27, 2016.

“Tomato crisis” spreads panic in Nigeria

Making jollof rice, a beloved traditional dish in Nigeria, has suddenly become very expensive. Tomatoes, one of its main ingredients and a staple of Nigerian cuisine, are going for $2 each ____ local markets, with wholesale baskets costing as much as N42,000, or $212, Kaduna state agriculture commissioner Manzo Daniel told AFP.

The culprit is a moth called Tuta absoluta, which has destroyed crops in the northern Kaduna state, forcing the local government to declare a state of emergency. “It is a serious problem. The disease has affected production and consumption, prices are continuing to rise and there is no availability,” Shehu Sani, Senator for Kaduna Central, told CNN.

The area, which contributes strongly to Nigeria’s overall production, has already seen losses of millions of dollars, according to Sani. “Many depend ____ tomato farming for their livelihood and tomatoes are an indispensable part of the diet. People cannot do without them,” he said.

The tomato crisis comes on the heels of a recent fuel shortage and a general rise in commodity prices due to inflation and a lack of foreign currency. In local towns, the problem has been labeled “Tomato Ebola”. “People are panicking, because attaching that name to a staple food has worsened the situation,” said Sani. Even those who can afford to buy find it difficult to trust any tomato product, and some have started buying imported tinned tomatoes. “Nobody knows now which tomatoes are safe to eat and some people are avoiding them altogether.”

Nigerians have taken to Twitter to lament the situation, pointing out ____ playful disbelief that while they have to pay dearly for tomatoes, at an annual festival in Spain they are wasted for fun. The next ‘La Tomatina’ festival isn’t due until August, but ____ then Nigerians hope they’ll have gone back to tomato-normality.

Adapted from CNN. Accessed on May 27, 2016.

“Tomato crisis” spreads panic in Nigeria

Making jollof rice, a beloved traditional dish in Nigeria, has suddenly become very expensive. Tomatoes, one of its main ingredients and a staple of Nigerian cuisine, are going for $2 each ____ local markets, with wholesale baskets costing as much as N42,000, or $212, Kaduna state agriculture commissioner Manzo Daniel told AFP.

The culprit is a moth called Tuta absoluta, which has destroyed crops in the northern Kaduna state, forcing the local government to declare a state of emergency. “It is a serious problem. The disease has affected production and consumption, prices are continuing to rise and there is no availability,” Shehu Sani, Senator for Kaduna Central, told CNN.

The area, which contributes strongly to Nigeria’s overall production, has already seen losses of millions of dollars, according to Sani. “Many depend ____ tomato farming for their livelihood and tomatoes are an indispensable part of the diet. People cannot do without them,” he said.

The tomato crisis comes on the heels of a recent fuel shortage and a general rise in commodity prices due to inflation and a lack of foreign currency. In local towns, the problem has been labeled “Tomato Ebola”. “People are panicking, because attaching that name to a staple food has worsened the situation,” said Sani. Even those who can afford to buy find it difficult to trust any tomato product, and some have started buying imported tinned tomatoes. “Nobody knows now which tomatoes are safe to eat and some people are avoiding them altogether.”

Nigerians have taken to Twitter to lament the situation, pointing out ____ playful disbelief that while they have to pay dearly for tomatoes, at an annual festival in Spain they are wasted for fun. The next ‘La Tomatina’ festival isn’t due until August, but ____ then Nigerians hope they’ll have gone back to tomato-normality.

Adapted from CNN. Accessed on May 27, 2016.

“Tomato crisis” spreads panic in Nigeria

Making jollof rice, a beloved traditional dish in Nigeria, has suddenly become very expensive. Tomatoes, one of its main ingredients and a staple of Nigerian cuisine, are going for $2 each ____ local markets, with wholesale baskets costing as much as N42,000, or $212, Kaduna state agriculture commissioner Manzo Daniel told AFP.

