Considering the excerpt “Innovations span bottom-up curricu...

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TEXT 2

Global Englishes in Language Education

Global Englishes in language education encompasses the study and teaching of English as a pluricentric, international means of communication rather than a single standard variety. This field recognises the multiplicity of English norms around the world and seeks pedagogical approaches that validate diverse accents, dialects and communicative practices. Recent scholarship emphasises critical awareness of power dynamics in language use, challenges the supremacy of native-speaker models and promotes curricula that equip learners to navigate intercultural encounters. Innovations span bottom-up curriculum design, translanguaging and digital technologies, all underpinned by partnerships between researchers and practitioners. The ultimate aim is to prepare both teachers and students for inclusive, intelligible and context-sensitive use of English in global settings.

Content extracted and adapted from: https://www.nature.com/natureindex/topics/l4/global-englishes-in-language-education
Considering the excerpt “Innovations span bottom-up curriculum design, translanguaging and digital technologies, all underpinned by partnerships between researchers and practitioners” (extracted from Text 2), choose the alternative that correctly presents a synonym for the underlined word:
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