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"Os pronomes pessoais são aqueles que substituem substantivos e representam as pessoas do discurso, ou seja, aquelas envolvidas no ato da comunicação."
(Adaptado de: < https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/gramatica/pronomes-pessoais.htm >. Acesso em: 6 jun. 2023.)
Considerando as informações do texto, o pronome “It”, utilizado na charge, refere-se:
Considere a seguinte informação sobre superlativos:
“Em praticamente todos os idiomas do mundo, existem expressões que estabelecem comparações entre coisas, seres ou situações. É muito comum utilizar tais expressões para estipular preferências ou destacar atributos de determinada coisa ou pessoa. Devido a essa necessidade que os superlativos se fazem tão importantes no uso cotidiano de qualquer língua.”
(adaptado de < https://www.infoescola.com/ingles/superlativos-superlatives/ > acesso em 6 de jun. de 2023.)
Analise a sentença a seguir considerando a informação sobre os superlativos:
“In my opinion, Goiania is _____________ city in Brazil. (beautiful)”
Assinale a alternativa CORRETA do superlativo da palavra “beautiful”:
Leia a seguir as informações sobre:
“Os adjetivos na língua inglesa são invariáveis em relação ao gênero e em relação ao número. Os adjetivos na Língua Inglesa geralmente são colocados antes do substantivo, exceto quando houver um verbo entre eles.”
(Adaptado de: <https://mundoeducacao.uol.com.br/> acesso em: 4 de jun. de 2023)
Com base nas informações apresentadas e considerando a função dos adjetivos na Língua inglesa, assinale a alternativa que apresenta o adjetivo em destaque:
Assinale a única alternativa correta sobre a avaliação escolar. “Durante o ano letivo, as notas vão sendo observadas, médias vão sendo obtidas. O que predomina é a nota: não importa como elas foram obtidas nem por quais caminhos. São operadas e manipuladas como se nada tivessem a ver com o percurso ativo do processo de aprendizagem.” (LUCKESI, 2011, p. 36) Essa citação refere-se à:
Assinale a única alternativa correta no que diz respeito a tratamento cruel ou degradante, de acordo com o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente. Art. 18-A. A criança e o adolescente têm o direito de ser educados e cuidados sem o uso de castigo físico ou de tratamento cruel ou degradante, como formas de correção, disciplina, educação ou qualquer outro pretexto, pelos pais, pelos integrantes da família ampliada, pelos responsáveis, pelos agentes públicos executores de medidas socioeducativas ou por qualquer pessoa encarregada de cuidar deles, tratá-los, educá-los ou protegê-los. (Incluído pela Lei nº 13.010, de 2014)
Assinale a única alternativa correta que preenche a lacuna. Segundo Vasconcelos (2004), o projeto político pedagógico é um plano global da instituição que se concretiza na sistematização de um processo de ______________________. É um instrumento teórico e metodológico que se ocupa da intervenção e mudança da realidade.
Assinale a única alternativa correta. O advento da redemocratização e a discussão da Constituição de 88 tornam obsoleta a LDB anterior a 1996, tendo como consequência a redação e promulgação da LDB que foi sancionada em dezembro de 1996 pelo Presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso. O novo texto foi relatado pelo antropólogo, professor e então Senador Darcy Ribeiro, o qual tomou por base o princípio do direito universal à educação, e trouxe mudanças significativas em outras leis. Dentre outras providências, estabeleceu:
No navegador web Google Chrome para ambiente Linux ou Windows, é possível fechar a guia atual utilizando o atalho:
Leia o texto abaixo para responder às questões de 01 a 10:
Todo mundo, em algum momento da vida, já fez planos. Ainda que em curto prazo, fazer planos dá um sentido para a rotina, sejam planos de viagem, planos de férias ou planos para mudar de casa. Mas e plano de vida, você tem um?
Provavelmente, você já fez planos para sua carreira profissional, mas talvez nunca tenha pensado em fazer um planejamento detalhado para sua vida em geral, para colocar em prática em um futuro próximo. Vamos entender melhor o que é um plano de vida, quais as vantagens de ter um e como criar o seu.