The culprit is a moth called Tuta absoluta, which has destroyed crops in the northern Kaduna state, forcing the local government to declare a state of emergency. “It is a serious problem. The disease has affected production and consumption, prices are continuing to rise and there is no availability,” Shehu Sani, Senator for Kaduna Central, told CNN.

The area, which contributes strongly to Nigeria’s overall production, has already seen losses of millions of dollars, according to Sani. “Many depend ____ tomato farming for their livelihood and tomatoes are an indispensable part of the diet. People cannot do without them,” he said.

The tomato crisis comes on the heels of a recent fuel shortage and a general rise in commodity prices due to inflation and a lack of foreign currency. In local towns, the problem has been labeled “Tomato Ebola”. “People are panicking, because attaching that name to a staple food has worsened the situation,” said Sani. Even those who can afford to buy find it difficult to trust any tomato product, and some have started buying imported tinned tomatoes. “Nobody knows now which tomatoes are safe to eat and some people are avoiding them altogether.”

Nigerians have taken to Twitter to lament the situation, pointing out ____ playful disbelief that while they have to pay dearly for tomatoes, at an annual festival in Spain they are wasted for fun. The next ‘La Tomatina’ festival isn’t due until August, but ____ then Nigerians hope they’ll have gone back to tomato-normality.

Adapted from CNN. Accessed on May 27, 2016.

Instruction: Answer questions 36 to 40 based on the following text.

Klingon to Dothraki: Invented languages gain popularity

1. The idea of invented languages is not new. People have been trying to create new tongues
2. for a long time. One of the most famous examples is Esperanto, created by Ludwik Zamenhof
3. in 1887 which he hoped would become __ globally spoken unifying language. The fact that it
4. is based on 16 very simple rules and took words from languages already present makes it very
5. easy to learn. This was a conscious decision by Zamenhof who hoped that if everyone spoke
6. one language, there would be fewer wars and conflicts.
7. So far, none of the existing constructed languages has achieved a large number of
8. speakers. Klingon, the invented language of Star Trek has around 20-30 speakers. Na’vi, the
9. language created for the movie “Avatar” has one fluent speaker, 10 intermediate speakers,
10. and over forty novices. Dothraki, which was crafted specifically for __ series Game of Thrones,
11. boasts seven intermediate speakers and around a hundred novices. For now, Garadálava has
12. exactly one speaker: Fynn Schlemminger himself.
13. However Esperanto is a notable exception: it’s estimated that the language has around
14. some 1,000 native speakers, and many parents teach it to their children. TV series, movies,
15. books, and especially the Internet have given invented languages a chance like never before.
16. According to the BBC, Esperanto, which was created almost exactly 100 years ago, is currently
17. experiencing a boost, mostly thanks to the language learning app Duolingo, and a highly
18. engaged online community. Wikipedia is also available in this language.
19. With the amount of time and effort it takes to learn a new language, it is rather unlikely
20. that __ invented tongue will achieve world domination in the same way English has. But it is
21. clear that there is rising interest in creating new languages. “Yes, there might be more of them
22. in the future, or more people will try their hand at it,” said Carpenter.

Fonte: adaptado de http://www.euronews.com/2018/04/25/from-klingon-to-dothraki-is-inventing-your-own-language-that-hard-

Instruction: Answer questions 36 to 40 based on the following text.

