Foram encontradas 2.150 questões
Resolva questões gratuitamente!
Junte-se a mais de 4 milhões de concurseiros!
Após o Estado Novo, observa-se um movimento nacional de valorização do argumento da arte como forma de liberação emocional, resultando na criação de ateliers ou escolinhas de arte cujo método consistia em:
“A galeria é construída de acordo com preceitos tão rigorosos quanto os da construção de uma igreja medieval. O mundo exterior não deve entrar, de modo que as janelas geralmente são lacradas. As paredes são pintadas de branco. O teto torna-se a fonte de luz. O chão de madeira é polido, para que você provoque estalidos austeros ao andar, ou acarpetado, para que você ande sem ruído". (O’DOHERTY, Brian. No interior do Cubo Branco - a ideologia do espaço na arte. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2002. p. 4)
Das afirmativas abaixo sobre a concepção moderna de espaço expositivo, qual está INCORRETA?
Leia atentamente os textos abaixo e, após relacioná-los, responda à questão.
TEXTO 1
Lojas Africanas, 2013.
Leandro Machado (Porto Alegre/RS, 1970)
Serigrafia sobre camiseta
100 x 45 cm
Coleção do artista
Disponível em: <http://cargocollective.com/leandromachado/LojasAfricanas-African-Stores>. Acesso em: 03 out. 2016.
TEXTO 2
Livro, 2011.
Leandro Machado (Porto Alegre/RS, 1970)
Marcador permanente sobre livro didático
28,5 x 22,6 x 1,4 cm
Coleção do artista
Disponível em <http://cargocollective.com/leandromachado/EscritosWritten>. Acesso em: 03 out. 2016
TEXTO 3
Mariano Carneiro da Cunha, no tópico “A emergência de artistas e temas negros a partir das décadas de 1930 e 40”, constante no texto "Arte afro-brasileira", publicado originalmente no livro História geral da arte no Brasil, organizado por Walter Zanini (1983), propõe outro campo de abrangência para o termo afro-brasileiro, que é independente da afrodescendência: "Dos artistas cobertos em geral por essa definição muitos são brancos, outros mestiços e relativamente poucos são negros. Poderíamos subdividi-los portanto em quatro grupos, ou seja: aqueles que só utilizam temas negros incidentalmente; os que o fazem de modo sistemático e consciente; os artistas que se servem não apenas de temas como também de soluções plásticas negras espontâneas, e, não raro, inconscientemente; finalmente os artistas rituais. Os três primeiros grupos definiriam o termo afrobrasileiro em seu sentido lato e o último grupo em sentido estrito". (CUNHA, 1983 citado por CONDURO, 2009, p. 36- 37)
"Salvo engano, é com essa subdivisão proposta por Mariano Carneiro da Cunha que se explicita e cristaliza historiograficamente a concepção inclusiva da arte afro-brasileira, que já era praticada anteriormente, ultrapassando a ideia de raça como elemento determinante dessa vertente artística”. CONDURU, Roberto. Negrume multicor: arte, África e Brasil para além de raça e etnia. Acervo. Revista do Arquivo Nacional, v. 22, nº 2, 2009, p. 36. Disponível em . Acesso: em 03 de out. 2016.
A partir das referências apresentadas acima, analise as afirmativas, identificando com "V" as VERDADEIRAS e com "F" as FALSAS, assinalando a seguir a alternativa CORRETA, na sequência de cima para baixo.
( ) Segundo o TEXTO 3, a obra de Leandro Machado pode ser classificada como afrobrasileira.
( ) Dos quatro grupos apresentados no TEXTO 3, pode-se incluir Leandro Machado no grupo dos que utilizam temas negros “de modo sistemático e consciente".
( ) Ainda que o artista fosse branco, os trabalhos de Machado (TEXTOS 1 e 2) poderiam ser classificados como arte afro-brasileira.
De acordo com Juliana Ferrazzo (2011), a prática do artesanato para os Kaingang é uma alternativa de renda e uma manifestação de sua história, cultura, identidade e marcas clânicas. Muitas vezes, em datas festivas, viajam para comercializar os objetos produzidos nas comunidades.
(FERRAZZO, Juliana C. Fabricação de artesanatos na aldeia kaingang capinzal/RS. Trabalho de conclusão de graduação. Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011.)
Sobre a produção estética Kaingang, podemos afirmar que estão CORRETAS as afirmações:
I. As formas artesanais redondas e baixas relacionam-se aos Kairú, enquanto as compridas são produzidas pelos Kamé.
II. O ensino às crianças das atividades relacionadas ao artesanato transmite-se pela oralidade e pela observação e participação ativa em sua construção e comércio.
III. A confecção de cestos utiliza exclusivamente taquaras, que geralmente são tingidas.
IV. As comunidades mantêm a produção de técnicas tradicionais, extraindo todos os recursos de que necessitam de seus territórios.
