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English as a Lingua Franca 

A number of researchers have studied conversations in English as a Lingua Franca and have noted a number of somewhat surprising characteristics, including:

a)Non-use of third person present simple tense -s (She look very sad).

b)Interchangeable use of the relative pronouns who and which (a book who, a boy which).

c)Use of an all-purpose tag question such as “isn’t it” (They should arrive soon, isn’t it?).

d)Increasing of redundancy by adding “inexistent” prepositions {We have to study about…, The article treats of…).

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão:

    So what languages do I know? I speak English, Spanish, Portuguese, a little French, and a little in a few others. But I would be a bit uncomfortable to say that I ‘know’ all of these languages. The reason for my discomfort is that language learning is such a slow, piece-by-piece process that it is hard to tell when someone has finally ‘arrived’.

    In fact, this idea of ‘arriving’ in language is misguided. Language, you see, is more of a journey than a destination, and most learners never feel comfortable saying they have arrived when asked about how much they know. This is especially true because, as in all educational pursuits, the more you learn, the more you are aware of what you do not know.

    To illustrate, many of my Asian English learning students studying here in Arizona, U.S., are quite proficient in English. However, when people ask them if they speak English, here are the answers I most often hear:

    “I speak okay.”

    “I’m not so good.”

    “I don’t know.”

    The truth is that even these excellent English speakers often feel the distance between them and native-like proficiency. They have accents, they do not know certain words, and they constantly second-guess their grammar. The question “Do you speak a language?” comes out sounding, in their ears, a lot like “Have you mastered the language?”

    So how can my foreign students, who by all accounts are doing amazing things in the United States, still feel like they have not arrived? The truth is this: when we focus on mastering a language - perfect pronunciation, complete command of the vocabulary, ability to speak in any and every possible situation -, we are always going to feel insufficient, because by that measure, we all fall short. This way of learning a language is exhausting. A better question than “Do you know the language?” is this: “In the language you are learning, are you creating friendships and experiences?” What I am suggesting is that learners reframe their perspectives. If they are fueled by meeting others, trying new things, and making memories and friendships for themselves, they have a great shot.

    I believe that language learning is, at its core, about relationships and experiences – about connecting and learning from those connections. It is my belief that every story (even those who fail) can teach us something about language learning.

(DIXON, S. The language learner guidebook: powerful tools to help you conquer any language. [S.l.]: Wayzgoose, 2018. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão:

    So what languages do I know? I speak English, Spanish, Portuguese, a little French, and a little in a few others. But I would be a bit uncomfortable to say that I ‘know’ all of these languages. The reason for my discomfort is that language learning is such a slow, piece-by-piece process that it is hard to tell when someone has finally ‘arrived’.

    In fact, this idea of ‘arriving’ in language is misguided. Language, you see, is more of a journey than a destination, and most learners never feel comfortable saying they have arrived when asked about how much they know. This is especially true because, as in all educational pursuits, the more you learn, the more you are aware of what you do not know.

    To illustrate, many of my Asian English learning students studying here in Arizona, U.S., are quite proficient in English. However, when people ask them if they speak English, here are the answers I most often hear:

    “I speak okay.”

    “I’m not so good.”

    “I don’t know.”

    The truth is that even these excellent English speakers often feel the distance between them and native-like proficiency. They have accents, they do not know certain words, and they constantly second-guess their grammar. The question “Do you speak a language?” comes out sounding, in their ears, a lot like “Have you mastered the language?”

    So how can my foreign students, who by all accounts are doing amazing things in the United States, still feel like they have not arrived? The truth is this: when we focus on mastering a language - perfect pronunciation, complete command of the vocabulary, ability to speak in any and every possible situation -, we are always going to feel insufficient, because by that measure, we all fall short. This way of learning a language is exhausting. A better question than “Do you know the language?” is this: “In the language you are learning, are you creating friendships and experiences?” What I am suggesting is that learners reframe their perspectives. If they are fueled by meeting others, trying new things, and making memories and friendships for themselves, they have a great shot.

    I believe that language learning is, at its core, about relationships and experiences – about connecting and learning from those connections. It is my belief that every story (even those who fail) can teach us something about language learning.

(DIXON, S. The language learner guidebook: powerful tools to help you conquer any language. [S.l.]: Wayzgoose, 2018. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão:

    So what languages do I know? I speak English, Spanish, Portuguese, a little French, and a little in a few others. But I would be a bit uncomfortable to say that I ‘know’ all of these languages. The reason for my discomfort is that language learning is such a slow, piece-by-piece process that it is hard to tell when someone has finally ‘arrived’.

    In fact, this idea of ‘arriving’ in language is misguided. Language, you see, is more of a journey than a destination, and most learners never feel comfortable saying they have arrived when asked about how much they know. This is especially true because, as in all educational pursuits, the more you learn, the more you are aware of what you do not know.

    To illustrate, many of my Asian English learning students studying here in Arizona, U.S., are quite proficient in English. However, when people ask them if they speak English, here are the answers I most often hear:

    “I speak okay.”