Klingon to Dothraki: Invented languages gain popularity

1. The idea of invented languages is not new. People have been trying to create new tongues
2. for a long time. One of the most famous examples is Esperanto, created by Ludwik Zamenhof
3. in 1887 which he hoped would become __ globally spoken unifying language. The fact that it
4. is based on 16 very simple rules and took words from languages already present makes it very
5. easy to learn. This was a conscious decision by Zamenhof who hoped that if everyone spoke
6. one language, there would be fewer wars and conflicts.
7. So far, none of the existing constructed languages has achieved a large number of
8. speakers. Klingon, the invented language of Star Trek has around 20-30 speakers. Na’vi, the
9. language created for the movie “Avatar” has one fluent speaker, 10 intermediate speakers,
10. and over forty novices. Dothraki, which was crafted specifically for __ series Game of Thrones,
11. boasts seven intermediate speakers and around a hundred novices. For now, Garadálava has
12. exactly one speaker: Fynn Schlemminger himself.
13. However Esperanto is a notable exception: it’s estimated that the language has around
14. some 1,000 native speakers, and many parents teach it to their children. TV series, movies,
15. books, and especially the Internet have given invented languages a chance like never before.
16. According to the BBC, Esperanto, which was created almost exactly 100 years ago, is currently
17. experiencing a boost, mostly thanks to the language learning app Duolingo, and a highly
18. engaged online community. Wikipedia is also available in this language.
19. With the amount of time and effort it takes to learn a new language, it is rather unlikely
20. that __ invented tongue will achieve world domination in the same way English has. But it is
21. clear that there is rising interest in creating new languages. “Yes, there might be more of them
22. in the future, or more people will try their hand at it,” said Carpenter.

Fonte: adaptado de http://www.euronews.com/2018/04/25/from-klingon-to-dothraki-is-inventing-your-own-language-that-hard-

Instruction: Answer questions 36 to 40 based on the following text.

Klingon to Dothraki: Invented languages gain popularity

1. The idea of invented languages is not new. People have been trying to create new tongues
2. for a long time. One of the most famous examples is Esperanto, created by Ludwik Zamenhof
3. in 1887 which he hoped would become __ globally spoken unifying language. The fact that it
4. is based on 16 very simple rules and took words from languages already present makes it very
5. easy to learn. This was a conscious decision by Zamenhof who hoped that if everyone spoke
6. one language, there would be fewer wars and conflicts.
7. So far, none of the existing constructed languages has achieved a large number of
8. speakers. Klingon, the invented language of Star Trek has around 20-30 speakers. Na’vi, the
9. language created for the movie “Avatar” has one fluent speaker, 10 intermediate speakers,
10. and over forty novices. Dothraki, which was crafted specifically for __ series Game of Thrones,
11. boasts seven intermediate speakers and around a hundred novices. For now, Garadálava has
12. exactly one speaker: Fynn Schlemminger himself.
13. However Esperanto is a notable exception: it’s estimated that the language has around
14. some 1,000 native speakers, and many parents teach it to their children. TV series, movies,
15. books, and especially the Internet have given invented languages a chance like never before.
16. According to the BBC, Esperanto, which was created almost exactly 100 years ago, is currently
17. experiencing a boost, mostly thanks to the language learning app Duolingo, and a highly
18. engaged online community. Wikipedia is also available in this language.
19. With the amount of time and effort it takes to learn a new language, it is rather unlikely
20. that __ invented tongue will achieve world domination in the same way English has. But it is
21. clear that there is rising interest in creating new languages. “Yes, there might be more of them
22. in the future, or more people will try their hand at it,” said Carpenter.

Fonte: adaptado de http://www.euronews.com/2018/04/25/from-klingon-to-dothraki-is-inventing-your-own-language-that-hard-

Instruction: Answer questions 36 to 40 based on the following text.