As influências dos estilos modernos europeus foram absorvidas e reformuladas pelos artistas latinos com forte influência do cenário político e das culturas indígenas. A __________ teve grande impacto sobre os pintores __________, como __________. Já o uruguaio __________, apesar de adotar estilo internacionalista influenciado pelo __________, revela seu fascínio pelas culturas __________.
Assinale a alternativa que preenche CORRETAMENTE todas as lacunas, na ordem do texto acima:
O Renascimento propaga a ênfase no estudo do mundo tangível, do conhecimento obtido gradualmente a partir da observação e experimentação científica. A partir do século XVIII, artistas de diferentes nações embarcam em expedições à América Latina com o intuito de registrar a geografia dos territórios explorados, a fauna, a flora e a vida humana.
(ADES, Dawn. Arte na América Latina. São Paulo: Cosac & Naify, 1997)
I. A função atribuída aos artistas-cronistas viajantes tinha o intuito de mapear os recursos dos territórios a fim de possibilitar seu comércio.
II. O registro dos hábitos humanos ficou conhecido como costumbrismo.
III. Alexander von Humboldt, Jean-Baptiste Debret e Johann Moritz Rugendas figuram entre os principais nomes de artistas viajantes que atuaram na América Latina.
IV. O rigor Neoclássico vigente nas Academias de Arte não interferiu na produção dos artistas cronistas viajantes.
Assinale quais dessas afirmativas estão CORRETAS:
Sobre a Proposta Triangular de Ana Mae Barbosa, analise as afirmativas, identificando com “V” as VERDADEIRAS e com “F” as FALSAS, assinalando a seguir a alternativa CORRETA, na sequência de cima para baixo:
( ) A Proposta Triangular foi sistematizada a partir das condições estéticas e culturais da pós-modernidade. A Pós-Modernidade em Arte/Educação caracterizou-se pela entrada da imagem, sua decodificação e interpretações na sala de aula junto com a já conquistada expressividade.
( ) John Dewey foi o principal inspirador para Ana Mae Barbosa criar a Proposta Triangular.
( ) A Proposta Triangular é baseada na leitura de imagens, contextualização e prática artística.
( ) A Proposta Triangular teve forte influência do pensamento de Paulo Freire.
( ) O foco da Proposta Triangular é o fazer artístico.
Read the excerpt below and answer the questions 34 to 40.
- The transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States formed one of those unbelievable incidents of
- history because by 1867, Russia was nervously eager to get rid of it, while the United States still
- recovering from the Civil War and immersed in the impending impeachment of President Johnson,
- refused to accept it on any terms.
- At this impasse an extraordinary man monopolized center stage. He was not a Russian, a fact which
- would become important more than a century later, but a soi-disant baron of dubious background; half
- Austrian, half Italian, and a charmer who was picked up in 1841 for temporary duty representing Russia in
- the United States and who lingered there till 1868. In that time, Edouard de Stoeckl, parading himself as a
- nobleman, although no one could say for sure how or when or even if he had earned his title, became
- such an ardent friend of America that he married an American heiress and took upon himself the task of
- acting as marriage broker between Russia, which he called homeland, and the United States, his adopted
- residence.
- He faced a most difficult task, for when the United States showed hesitancy about accepting Alaska,
- support for the sale withered in Russia, and later when Russia wanted to sell, half a dozen of the most
- influential American politicians led by Secretary of State William Seward of New York looked far into the
- future and saw the desirability of acquiring Alaska to serve as America's artic bastion, yet the hard-
- headed businessmen in the Senate, the House and the general public opposed the purchase with all the
- scorn they could summon. 'Seward's Icebox' and 'Seward's Folly' were two of the gentler jibes. Some
- critics accused Seward of being in the pay of the Russians; others accused De Stoeckl of buying votes in
- the House. One sharp satirist claimed that Alaska contained nothing but polar bears and Eskimos, and
- many protested that America should not accept this useless, frozen domain even if Russia wanted to give
- it away.
- Many pointed out that Alaska had no wealth of any kind, not even reindeer, which proliferated in other
- northern areas, and experts affirmed that an arctic area like this could not possibly have any minerals or
- other deposits of value. On and on went the abuse of this unknown and somewhat terrifying land, and the
- castigations would have been comical had they not influenced American thinking and behavior and
- condemned Alaska to decades of neglect.
- But an ingenious man like Baron de Stoeckl was not easily diverted from his main target, and with
- Seward's unflinching support and admirable statesmanship, the sale squeaked by with a favorable margin
- of one vote. By such a narrow margin did the United States come close to losing one of her potentially
- valuable acquisitions, but of course, had one viewed Alaska from the vantage point of frozen Fort Nulato
- in 1867, with the thermometer at minus-fifty-seven and about to be attacked by hostile Athapascans, the
- purchase at more than $7,000,000 would have seemed a poor bargain.