O que é um plano de vida?
Existem várias opiniões e teorias sobre o segredo para ter uma vida feliz. Trabalhar muito, ter foco, disciplina e resiliência são apenas alguns exemplos. No entanto, um dos fatores essenciais para alcançar sucesso em qualquer coisa na vida é ter um planejamento. Todo mundo tem metas ou desejos na vida que geralmente giram em torno de afirmações como “quero ganhar mais dinheiro”, “quero ser feliz”, “quero ter um trabalho de que eu goste” ou “quero fazer uma viagem ao redor do mundo”, entre vários outros exemplos. No entanto, a maioria não tem um plano específico para atingir esses objetivos, com detalhes sobre como alcançar seus sonhos e metas.
Planejar sua vida é uma das maneiras mais poderosas de alcançar o que você deseja. Ninguém planeja falhar na vida, mas, sem um planejamento, a probabilidade de fracasso é bem maior. Planejar sua vida é como ter um mapa que ajuda você a chegar ao seu destino. Apesar disso, muitas pessoas não planejam suas vidas e acabam se sentindo perdidas ou estagnadas.
Por que um plano de vida é tão importante?
Quando você planeja sua vida, está dando os primeiros passos necessários não apenas para identificar e alcançar seus objetivos, mas também para fazer isso da maneira mais eficiente. Sem um plano, as coisas acontecem totalmente ao acaso. Com um plano de vida, você sabe qual o caminho a seguir. Usando um exemplo simples: quando você vai viajar, você planeja sua viagem; se você vai se casar, você planeja seu casamento; quando você decide dar uma festa em casa, você planeja o evento.
Qualquer uma dessas ações exige um planejamento prévio. Planejar sua vida é a mesma coisa e é muito importante para ajudar você a conquistar seus objetivos e a se sentir no controle do seu presente e futuro. Ao criar um plano de vida, você identifica seus valores, determina o que é importante para você e o que deseja em sua vida. Dessa maneira, você avalia suas opções em relação aos seus valores e escolhe a alternativa que melhor atende as suas prioridades.
Seja uma decisão mais simples, como comprar o carro dos seus sonhos, ou uma decisão importante, como mudar de carreira ou investir seu dinheiro na criação da sua própria empresa, um plano de vida o ajuda a decidir o que é adequado para você.
Faça-se as perguntas certas
Você pode propor as seguintes questões antes de traçar seu plano de vida:
a) Quais objetivos você deseja alcançar? O que você precisa melhorar? É importante saber que suas metas podem mudar com o tempo. As prioridades aos 30 anos de idade são diferentes das prioridades que se tem aos 50 ou 60 anos.
b) Quem são as pessoas e quais são os aspectos mais importantes da sua vida? O mais importante para você pode ser crescer na carreira, criar sua própria empresa, criar uma família ou um projeto de vida sustentável. Concentre-se e pense em suas prioridades.
c) O que inspira você em suas metas? Todo mundo deseja ter liberdade financeira e um ambiente de trabalho saudável. Mas o que mais inspira você? Ao se fazer essa pergunta, você descobrirá o que o motiva. Assim, será mais fácil começar a criar um plano de vida.
d) Como conseguirei atingir esses objetivos? Um plano de vida define metas que sejam viáveis, mensuráveis e alinhadas com os resultados que você pretende obter. Fazer uma lista de etapas práticas transforma seu plano em algo que é real.
.
(ADAPATDO. A Importância do Plano de Vida para Alcançar seus Objetivos | Indeed.com Brasil)
Segundo o texto, falhar na vida pode ser por conta:
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
Ao longo da história da educação, esta foi marcada pela influência de diferentes teorias de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento. Analise as duas afirmações a seguir e localize, entre as afirmativas, aquela que corretamente as nomeia:
TEORIA 1 - Também denominado comportamentalismo, relaciona a aprendizagem do ser humano ao ambiente em que se encontra, estando o homem a mercê do meio em que se constitui. Na educação, ancorou métodos de ensino baseados em estímulo e resposta, e na previsibilidade do comportamento humano.
