Questões de Concurso
Comentadas sobre vocabulário | vocabulary em inglês
Foram encontradas 2.206 questões
Instruções: As questões de números 41 a 44 referem-se ao texto abaixo.
Industry gets the floor: Developing future Air Traffic Flow and Capacity Management Systems (ATFCM)
One of the key SESAR projects in the area of Air Traffic Flow and Capacity Management Systems (ATFCM) is Project 13.1.4, managed by Dominique Latgé, from Thales. He explained how the project will enable industry to contribute to future ATFCM systems through SESAR.
The project addresses the evolution of the Network Information Management System (NIMS) from a centralised regional system to a more collaborative and distributed system based on the Functional Airspace Blocks (FABs). One of its objectives is to help the transformation of the current regional CFMU system into marketable technical solutions for the subregional and local levels.
Project 13.1.4 also aims to define the collaborative decision making processes needed by this new organisation of the network. Driven by the new roles and responsibilities at the different levels (regional, sub-regional and local), the project ensures that each actor will find the right information at the right time to take the right decision.
Industry gets the floor
Project 13.1.4 is led by industry. Industry contributors will use the knowledge and experience they have developed in other parts of the world and with Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs) at a local level in Europe.
Thales will use experience from work with South Africa’s air traffic & navigation system, where they helped to specify, develop and validate a sub-regional system for ...[A]... : CAMU (South Africa Central Airspace Management Unit). Indra, one of the other project partners, will use knowledge gained from work with Aena on local short term prediction tools and airspace management tools.
The project raises many questions, such as what products are needed inside Europe and at FAB level? What do we need to take into account for areas outside Europe?
The position of manufacturing industry in SESAR projects, in particular in system projects related to air traffic control (WP 10), airports (WP 12) and SWIM (WP 14), makes it a strong technical enabler for information sharing.
(Adaptado de Sesar Magazine, N. 6, Junho 2011, p. 6)
A expressão que completa corretamente a lacuna ...[A]... é:
Text I
Brazil: Platform for growth
By Joe Leahy
On the Cidade de Angra dos Reis oil platform,
surrounded by the deep blue South Atlantic, a
Petrobras engineer turns on a tap and watches black
liquid flow into a beaker.
5____It looks and smells like ordinary crude oil.
Nevertheless, for Brazil, this represents something
much more spectacular. Pumped by the national oil
company from “pre-salt” deposits – so-called because
they lie beneath 2,000m of salt – 300km off the coast
10 of Rio de Janeiro, it is some of the first commercial
oil to flow from the country’s giant new deepwater
discoveries.
Already estimated to contain 50bn barrels, and
with much of the area still to be fully explored, the
15 fields contain the world’s largest known offshore oil
deposits. In one step, Brazil could jump up the world
rankings of national oil reserves and production, from
15th to fifth. So great are the discoveries, and the
investment required to exploit them, that they have
20 the potential to transform the country – for good or for ill.
Having seen out booms and busts before,
Brazilians are hoping that this time “the country
of the future” will at last realise its full economic
potential. The hope is that the discoveries will provide
25 a nation already rich in renewable energy with an
embarrassment of resources with which to pursue the
goal of becoming a US of the south.
The danger for Brazil, if it fails to manage this
windfall wisely, is of falling victim to “Dutch disease”.
30 The economic malaise is named after the Netherlands
in the 1970s, where the manufacturing sector withered
after its currency strengthened on the back of a large
gas field discovery combined with rising energy prices.
Even worse, Brazil could suffer a more severe
35 form of the disease, the “oil curse”, whereby nations
rich in natural resources – Nigeria and Venezuela, for
example – grow addicted to the money that flows from
them.
Petrobras chief executive says neither the
40 company nor the country’s oil industry has so far
been big enough to become a government cash cow.