- Now the comedy intensified, became burlesque, for although the U.S Senate had bought the place,
- the U.S. House refused to appropriate the money to pay for it, and for many tense months the sale hung
- in the balance. When a favorable vote was finally taken, it was almost negated by the discovery that
- Baron de Stoeckl had disposed of $125,000 in cash for which he refused to give an accounting. Widely
- suspected of having bribed congressmen to vote for land that was obviously worthless, the baron waited
- until the sale was completed, then quietly slipped out of the country, his life's ambition having been
- achieved.
- One congressman with a keen sense of history, economics and geopolitics said of the whole affair:
- 'If we were so eager to show Russia our appreciation of the help she gave us during the Civil War, why
- didn't we give her the seven million and tell her to keep her damned colony? It'll never be of any use to
- us.'
Excerpt from: MICHENER, James A. Alaska. Fawcett Books: New York, 1988, p. 369 - 370.
Consider the statements below:
I. The verbs 'claimed' (line 20), 'pointed out' (line 23), and 'affirmed' (line 24) are verbs of saying;
II. The sentence 'Alaska contained nothing' (line 20) can be rewritten as 'Alaska did not contain anything';
III. The sentence 'Baron de Stoeckl had disposed of $125,000 in cash' (lines 37) means that the Baron won that sum of money only after the negotiations were finished.
Read the excerpt below and answer the questions 34 to 40.
- The transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States formed one of those unbelievable incidents of
- history because by 1867, Russia was nervously eager to get rid of it, while the United States still
- recovering from the Civil War and immersed in the impending impeachment of President Johnson,
- refused to accept it on any terms.
- At this impasse an extraordinary man monopolized center stage. He was not a Russian, a fact which
- would become important more than a century later, but a soi-disant baron of dubious background; half
- Austrian, half Italian, and a charmer who was picked up in 1841 for temporary duty representing Russia in
- the United States and who lingered there till 1868. In that time, Edouard de Stoeckl, parading himself as a
- nobleman, although no one could say for sure how or when or even if he had earned his title, became
- such an ardent friend of America that he married an American heiress and took upon himself the task of
- acting as marriage broker between Russia, which he called homeland, and the United States, his adopted
- residence.
- He faced a most difficult task, for when the United States showed hesitancy about accepting Alaska,
- support for the sale withered in Russia, and later when Russia wanted to sell, half a dozen of the most
- influential American politicians led by Secretary of State William Seward of New York looked far into the
- future and saw the desirability of acquiring Alaska to serve as America's artic bastion, yet the hard-
- headed businessmen in the Senate, the House and the general public opposed the purchase with all the
- scorn they could summon. 'Seward's Icebox' and 'Seward's Folly' were two of the gentler jibes. Some
- critics accused Seward of being in the pay of the Russians; others accused De Stoeckl of buying votes in
- the House. One sharp satirist claimed that Alaska contained nothing but polar bears and Eskimos, and
- many protested that America should not accept this useless, frozen domain even if Russia wanted to give
- it away.
- Many pointed out that Alaska had no wealth of any kind, not even reindeer, which proliferated in other
- northern areas, and experts affirmed that an arctic area like this could not possibly have any minerals or
- other deposits of value. On and on went the abuse of this unknown and somewhat terrifying land, and the
- castigations would have been comical had they not influenced American thinking and behavior and
- condemned Alaska to decades of neglect.
- But an ingenious man like Baron de Stoeckl was not easily diverted from his main target, and with
- Seward's unflinching support and admirable statesmanship, the sale squeaked by with a favorable margin
- of one vote. By such a narrow margin did the United States come close to losing one of her potentially
- valuable acquisitions, but of course, had one viewed Alaska from the vantage point of frozen Fort Nulato
- in 1867, with the thermometer at minus-fifty-seven and about to be attacked by hostile Athapascans, the
- purchase at more than $7,000,000 would have seemed a poor bargain.
- Now the comedy intensified, became burlesque, for although the U.S Senate had bought the place,
- the U.S. House refused to appropriate the money to pay for it, and for many tense months the sale hung
- in the balance. When a favorable vote was finally taken, it was almost negated by the discovery that
- Baron de Stoeckl had disposed of $125,000 in cash for which he refused to give an accounting. Widely
- suspected of having bribed congressmen to vote for land that was obviously worthless, the baron waited
- until the sale was completed, then quietly slipped out of the country, his life's ambition having been
- achieved.
- One congressman with a keen sense of history, economics and geopolitics said of the whole affair:
- 'If we were so eager to show Russia our appreciation of the help she gave us during the Civil War, why
- didn't we give her the seven million and tell her to keep her damned colony? It'll never be of any use to
- us.'
Excerpt from: MICHENER, James A. Alaska. Fawcett Books: New York, 1988, p. 369 - 370.