    “I’m not so good.”

    “I don’t know.”

    The truth is that even these excellent English speakers often feel the distance between them and native-like proficiency. They have accents, they do not know certain words, and they constantly second-guess their grammar. The question “Do you speak a language?” comes out sounding, in their ears, a lot like “Have you mastered the language?”

    So how can my foreign students, who by all accounts are doing amazing things in the United States, still feel like they have not arrived? The truth is this: when we focus on mastering a language - perfect pronunciation, complete command of the vocabulary, ability to speak in any and every possible situation -, we are always going to feel insufficient, because by that measure, we all fall short. This way of learning a language is exhausting. A better question than “Do you know the language?” is this: “In the language you are learning, are you creating friendships and experiences?” What I am suggesting is that learners reframe their perspectives. If they are fueled by meeting others, trying new things, and making memories and friendships for themselves, they have a great shot.

    I believe that language learning is, at its core, about relationships and experiences – about connecting and learning from those connections. It is my belief that every story (even those who fail) can teach us something about language learning.

(DIXON, S. The language learner guidebook: powerful tools to help you conquer any language. [S.l.]: Wayzgoose, 2018. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão:

    So what languages do I know? I speak English, Spanish, Portuguese, a little French, and a little in a few others. But I would be a bit uncomfortable to say that I ‘know’ all of these languages. The reason for my discomfort is that language learning is such a slow, piece-by-piece process that it is hard to tell when someone has finally ‘arrived’.

    In fact, this idea of ‘arriving’ in language is misguided. Language, you see, is more of a journey than a destination, and most learners never feel comfortable saying they have arrived when asked about how much they know. This is especially true because, as in all educational pursuits, the more you learn, the more you are aware of what you do not know.

    To illustrate, many of my Asian English learning students studying here in Arizona, U.S., are quite proficient in English. However, when people ask them if they speak English, here are the answers I most often hear:

    “I speak okay.”

    “I’m not so good.”

    “I don’t know.”

    The truth is that even these excellent English speakers often feel the distance between them and native-like proficiency. They have accents, they do not know certain words, and they constantly second-guess their grammar. The question “Do you speak a language?” comes out sounding, in their ears, a lot like “Have you mastered the language?”

    So how can my foreign students, who by all accounts are doing amazing things in the United States, still feel like they have not arrived? The truth is this: when we focus on mastering a language - perfect pronunciation, complete command of the vocabulary, ability to speak in any and every possible situation -, we are always going to feel insufficient, because by that measure, we all fall short. This way of learning a language is exhausting. A better question than “Do you know the language?” is this: “In the language you are learning, are you creating friendships and experiences?” What I am suggesting is that learners reframe their perspectives. If they are fueled by meeting others, trying new things, and making memories and friendships for themselves, they have a great shot.

    I believe that language learning is, at its core, about relationships and experiences – about connecting and learning from those connections. It is my belief that every story (even those who fail) can teach us something about language learning.

(DIXON, S. The language learner guidebook: powerful tools to help you conquer any language. [S.l.]: Wayzgoose, 2018. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão:

    So what languages do I know? I speak English, Spanish, Portuguese, a little French, and a little in a few others. But I would be a bit uncomfortable to say that I ‘know’ all of these languages. The reason for my discomfort is that language learning is such a slow, piece-by-piece process that it is hard to tell when someone has finally ‘arrived’.

    In fact, this idea of ‘arriving’ in language is misguided. Language, you see, is more of a journey than a destination, and most learners never feel comfortable saying they have arrived when asked about how much they know. This is especially true because, as in all educational pursuits, the more you learn, the more you are aware of what you do not know.

    To illustrate, many of my Asian English learning students studying here in Arizona, U.S., are quite proficient in English. However, when people ask them if they speak English, here are the answers I most often hear:

    “I speak okay.”

    “I’m not so good.”

    “I don’t know.”

    The truth is that even these excellent English speakers often feel the distance between them and native-like proficiency. They have accents, they do not know certain words, and they constantly second-guess their grammar. The question “Do you speak a language?” comes out sounding, in their ears, a lot like “Have you mastered the language?”

    So how can my foreign students, who by all accounts are doing amazing things in the United States, still feel like they have not arrived? The truth is this: when we focus on mastering a language - perfect pronunciation, complete command of the vocabulary, ability to speak in any and every possible situation -, we are always going to feel insufficient, because by that measure, we all fall short. This way of learning a language is exhausting. A better question than “Do you know the language?” is this: “In the language you are learning, are you creating friendships and experiences?” What I am suggesting is that learners reframe their perspectives. If they are fueled by meeting others, trying new things, and making memories and friendships for themselves, they have a great shot.

    I believe that language learning is, at its core, about relationships and experiences – about connecting and learning from those connections. It is my belief that every story (even those who fail) can teach us something about language learning.