But with the new discoveries, which stretch across an
800km belt off the coast of south-eastern Brazil, this is
going to change. The oil industry could grow from about
45 10 per cent of GDP to up to 25 per cent in the coming
decades, analysts say. To curb any negative effects,
Brazil is trying to support domestic manufacturing
by increasing “local content” requirements in the oil
industry.
50____Without a “firm local content policy”, says
Petrobras CEO, Dutch disease and the oil curse will
take hold. However, “if we have a firm and successful
local content policy, no – because other sectors in the
economy are going to grow as fast as Petrobras”.
55___The other long-term dividend Brazil is seeking
from the discoveries is in research and development
(R&D). Extracting oil from beneath a layer of salt at
great depth, hundreds of kilometres from the coast, is
so challenging that Brazilian engineers see it as a new
60 frontier. If they can perfect this, they can lead the way
in other markets with similar geology, such as Africa.
For its part, Petrobras is spending $800m-$900m
a year over the next five years on R&D, and has
invested $700m in the expansion of its research
65 centre.
Ultimately, Brazil’s ability to avoid Dutch disease
will depend not just on how the money from the oil
is spent. The country is the world’s second biggest
exporter of iron ore. It is the largest exporter of beef.
70 It is also the biggest producer of sugar, coffee and
orange juice, and the second-largest producer of soya
beans.
Exports of these commodities are already driving
up the exchange rate before the new oil fields have
75 fully come on stream, making it harder for Brazilian
exporters of manufactured goods. Industrial production
has faltered in recent months, with manufacturers
blaming the trend on a flood of cheap Chinese-made
imports.
80____“Brazil has everything that China doesn’t and it’s
natural that, as China continues to grow, it’s just going
to be starved for those resources,” says Harvard’s
Prof Rogoff. “At some level Brazil doesn’t just want
to be exporting natural resources – it wants a more
85 diversified economy. There are going to be some
rising tensions over that.”
Adapted from Financial Times - March 15 2011 22:54. Available in:
<http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fa11320c-4f48-11e0-9038-00144feab49a,_i_email=y.html>
Retrieved on: June 17, 2011.
Based on the meanings in Text I, the two words are antonymous in
Fixer works without assistance from humans and without access to a program’s underlying source code. Instead, the system monitors the behavior of a binary. By observing a program’s normal behavior and assigning a set of rules, Fixer detects certain types of errors, particularly those caused when an attacker injects malicious input into a program. When something goes wrong, Fixer throws up the anomaly and identifies the rules that have been violated. It then comes up with several potential patches designed to push the software into following the violated rules. (The patches are applied directly to the binary, bypassing the source code.) Fixer analyzes these possibilities to decide which are most likely to work, then installs the top candidates and tests their effectiveness. If additional rules are violated, or if a patch causes the system to crash, Fixer rejects it and tries another.
Fixer is particularly effective when installed on a group of machines running the same software. In that case, what Fixer learns from errors on one machine, is used to fix all the others. Because it doesn’t require access to source code, Fixer could be used to fix programs without requiring the cooperation of the company that made the software, or to repair programs that are no longer being maintained.
But Fixer’s approach could result in some hiccups for the user. For example, if a Web browser had a bug that made it unable to handle URLs past a certain length, Fixer’s patch might protect the system by clipping off the ends of URLs that were too long. By preventing the program from failing, it would also put a check on it working full throttle.
The x2 is an experimental helicopter being developed by Sikorsky, an American company, which hopes it will be zipping along at more than 460kph. The company, however, is interested in more than just breaking speed records. It plans to use the technology developed for the x2 in commercial helicopters.
Sikorsky reckons that future helicopters built using the x2 technology would be extremely versatile machines. They would dash to and from a medical emergency a lot faster. They would also be very agile in flight, which would increase their capabilities in combat.
(Adapted from The Economist September 11, 2010, page 98)
It was once considered the ‘port of death’ in the 19th century. Ships tended to avoid docking at the wood plank port, fearing the yellow fever. The floods in the city’s area provoked illnesses and once the bubonic plague almost decimated the population.