The word 'pay' may be both a noun, as in 'the pay' (line 19) and a verb, as in 'to pay' (line 35) without having to change its spelling. The same may occur to all the words bellow, EXCEPT for:
Read the excerpt below and answer the questions 34 to 40.
- The transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States formed one of those unbelievable incidents of
- history because by 1867, Russia was nervously eager to get rid of it, while the United States still
- recovering from the Civil War and immersed in the impending impeachment of President Johnson,
- refused to accept it on any terms.
- At this impasse an extraordinary man monopolized center stage. He was not a Russian, a fact which
- would become important more than a century later, but a soi-disant baron of dubious background; half
- Austrian, half Italian, and a charmer who was picked up in 1841 for temporary duty representing Russia in
- the United States and who lingered there till 1868. In that time, Edouard de Stoeckl, parading himself as a
- nobleman, although no one could say for sure how or when or even if he had earned his title, became
- such an ardent friend of America that he married an American heiress and took upon himself the task of
- acting as marriage broker between Russia, which he called homeland, and the United States, his adopted
- residence.
- He faced a most difficult task, for when the United States showed hesitancy about accepting Alaska,
- support for the sale withered in Russia, and later when Russia wanted to sell, half a dozen of the most
- influential American politicians led by Secretary of State William Seward of New York looked far into the
- future and saw the desirability of acquiring Alaska to serve as America's artic bastion, yet the hard-
- headed businessmen in the Senate, the House and the general public opposed the purchase with all the
- scorn they could summon. 'Seward's Icebox' and 'Seward's Folly' were two of the gentler jibes. Some
- critics accused Seward of being in the pay of the Russians; others accused De Stoeckl of buying votes in
- the House. One sharp satirist claimed that Alaska contained nothing but polar bears and Eskimos, and
- many protested that America should not accept this useless, frozen domain even if Russia wanted to give
- it away.
- Many pointed out that Alaska had no wealth of any kind, not even reindeer, which proliferated in other
- northern areas, and experts affirmed that an arctic area like this could not possibly have any minerals or
- other deposits of value. On and on went the abuse of this unknown and somewhat terrifying land, and the
- castigations would have been comical had they not influenced American thinking and behavior and
- condemned Alaska to decades of neglect.
- But an ingenious man like Baron de Stoeckl was not easily diverted from his main target, and with
- Seward's unflinching support and admirable statesmanship, the sale squeaked by with a favorable margin
- of one vote. By such a narrow margin did the United States come close to losing one of her potentially
- valuable acquisitions, but of course, had one viewed Alaska from the vantage point of frozen Fort Nulato
- in 1867, with the thermometer at minus-fifty-seven and about to be attacked by hostile Athapascans, the
- purchase at more than $7,000,000 would have seemed a poor bargain.
- Now the comedy intensified, became burlesque, for although the U.S Senate had bought the place,
- the U.S. House refused to appropriate the money to pay for it, and for many tense months the sale hung
- in the balance. When a favorable vote was finally taken, it was almost negated by the discovery that
- Baron de Stoeckl had disposed of $125,000 in cash for which he refused to give an accounting. Widely
- suspected of having bribed congressmen to vote for land that was obviously worthless, the baron waited
- until the sale was completed, then quietly slipped out of the country, his life's ambition having been
- achieved.
- One congressman with a keen sense of history, economics and geopolitics said of the whole affair:
- 'If we were so eager to show Russia our appreciation of the help she gave us during the Civil War, why
- didn't we give her the seven million and tell her to keep her damned colony? It'll never be of any use to
- us.'
Excerpt from: MICHENER, James A. Alaska. Fawcett Books: New York, 1988, p. 369 - 370.
The clauses 'the castigations would have been comical' and 'had they not influenced American thinking...' present the same grammatical relation as in:
Read the excerpt below and answer the questions 34 to 40.
- The transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States formed one of those unbelievable incidents of
- history because by 1867, Russia was nervously eager to get rid of it, while the United States still
- recovering from the Civil War and immersed in the impending impeachment of President Johnson,
- refused to accept it on any terms.
- At this impasse an extraordinary man monopolized center stage. He was not a Russian, a fact which
- would become important more than a century later, but a soi-disant baron of dubious background; half
- Austrian, half Italian, and a charmer who was picked up in 1841 for temporary duty representing Russia in
- the United States and who lingered there till 1868. In that time, Edouard de Stoeckl, parading himself as a
- nobleman, although no one could say for sure how or when or even if he had earned his title, became
- such an ardent friend of America that he married an American heiress and took upon himself the task of
- acting as marriage broker between Russia, which he called homeland, and the United States, his adopted
- residence.