TEORIA 2 - Baseia-se, sobretudo, nos estudos de Piaget sobre o desenvolvimento humano e vincula a aprendizagem ao acionamento de dois mecanismos: a assimilação e a equilibração ou acomodação. O primeiro processo envolve a maneira como o ser humano desenvolve ações para atribuir significado a elementos do ambiente no qual está inserido e interage, buscando, para tanto, estabelecer relações com experiências já vividas e conhecimentos já assimilados. O segundo se refere ao mecanismo por meio do qual o ser humano busca reestabelecer, continuamente, no processo de aprendizagem, um equilíbrio com o meio em que vive.
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
Discourse genres refer to specific types or forms of communication that follow particular conventions, structures, and styles, and are used within specific contexts or communities to convey information, ideas, or meaning effectively. These genres can include various forms such as essays, reports, letters, conversations, speeches, and more, each tailored to suit the purpose and audience of the communication. Said that, consider the following statements about discourse genres in TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages):
I.Discourse genres primarily focus on the structural aspects of language, such as grammar and vocabulary.
II.Discourse genres are a valuable pedagogical tool in TESOL as they provide students with the practical ability to use language in context, enabling effective communication and language acquisition.
III.In TESOL, discourse genres often revolve around written communication and are less relevant in spoken language instruction.
It is correct what is state in:
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
In the field of TESOL, understanding language conceptions is crucial for effective language teaching. Which of the following statements accurately represents a commonly held language conception in TESOL?
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
In the context of education, CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) is an instructional approach that integrates language learning with content instruction. What is the primary goal of CLIL, and how does it differ from traditional language education?
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
Observe the following clauses I and II:
I.If school authorities had allowed translanguaging to achieve its potential,
II.It could have cracked open more opportunities for students to have plurilingual contexts in the education system.
Regarding these statements, select the correct option:
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
Read the following statements about English and language conceptions:
I.The official document called 'BNCC' treats the English language, prioritizing the focus on the social and political function of the language, in its status as a língua franca.
II.According to BNCC, the concept of English as a foreign language is heavily criticized for its Eurocentric bias.
III.According to BNCC, other language concepts such as international language, global language, additional language and língua franca are more up to date and because of that the term 'foreign language' should be left in the past and never be used in any type of context.
It is correct what is state in:
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
In TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) classes, students develop their language skills through various activities: they enhance their listening abilities by engaging in group discussions, practice speaking by participating in oral presentations, refine their writing skills through essay assignments, and strengthen their reading comprehension by analyzing texts in different genres. In the light of that, match the second column according to the first:
First column: skill
1.Reading
2.Listening
3.Writing
4.Speaking
Second column: definition
(__)is the skill of actively perceiving and comprehending spoken language, allowing individuals to understand and interpret oral communication effectively.
(__)is the aptitude to convey thoughts, information, and creativity through the creation of text, using written language to communicate ideas, stories, or messages.
(__)involves the ability to express one's thoughts, ideas, and emotions through coherent and articulate oral communication, contributing to effective dialogue and interpersonal interactions.
(__)is the capacity to decode, interpret, and comprehend written text, enabling individuals to access and extract meaning from written materials, ranging from books and articles to digital content.
Select the option that presents the correct association between the columns:
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
Match the second column according to the first:
First column: topic
1.Translanguaging
2.Língua Franca
3.CLIL
Second column: summarized definition
(__) is a common, global, language used as a means of communication.
(__)is an educational approach where subjects are taught in a language that is not the students' native language to improve language proficiency while learning the content.
(__)is a pedagogical approach that encourages using multiple languages and language varieties to enhance learning and communication, allowing students to draw from their full linguistic repertoire.
Select the option that presents the correct association between the columns:
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
Read three statements about English as a língua franca (ELF). Write T, for true statements, and F, for false ones:
(__)ELF does not adhere to any specific native English dialect or accent but encompasses a wide range of English varieties, making it a flexible and adaptable form of communication.
