Corrective feedback is any reaction by the teacher to demons...
• explicit correction, which refers to the explicit provision of the correct form; • recast, which involves the teacher’s reformulation of all or part of a student’s utterance, minus the error;
• clarification requests, which indicate to students either that their utterance has been misunderstood by the teacher or that the utterance is ill-formed in some way;
• metalinguistic feedback, which contains either comments, information or questions related to the well-formedness of the student’s utterance;
• elicitation, where the teacher prompts the students to correct themselves by asking questions or pausing to allow them to complete the teacher’s utterance correctly;
• repetition, where the teacher repeats the student’s error, often with a change in intonation to highlight the mistake.
LYSTER, R.; RANTA, L. Corrective feedback and learner uptake: Negotiation of form in communicative classrooms. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, n. 19, p. 37-66, 1997 (adapted).
In an Elementary English class, the teacher asks the students to introduce themselves. The first student stands up and says, “Hi, my name is Carlos. I from Venezuela. I have 12 years old.” The teacher didn’t want to demotivate the students by pointing out the errors because he believes making errors is part of the learning process. So, he used a type of corrective feedback by saying, “I am from Venezuela. I am 12 years old.”
Considering this scenario, to correct the student’s utterance in Text 2, the teacher used a type of corrective feedback known as
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Fundamento decisivo: A comparação entre a definição dada no enunciado e a fala do professor decide a questão: recast é a reformulação da produção do aluno sem o erro, e foi isso que ocorreu quando o docente respondeu “I am from Venezuela. I am 12 years old.”.
- Se o professor reformula a fala do aluno em versão correta, sem rotular o erro, a tendência é ser recast.
- Se a correção depende de o aluno completar, responder ou se ajustar por indução do professor, o critério aponta para elicitation, não para recast.
- Se o professor reapresenta a forma errada para destacá-la, há repetition; se reapresenta a forma certa, há reformulação corretiva.
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