- He faced a most difficult task, for when the United States showed hesitancy about accepting Alaska,
- support for the sale withered in Russia, and later when Russia wanted to sell, half a dozen of the most
- influential American politicians led by Secretary of State William Seward of New York looked far into the
- future and saw the desirability of acquiring Alaska to serve as America's artic bastion, yet the hard-
- headed businessmen in the Senate, the House and the general public opposed the purchase with all the
- scorn they could summon. 'Seward's Icebox' and 'Seward's Folly' were two of the gentler jibes. Some
- critics accused Seward of being in the pay of the Russians; others accused De Stoeckl of buying votes in
- the House. One sharp satirist claimed that Alaska contained nothing but polar bears and Eskimos, and
- many protested that America should not accept this useless, frozen domain even if Russia wanted to give
- it away.
- Many pointed out that Alaska had no wealth of any kind, not even reindeer, which proliferated in other
- northern areas, and experts affirmed that an arctic area like this could not possibly have any minerals or
- other deposits of value. On and on went the abuse of this unknown and somewhat terrifying land, and the
- castigations would have been comical had they not influenced American thinking and behavior and
- condemned Alaska to decades of neglect.
- But an ingenious man like Baron de Stoeckl was not easily diverted from his main target, and with
- Seward's unflinching support and admirable statesmanship, the sale squeaked by with a favorable margin
- of one vote. By such a narrow margin did the United States come close to losing one of her potentially
- valuable acquisitions, but of course, had one viewed Alaska from the vantage point of frozen Fort Nulato
- in 1867, with the thermometer at minus-fifty-seven and about to be attacked by hostile Athapascans, the
- purchase at more than $7,000,000 would have seemed a poor bargain.
- Now the comedy intensified, became burlesque, for although the U.S Senate had bought the place,
- the U.S. House refused to appropriate the money to pay for it, and for many tense months the sale hung
- in the balance. When a favorable vote was finally taken, it was almost negated by the discovery that
- Baron de Stoeckl had disposed of $125,000 in cash for which he refused to give an accounting. Widely
- suspected of having bribed congressmen to vote for land that was obviously worthless, the baron waited
- until the sale was completed, then quietly slipped out of the country, his life's ambition having been
- achieved.
- One congressman with a keen sense of history, economics and geopolitics said of the whole affair:
- 'If we were so eager to show Russia our appreciation of the help she gave us during the Civil War, why
- didn't we give her the seven million and tell her to keep her damned colony? It'll never be of any use to
- us.'
Excerpt from: MICHENER, James A. Alaska. Fawcett Books: New York, 1988, p. 369 - 370.
The sequence 'was not easily diverted' (line 28) presents the same passive voice structure in all of the following, EXCEPT for:
Read the excerpt below and answer the questions 34 to 40.
- The transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States formed one of those unbelievable incidents of
- history because by 1867, Russia was nervously eager to get rid of it, while the United States still
- recovering from the Civil War and immersed in the impending impeachment of President Johnson,
- refused to accept it on any terms.
- At this impasse an extraordinary man monopolized center stage. He was not a Russian, a fact which
- would become important more than a century later, but a soi-disant baron of dubious background; half
- Austrian, half Italian, and a charmer who was picked up in 1841 for temporary duty representing Russia in
- the United States and who lingered there till 1868. In that time, Edouard de Stoeckl, parading himself as a
- nobleman, although no one could say for sure how or when or even if he had earned his title, became
- such an ardent friend of America that he married an American heiress and took upon himself the task of
- acting as marriage broker between Russia, which he called homeland, and the United States, his adopted
- residence.
- He faced a most difficult task, for when the United States showed hesitancy about accepting Alaska,
- support for the sale withered in Russia, and later when Russia wanted to sell, half a dozen of the most
- influential American politicians led by Secretary of State William Seward of New York looked far into the
- future and saw the desirability of acquiring Alaska to serve as America's artic bastion, yet the hard-
- headed businessmen in the Senate, the House and the general public opposed the purchase with all the
- scorn they could summon. 'Seward's Icebox' and 'Seward's Folly' were two of the gentler jibes. Some
- critics accused Seward of being in the pay of the Russians; others accused De Stoeckl of buying votes in
- the House. One sharp satirist claimed that Alaska contained nothing but polar bears and Eskimos, and
- many protested that America should not accept this useless, frozen domain even if Russia wanted to give
- it away.
- Many pointed out that Alaska had no wealth of any kind, not even reindeer, which proliferated in other
- northern areas, and experts affirmed that an arctic area like this could not possibly have any minerals or
- other deposits of value. On and on went the abuse of this unknown and somewhat terrifying land, and the
- castigations would have been comical had they not influenced American thinking and behavior and
- condemned Alaska to decades of neglect.
- But an ingenious man like Baron de Stoeckl was not easily diverted from his main target, and with
- Seward's unflinching support and admirable statesmanship, the sale squeaked by with a favorable margin
- of one vote. By such a narrow margin did the United States come close to losing one of her potentially
- valuable acquisitions, but of course, had one viewed Alaska from the vantage point of frozen Fort Nulato
- in 1867, with the thermometer at minus-fifty-seven and about to be attacked by hostile Athapascans, the
- purchase at more than $7,000,000 would have seemed a poor bargain.