(__)ELF is a phenomenon where English is used as a common means of communication between speakers of different native languages, often in international or multicultural settings.
(__)ELF is predominantly restricted to academic and formal contexts, such as international conferences, and is rarely used in informal, everyday interactions between non-native English speakers.
Select the alternative with the correct sequence:
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
According to BNCC, the English Language curricular component must guarantee students the development of specific competences.
I.Get to know different cultural heritages, material and immaterial, disseminated in the English language, with a view to exercising enjoyment and expanding perspectives in contact with different artistic-cultural manifestations.
II.Use new technologies, with new languages and modes of interaction, to research, select, share, position yourself and produce meaning in literacy practices in the English language, in an ethical, critical and responsible way.
III.Develop linguistic-discursive repertoires of the English language, used in different countries and by different social groups within the same country, in order to recognize linguistic diversity as a right and value the heterogeneous, hybrid and multimodal uses emerging in contemporary societies.
IV.Identify one's place and that of others in a plurilingual and multicultural world, critically reflecting on how learning the English language contributes to the insertion of subjects in the globalized world, including with regard to the world of work.
Which sentences correspond to Specific English Language Competences for Ensino Fundamental, according to BNCC:
Plurilingualism and translanguaging: commonalities and divergences
Both plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices in the education of language minoritized students remain controversial, for schools have a monolingual and monoglossic tradition that is hard to disrupt, even when the disrupting stance brings success to learners. At issue is the national identity that schools are supposed to develop in their students, and the Eurocentric system of knowledge, circulated through standardized named languages, that continues to impose what Quijano (2000) has called a coloniality of power.
All theories emerge from a place, an experience, a time, and a position, and in this case, plurilingualism and translanguaging have developed, as we have seen, from different loci of enunciation. But concepts do not remain static in a time and place, as educators and researchers take them up, as they travel, and as educators develop alternative practices. Thus, plurilingual and translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes look the same, and sometimes they even have the same practical goals. For example, educators who say they use plurilingual pedagogical practices might insist on developing bilingual identities, and not solely use plurilingualism as a scaffold. And educators who claim to use translanguaging pedagogical practices sometimes use them only as a scaffold to the dominant language, not grasping its potential. In the United States, translanguaging pedagogies are often used in English-as-a-Second Language programs only as a scaffold. And although the potential for translanguaging is more likely to be found in bilingual education programs, this is also at times elusive. The potential is curtailed, for example, by the strict language allocation policies that have accompanied the growth of dual language education programs in the last decade in the USA, which come close to the neoliberal understanding of multilingualism espoused in the European Union.
It is important to keep the conceptual distinctions between plurilingualism and translanguaging at the forefront as we develop ways of enacting them in practice, even when pedagogies may turn out to look the same. Because the theoretical stance of translanguaging brings forth and affirms dynamic multilingual realities, it offers the potential to transform minoritized communities sense of self that the concept of plurilingualism may not always do. The purpose of translanguaging could be transformative of socio-political and socio-educational structures that legitimize the language hierarchies that exclude minoritized bilingual students and the epistemological understandings that render them invisible. In its theoretical formulation, translanguaging disrupts the concept of named languages and the power hierarchies in which languages are positioned. But the issue for the future is whether school authorities will allow translanguaging to achieve its potential, or whether it will silence it as simply another kind of scaffold. To the degree that educators act on translanguaging with political intent, it will continue to crack some openings and to open opportunities for bilingual students. Otherwise, the present conceptual differences between plurilingualism and translanguaging will be erased.
Source: GARCÍA, Ofelia; OTHEGUY, Ricardo. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Commonalities and divergences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, v. 23, n. 1, p. 17-35, 2020.
Garcia e Otheguy (2020)
Literacy in an additional language, often referred to as "second language literacy" or "bilingual literacy," encompasses the ability to read, write, understand, and effectively ____________ using a language other than one's native or primary language.
Select the option that correctly fills the gap in the statement:
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