(DIXON, S. The language learner guidebook: powerful tools to help you conquer any language. [S.l.]: Wayzgoose, 2018. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão:

    So what languages do I know? I speak English, Spanish, Portuguese, a little French, and a little in a few others. But I would be a bit uncomfortable to say that I ‘know’ all of these languages. The reason for my discomfort is that language learning is such a slow, piece-by-piece process that it is hard to tell when someone has finally ‘arrived’.

    In fact, this idea of ‘arriving’ in language is misguided. Language, you see, is more of a journey than a destination, and most learners never feel comfortable saying they have arrived when asked about how much they know. This is especially true because, as in all educational pursuits, the more you learn, the more you are aware of what you do not know.

    To illustrate, many of my Asian English learning students studying here in Arizona, U.S., are quite proficient in English. However, when people ask them if they speak English, here are the answers I most often hear:

    “I speak okay.”

    “I’m not so good.”

    “I don’t know.”

    The truth is that even these excellent English speakers often feel the distance between them and native-like proficiency. They have accents, they do not know certain words, and they constantly second-guess their grammar. The question “Do you speak a language?” comes out sounding, in their ears, a lot like “Have you mastered the language?”

    So how can my foreign students, who by all accounts are doing amazing things in the United States, still feel like they have not arrived? The truth is this: when we focus on mastering a language - perfect pronunciation, complete command of the vocabulary, ability to speak in any and every possible situation -, we are always going to feel insufficient, because by that measure, we all fall short. This way of learning a language is exhausting. A better question than “Do you know the language?” is this: “In the language you are learning, are you creating friendships and experiences?” What I am suggesting is that learners reframe their perspectives. If they are fueled by meeting others, trying new things, and making memories and friendships for themselves, they have a great shot.

    I believe that language learning is, at its core, about relationships and experiences – about connecting and learning from those connections. It is my belief that every story (even those who fail) can teach us something about language learning.

(DIXON, S. The language learner guidebook: powerful tools to help you conquer any language. [S.l.]: Wayzgoose, 2018. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão:

Brian Tomlinson and Hitomi Masuhara, The Complete Guide to the Theory and Practice of Materials Development for Language Learning

    Whenever we look for resources on materials development, it is difficult to find books which bring together theory and practice in an organic manner. This book does precisely that; it provides the practicality of materials development guides and the academic rigour of reports and research studies published in the field.

    Tomlinson and Masuhara’s book has three specific aims. First is to help teachers, researchers and students to know, understand and be constructively critical of what has been achieved to date; secondly to help them develop, adapt, use, review and research materials on their own. Finally, while talking most particularly to teachers, the authors highlight that they want the strong opinions and approaches presented in the book to inspire readers to think independently and to develop and apply innovative approaches on their own.

    These three aims seem to be very ambitious and that is the feeling you get when you read through the chapters. The book includes everything related to the theory and practice in materials development to date, and advocates that theory must inform practice and vice versa. Each of the fifteen chapters ends with a section which includes recommendations for teachers followed by a ‘What do you think?’ section to encourage them to reflect on their own contexts and teaching experience in them.

    Although at times the book seems overwhelming as it attempts to provide everything about materials in language learning, it successfully realizes its aim to address a wide audience from publishers, researchers to teachers.

(https://www.fortell.org. acessado em 02.10.2025. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão:

Brian Tomlinson and Hitomi Masuhara, The Complete Guide to the Theory and Practice of Materials Development for Language Learning

    Whenever we look for resources on materials development, it is difficult to find books which bring together theory and practice in an organic manner. This book does precisely that; it provides the practicality of materials development guides and the academic rigour of reports and research studies published in the field.

    Tomlinson and Masuhara’s book has three specific aims. First is to help teachers, researchers and students to know, understand and be constructively critical of what has been achieved to date; secondly to help them develop, adapt, use, review and research materials on their own. Finally, while talking most particularly to teachers, the authors highlight that they want the strong opinions and approaches presented in the book to inspire readers to think independently and to develop and apply innovative approaches on their own.

    These three aims seem to be very ambitious and that is the feeling you get when you read through the chapters. The book includes everything related to the theory and practice in materials development to date, and advocates that theory must inform practice and vice versa. Each of the fifteen chapters ends with a section which includes recommendations for teachers followed by a ‘What do you think?’ section to encourage them to reflect on their own contexts and teaching experience in them.

    Although at times the book seems overwhelming as it attempts to provide everything about materials in language learning, it successfully realizes its aim to address a wide audience from publishers, researchers to teachers.

(https://www.fortell.org. acessado em 02.10.2025. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão:

    The term “language practice” refers to activities which involve repetition of the same language point or skill in an environment which is controlled by the framework of the activity. The purpose for language production and the language to be produced are usually predetermined by the task or the teacher. The intention is not to use the language for communication but to strengthen the ability to manipulate a particular language form or function.

    Activities centered on “language use”, on the other hand, involve the production of language in order to communicate. The purpose of the activity might be predetermined but the language which is used is determined by the learners.

(TOMLINSON, B. (ed). Material Development in Language Teaching. Cambridge: CUP. 1998/2011. Adaptado)