- Now the comedy intensified, became burlesque, for although the U.S Senate had bought the place,
- the U.S. House refused to appropriate the money to pay for it, and for many tense months the sale hung
- in the balance. When a favorable vote was finally taken, it was almost negated by the discovery that
- Baron de Stoeckl had disposed of $125,000 in cash for which he refused to give an accounting. Widely
- suspected of having bribed congressmen to vote for land that was obviously worthless, the baron waited
- until the sale was completed, then quietly slipped out of the country, his life's ambition having been
- achieved.
- One congressman with a keen sense of history, economics and geopolitics said of the whole affair:
- 'If we were so eager to show Russia our appreciation of the help she gave us during the Civil War, why
- didn't we give her the seven million and tell her to keep her damned colony? It'll never be of any use to
- us.'
Excerpt from: MICHENER, James A. Alaska. Fawcett Books: New York, 1988, p. 369 - 370.
The feature voiceless for the 'th' sound in the word 'worthless' (line 38), considering their ideal phonological pronunciation, is the same as in the following pair of words:
Read the excerpt below and answer the questions 34 to 40.
- The transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States formed one of those unbelievable incidents of
- history because by 1867, Russia was nervously eager to get rid of it, while the United States still
- recovering from the Civil War and immersed in the impending impeachment of President Johnson,
- refused to accept it on any terms.
- At this impasse an extraordinary man monopolized center stage. He was not a Russian, a fact which
- would become important more than a century later, but a soi-disant baron of dubious background; half
- Austrian, half Italian, and a charmer who was picked up in 1841 for temporary duty representing Russia in
- the United States and who lingered there till 1868. In that time, Edouard de Stoeckl, parading himself as a
- nobleman, although no one could say for sure how or when or even if he had earned his title, became
- such an ardent friend of America that he married an American heiress and took upon himself the task of
- acting as marriage broker between Russia, which he called homeland, and the United States, his adopted
- residence.
- He faced a most difficult task, for when the United States showed hesitancy about accepting Alaska,
- support for the sale withered in Russia, and later when Russia wanted to sell, half a dozen of the most
- influential American politicians led by Secretary of State William Seward of New York looked far into the
- future and saw the desirability of acquiring Alaska to serve as America's artic bastion, yet the hard-
- headed businessmen in the Senate, the House and the general public opposed the purchase with all the
- scorn they could summon. 'Seward's Icebox' and 'Seward's Folly' were two of the gentler jibes. Some
- critics accused Seward of being in the pay of the Russians; others accused De Stoeckl of buying votes in
- the House. One sharp satirist claimed that Alaska contained nothing but polar bears and Eskimos, and
- many protested that America should not accept this useless, frozen domain even if Russia wanted to give
- it away.
- Many pointed out that Alaska had no wealth of any kind, not even reindeer, which proliferated in other
- northern areas, and experts affirmed that an arctic area like this could not possibly have any minerals or
- other deposits of value. On and on went the abuse of this unknown and somewhat terrifying land, and the
- castigations would have been comical had they not influenced American thinking and behavior and
- condemned Alaska to decades of neglect.
- But an ingenious man like Baron de Stoeckl was not easily diverted from his main target, and with
- Seward's unflinching support and admirable statesmanship, the sale squeaked by with a favorable margin
- of one vote. By such a narrow margin did the United States come close to losing one of her potentially
- valuable acquisitions, but of course, had one viewed Alaska from the vantage point of frozen Fort Nulato
- in 1867, with the thermometer at minus-fifty-seven and about to be attacked by hostile Athapascans, the
- purchase at more than $7,000,000 would have seemed a poor bargain.
- Now the comedy intensified, became burlesque, for although the U.S Senate had bought the place,
- the U.S. House refused to appropriate the money to pay for it, and for many tense months the sale hung
- in the balance. When a favorable vote was finally taken, it was almost negated by the discovery that
- Baron de Stoeckl had disposed of $125,000 in cash for which he refused to give an accounting. Widely
- suspected of having bribed congressmen to vote for land that was obviously worthless, the baron waited
- until the sale was completed, then quietly slipped out of the country, his life's ambition having been
- achieved.
- One congressman with a keen sense of history, economics and geopolitics said of the whole affair:
- 'If we were so eager to show Russia our appreciation of the help she gave us during the Civil War, why
- didn't we give her the seven million and tell her to keep her damned colony? It'll never be of any use to
- us.'
Excerpt from: MICHENER, James A. Alaska. Fawcett Books: New York, 1988, p. 369 - 370.
The sentence 'But an ingenious man like Baron de Stoeckl was not easily diverted from his main target' (line 28) could be paraphrased only by the following sentence:
Read the excerpt below and answer the questions 34 to 40.