Klingon to Dothraki: Invented languages gain popularity

1. The idea of invented languages is not new. People have been trying to create new tongues
2. for a long time. One of the most famous examples is Esperanto, created by Ludwik Zamenhof
3. in 1887 which he hoped would become __ globally spoken unifying language. The fact that it
4. is based on 16 very simple rules and took words from languages already present makes it very
5. easy to learn. This was a conscious decision by Zamenhof who hoped that if everyone spoke
6. one language, there would be fewer wars and conflicts.
7. So far, none of the existing constructed languages has achieved a large number of
8. speakers. Klingon, the invented language of Star Trek has around 20-30 speakers. Na’vi, the
9. language created for the movie “Avatar” has one fluent speaker, 10 intermediate speakers,
10. and over forty novices. Dothraki, which was crafted specifically for __ series Game of Thrones,
11. boasts seven intermediate speakers and around a hundred novices. For now, Garadálava has
12. exactly one speaker: Fynn Schlemminger himself.
13. However Esperanto is a notable exception: it’s estimated that the language has around
14. some 1,000 native speakers, and many parents teach it to their children. TV series, movies,
15. books, and especially the Internet have given invented languages a chance like never before.
16. According to the BBC, Esperanto, which was created almost exactly 100 years ago, is currently
17. experiencing a boost, mostly thanks to the language learning app Duolingo, and a highly
18. engaged online community. Wikipedia is also available in this language.
19. With the amount of time and effort it takes to learn a new language, it is rather unlikely
20. that __ invented tongue will achieve world domination in the same way English has. But it is
21. clear that there is rising interest in creating new languages. “Yes, there might be more of them
22. in the future, or more people will try their hand at it,” said Carpenter.

Fonte: adaptado de http://www.euronews.com/2018/04/25/from-klingon-to-dothraki-is-inventing-your-own-language-that-hard-

Instruction: Answer questions 31 to 35 based on the following text.

German student invents own language

1. Fynn Schlemminger _____ exactly what he wanted to do for his A-levels special project:
2. create a language from scratch. And that’s exactly what he did. The invented language is
3. called Garadálava, and, according to its creator, it is unique. “The premise of creating
4. Garadálava was to make it unlike any spoken language. I came up with a phonology people
5. usually interpret as harsh or pointed, featuring some guttural sounds and a very unmelodious
6. tone,” he explained.
7. All languages are, to a point, constructed because they went through corrections and
8. reforms over time. However, there is one main difference according to a professor of linguistics
9. at Wellesley College. Angela Carpenter, who has been teaching a course on invented languages
10. since 2010, said the main difference is that “an invented language originates in someone's
11. mind and is developed and expanded upon mostly by that person. A natural language ______
12. within a speech community, usually from another language, dialect or creole, over a period of
13. time.”
14. When Schlemminger began working on Garadálava, he started with a sketch, an idea of
15. how the language should sound and feel like.
16. “You begin with the more superficial things, the shape of the language so to speak, some
17. basic words, a sound inventory, sentence order. After that you simply go into more detail and
18. mostly rotate between making up words and grammar rules, until you are done,” he said to
19. Euronews. To him, the experience of creating a language was not unlike making a sculpture,
20. creating a work of art.
21. “Inventing a language is a very creative process that also requires knowledge of linguistic
22. structures to make it a viable language. Having to create your own language really ______
23. you to understand linguistic structure and the complex nature of language communication,”
24. explained Carpenter.

Fonte: adaptado de http://www.euronews.com/2018/04/25/from-klingon-to-dothraki-is-inventing-your-own-language-that-hard-

Instruction: Answer questions 31 to 35 based on the following text.

German student invents own language

1. Fynn Schlemminger _____ exactly what he wanted to do for his A-levels special project:
2. create a language from scratch. And that’s exactly what he did. The invented language is
3. called Garadálava, and, according to its creator, it is unique. “The premise of creating
4. Garadálava was to make it unlike any spoken language. I came up with a phonology people
5. usually interpret as harsh or pointed, featuring some guttural sounds and a very unmelodious
6. tone,” he explained.
7. All languages are, to a point, constructed because they went through corrections and
8. reforms over time. However, there is one main difference according to a professor of linguistics
9. at Wellesley College. Angela Carpenter, who has been teaching a course on invented languages
10. since 2010, said the main difference is that “an invented language originates in someone's
11. mind and is developed and expanded upon mostly by that person. A natural language ______
12. within a speech community, usually from another language, dialect or creole, over a period of
13. time.”
14. When Schlemminger began working on Garadálava, he started with a sketch, an idea of
15. how the language should sound and feel like.
16. “You begin with the more superficial things, the shape of the language so to speak, some
17. basic words, a sound inventory, sentence order. After that you simply go into more detail and
18. mostly rotate between making up words and grammar rules, until you are done,” he said to
19. Euronews. To him, the experience of creating a language was not unlike making a sculpture,
20. creating a work of art.
21. “Inventing a language is a very creative process that also requires knowledge of linguistic
22. structures to make it a viable language. Having to create your own language really ______
23. you to understand linguistic structure and the complex nature of language communication,”
24. explained Carpenter.