- The transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States formed one of those unbelievable incidents of
- history because by 1867, Russia was nervously eager to get rid of it, while the United States still
- recovering from the Civil War and immersed in the impending impeachment of President Johnson,
- refused to accept it on any terms.
- At this impasse an extraordinary man monopolized center stage. He was not a Russian, a fact which
- would become important more than a century later, but a soi-disant baron of dubious background; half
- Austrian, half Italian, and a charmer who was picked up in 1841 for temporary duty representing Russia in
- the United States and who lingered there till 1868. In that time, Edouard de Stoeckl, parading himself as a
- nobleman, although no one could say for sure how or when or even if he had earned his title, became
- such an ardent friend of America that he married an American heiress and took upon himself the task of
- acting as marriage broker between Russia, which he called homeland, and the United States, his adopted
- residence.
- He faced a most difficult task, for when the United States showed hesitancy about accepting Alaska,
- support for the sale withered in Russia, and later when Russia wanted to sell, half a dozen of the most
- influential American politicians led by Secretary of State William Seward of New York looked far into the
- future and saw the desirability of acquiring Alaska to serve as America's artic bastion, yet the hard-
- headed businessmen in the Senate, the House and the general public opposed the purchase with all the
- scorn they could summon. 'Seward's Icebox' and 'Seward's Folly' were two of the gentler jibes. Some
- critics accused Seward of being in the pay of the Russians; others accused De Stoeckl of buying votes in
- the House. One sharp satirist claimed that Alaska contained nothing but polar bears and Eskimos, and
- many protested that America should not accept this useless, frozen domain even if Russia wanted to give
- it away.
- Many pointed out that Alaska had no wealth of any kind, not even reindeer, which proliferated in other
- northern areas, and experts affirmed that an arctic area like this could not possibly have any minerals or
- other deposits of value. On and on went the abuse of this unknown and somewhat terrifying land, and the
- castigations would have been comical had they not influenced American thinking and behavior and
- condemned Alaska to decades of neglect.
- But an ingenious man like Baron de Stoeckl was not easily diverted from his main target, and with
- Seward's unflinching support and admirable statesmanship, the sale squeaked by with a favorable margin
- of one vote. By such a narrow margin did the United States come close to losing one of her potentially
- valuable acquisitions, but of course, had one viewed Alaska from the vantage point of frozen Fort Nulato
- in 1867, with the thermometer at minus-fifty-seven and about to be attacked by hostile Athapascans, the
- purchase at more than $7,000,000 would have seemed a poor bargain.
- Now the comedy intensified, became burlesque, for although the U.S Senate had bought the place,
- the U.S. House refused to appropriate the money to pay for it, and for many tense months the sale hung
- in the balance. When a favorable vote was finally taken, it was almost negated by the discovery that
- Baron de Stoeckl had disposed of $125,000 in cash for which he refused to give an accounting. Widely
- suspected of having bribed congressmen to vote for land that was obviously worthless, the baron waited
- until the sale was completed, then quietly slipped out of the country, his life's ambition having been
- achieved.
- One congressman with a keen sense of history, economics and geopolitics said of the whole affair:
- 'If we were so eager to show Russia our appreciation of the help she gave us during the Civil War, why
- didn't we give her the seven million and tell her to keep her damned colony? It'll never be of any use to
- us.'
Excerpt from: MICHENER, James A. Alaska. Fawcett Books: New York, 1988, p. 369 - 370.
Considering the whole excerpt, it is possible to say that:
I. the author depicts the historical facts, but shows his opinion by using irony;
II. the author describes the process by which the USA bought the Alaska territory, which belonged to Russia.
III. the statements ‘One sharp satirist' (line 20) and 'One congressman' (line 41) express the author’s own opinions and the ideas of historical characters whose names were not worth mentioning respectively.
According to Brown (2001, p.54), “it is appropriate [...] to focus on what we do know, what we have learned, and what we can say with some certainty about second language acquisition. We can then clearly see that a great many of a teacher’s choices are grounded in established principles of language learning and teaching. By perceiving and internalizing connections between practice (choices we make in the classroom) and theory (principles derived from research), our teaching is likely to be enlightened”.
The author divided twelve principles into three categories: cognitive, affective and linguistic.
Choose the alternative in which ALL the principles correspond to the given category
“During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, a revolution took place that affected much of the language teaching used in the twentieth century. The revolt was primarily against the stultifying methods of grammatical explanation and translation of texts which were then popular [...]. In its place, the pioneers of the new language teaching [...] emphasized [...] the naturalness of language learning” (COOK, 2013, p.3).
This new proposal generated some common assumptions that have been considered questionable in the past recent years.
Choose the alternative that DOES NOT correspond to any of these assumptions:
“Since the 1990s, research and theories from cognitive psychology have become increasingly central to our understanding of second language development. Some of these theories use the computer as a metaphor for the mind, comparing language acquisition to the capacities of computers for storing, integrating, and retrieving information. Some draw on neurobiology, seeking to relate observed behaviour as directly as possible to brain activity” (LIGHTBOWN; SPADA, 2013, p.108).
The current cognitive perspectives related to second language development are: Information Processing, Usage-based learning and The competition model. Correlate these perspectives with their main propositions:
1. Information Processing
2. Usage-based learning
3. The competition model.
A. This perspective sees second language acquisition as the building up of knowledge that can eventually be called on automatically for speaking and understanding. It has suggested that learners must pay attention (use cognitive resources) at first to any aspect of the language that they are trying to learn or produce. The model also suggests that there is a limit to how much information a learner can pay attention to.
B. This perspective emphasizes the frequency with which the learners encounter specific features in the input and the frequency with which language features occur together. According to this view learners develop a stronger and stronger network of associations or connections between these features as well as between language features and the contexts in which they occur.
C. This perspective is based on the hypothesis that language acquisition occurs without the necessity of a learner's focused attention or the need for any innate brain module that is specifically for language; it can be described as an explanation for language acquisition that takes into account not only language form but also language meaning and language use.
Choose the alternative which CORRECTLY correlates these perspectives with their main propositions:
“Since computers started to be introduced in language learning (and in education in general) people have rightly asked whether the investment we are making in these technologies gives us value for money. As digital technologies have taken a hold in society in general, this particular question is not asked quite so often, but it is still important to make sure that the technologies that we have available are used effectively” (MOTTERAM, 2013, p. 7).
According to the latest research on the use of technology for second language learning and teaching, it is INCORRECT to state that:
“L2 learning strategies are specific behaviors or thought processes that students use to enhance their own L2 learning” (OXFORD, 2003, p. 8).
Considering the six main categories of L2 learning strategies identified by Oxford (1990, apud OXFORD, 2003), it is CORRECT to affirm that:
“The field of English for specific purposes (ESP), which addresses the communicative needs and practices of particular professional or occupational groups, has developed rapidly in the past forty years to become a major force in English language teaching and research. ESP draws its strength from an eclectic theoretical foundation and a commitment to research-based language education which seeks to reveal the constraints of social contexts on language use and the ways learners can gain control over these” (HYLAND, 2006, p.2).
Some of the major perspectives that currently influence ESP are:
1. Needs analysis
2. Ethnography
3. Critical approaches
4. Contrastive rhetoric
5. Social constructionism
6. Discourse analysis
Correlate each perspective with its general ideas about ESP.
( ) This perspective draws attention to the fact that we are members of several such cultures simultaneously and critically highlights the conflicts inherent in these multiple memberships. In particular it emphasizes the potential clashes between the discourse conventions of professional and ethnic cultures. The question of who establishes the linguistic conventions of professional communities and whose norms are used to judge them is a central issue in ESP, and researchers have questioned the traditional view that those familiar with other conventions need to conform to Anglo-American norms when engaging in professional and particularly academic genres.
( ) This perspective suggests that knowledge and social reality are created through daily interactions between people and particularly through their discourse. It takes a critical stance towards taken-for-granted knowledge and, in opposition to positivism and empiricism in traditional science, questions the idea of an objective reality. It says that everything we see and believe is actually filtered through our theories and our language, sustained by social processes, which are culturally and historically specific. Discourse is therefore central to relationships, knowledge, and scientific facts as all are rhetorically constructed by individuals acting as members of social communities. The goal of ESP is therefore to discover how people use discourse to create, sustain, and change these communities; how they signal their membership; how they persuade others to accept their ideas; and so on.
( ) This perspective says that the use of systematic means to define the specific sets of skills, texts, linguistic forms, and communicative practices that a particular group of learners must acquire is central to ESP, informing its curricula and materials and underlining its pragmatic engagement with occupational, academic, and professional realities. It is a crucial link between perception and practice, helping ESP to keep its feet on the ground by tempering any excesses of academic theory-building with practical applications.
( ) It is a sophisticated theory of language concerned with the relationship between language and the functions it uses to perform in social contexts. In this view, language consists of a set of systems from which users make choices to most effectively express their intended meanings, and this fits neatly with ESP’s aims to demystify the academic and professional genres that will enhance or determine learners’ career opportunities.
( ) This perspective has helped to develop a growing sense in ESP that a social-theoretical stance is needed to fully understand what happens in institutions to make discourses the way they are. Increasingly, studies have turned to examine the ideological impact of expert discourses, the social distribution of valued literacies, access to prestigious genres, and the ways control of specialized discourses are related to status and credibility.
( ) This perspective considers that the members of discourse communities and the physical settings in which they work (with detailed observations of behaviors together with interviews and the analysis of texts) are the two main focuses of study which may provide a fuller picture of what is happening.
Choose the alternative which CORRECTLY correlates each perspective with its general ideas about ESP from top to bottom.
Conheça nossos planos