Fonte: adaptado de http://www.euronews.com/2018/04/25/from-klingon-to-dothraki-is-inventing-your-own-language-that-hard-

Instruction: Answer questions 31 to 35 based on the following text.

German student invents own language

1. Fynn Schlemminger _____ exactly what he wanted to do for his A-levels special project:
2. create a language from scratch. And that’s exactly what he did. The invented language is
3. called Garadálava, and, according to its creator, it is unique. “The premise of creating
4. Garadálava was to make it unlike any spoken language. I came up with a phonology people
5. usually interpret as harsh or pointed, featuring some guttural sounds and a very unmelodious
6. tone,” he explained.
7. All languages are, to a point, constructed because they went through corrections and
8. reforms over time. However, there is one main difference according to a professor of linguistics
9. at Wellesley College. Angela Carpenter, who has been teaching a course on invented languages
10. since 2010, said the main difference is that “an invented language originates in someone's
11. mind and is developed and expanded upon mostly by that person. A natural language ______
12. within a speech community, usually from another language, dialect or creole, over a period of
13. time.”
14. When Schlemminger began working on Garadálava, he started with a sketch, an idea of
15. how the language should sound and feel like.
16. “You begin with the more superficial things, the shape of the language so to speak, some
17. basic words, a sound inventory, sentence order. After that you simply go into more detail and
18. mostly rotate between making up words and grammar rules, until you are done,” he said to
19. Euronews. To him, the experience of creating a language was not unlike making a sculpture,
20. creating a work of art.
21. “Inventing a language is a very creative process that also requires knowledge of linguistic
22. structures to make it a viable language. Having to create your own language really ______
23. you to understand linguistic structure and the complex nature of language communication,”
24. explained Carpenter.

Fonte: adaptado de http://www.euronews.com/2018/04/25/from-klingon-to-dothraki-is-inventing-your-own-language-that-hard-

Instruction: Answer questions 31 to 35 based on the following text.

German student invents own language

1. Fynn Schlemminger _____ exactly what he wanted to do for his A-levels special project:
2. create a language from scratch. And that’s exactly what he did. The invented language is
3. called Garadálava, and, according to its creator, it is unique. “The premise of creating
4. Garadálava was to make it unlike any spoken language. I came up with a phonology people
5. usually interpret as harsh or pointed, featuring some guttural sounds and a very unmelodious
6. tone,” he explained.
7. All languages are, to a point, constructed because they went through corrections and
8. reforms over time. However, there is one main difference according to a professor of linguistics
9. at Wellesley College. Angela Carpenter, who has been teaching a course on invented languages
10. since 2010, said the main difference is that “an invented language originates in someone's
11. mind and is developed and expanded upon mostly by that person. A natural language ______
12. within a speech community, usually from another language, dialect or creole, over a period of
13. time.”
14. When Schlemminger began working on Garadálava, he started with a sketch, an idea of
15. how the language should sound and feel like.
16. “You begin with the more superficial things, the shape of the language so to speak, some
17. basic words, a sound inventory, sentence order. After that you simply go into more detail and
18. mostly rotate between making up words and grammar rules, until you are done,” he said to
19. Euronews. To him, the experience of creating a language was not unlike making a sculpture,
20. creating a work of art.
21. “Inventing a language is a very creative process that also requires knowledge of linguistic
22. structures to make it a viable language. Having to create your own language really ______
23. you to understand linguistic structure and the complex nature of language communication,”
24. explained Carpenter.

Fonte: adaptado de http://www.euronews.com/2018/04/25/from-klingon-to-dothraki-is-inventing-your-own-language-that-hard-