In the early 20th century, major urbanization created the port’s modern structure seen today, eliminating the risk of diseases and providing the port with modern, industrial-age infrastructure.
The first railway link from the port to the state capital São Paulo City, 79 km away, and the state’s interior, was completed in 1864. This allowed for an easier transportation of the vast masses of migrant workers who headed to São Paulo and the state’s numerous coffee farms.
Millions of immigrants reached Brazil via the port of Santos in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, proceeding to the country’s interior by railway. Santos was for a few decades the true gateway to Brazil for millions of immigrants.
(Adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Santos – acesso em 21.01.2011)
The term “hope” (l.10) is synonymous with expect
Can I help reduce energy consumption?
We have an important role to play right now. Energy conservation helps a lot in preserving our planet’s rich natural resources and promoting a healthy environment. Here you will find simple things that you can do to help reduce energy consumption.
· Turn–off non-essential lights and appliances. The electricity generated by fossil fuels for a single home puts more carbon dioxide into the air than two average cars.
· Avoid turning on large appliances such as washers, dryers, and electric ovens during peak energy hours: from 5:00 am to 9:00 am and 4: pm to 7:00 pm.
· Install white window curtains to reflect heat away from the house. Close them at night to reduce the amount of heat lost through windows. People who live in countries that have warm climates should do this during the day as well.
· Turn off the lights in any room you are not using and consider installing timers, photo cells, or occupancy sensors to reduce the amount of time your lights are on.
items.
Based on the text above, judge the following items.
Based on the text above, judge the items below.
Written by Laura Hill
Water and oil don’t mix. We see this every day; just try washing olive oil off your hands without soap or washing your face in the morning with only water. It just doesn’t work!
When an oil spill occurs in the ocean, like the catastrophe in the Gulf of Mexico, what do scientists do to clean up the toxic mess? There are a number of options for an oil spill cleanup and most efforts use a combination of many techniques. The fact that oil and water don’t mix is a blessing and a curse. If oil mixed with water, it would be difficult to divide the two.
Crude oil is less dense than water; it spreads out to make a very thin layer (about one millimetre thick) that floats on top of the water. This is good because we can tell what is water and what is oil. It is also bad, because it means the oil can spread really quickly and cover a very large area, which becomes difficult to manage. Combined with wind, ocean currents and waves, oil spill cleanup starts to get really tricky.
Chemical dispersants can be used to break up big oil slicks into small oil droplets. They work like soaps by emulsifying the hydrophobic (waterrepelling) oil in the water. These small droplets can degrade in the ecosystem quicker than the big oil slick. But unfortunately, this means that marine life of all sizes ingest these toxic, broken-down particles and chemicals.
If the oil is thick enough, it could be set fire, a process called “in situ burning”. Because the oil is highly flammable and floats on top of the water, it is very easy to set it alight. It’s not environmentallyfriendly though; the combustion of oil releases thick smoke that contains greenhouse gases and other dangerous air pollutants.
Some techniques can contain and recapture spilled oil without changing its chemical composition. Booms float on top of the water and act as barriers to the movement of oil. Once the oil is controlled, it can be gathered using sorbents. “Sorbent” is a fancy word for sponge. These sponges absorb the oil and allow it to be collected by siphoning it off the water.
However, weather and sea conditions can prevent and obstruct the use of booms, sorbents and in situ burning. Imagine trying to perform these operations on the open sea with wind, waves and water currents moving the oil (and your boat!) around on the water.
What about the plants and animals? It’s easy to forget about the organisms in the sea that are under water. Out of sight, out of mind! There is not much we can do to help them. But when oil reaches the shore it impacts sensitive coastal environments including the many fish, bird, amphibian, reptilian, and crustaceanspecies that live there. We have easy access to these areas and there are some things we can do to clean up. For the plants, it is often a matter of setting them on fire, or leaving them to degrade the oil naturally. Sometimes, we can spray the oil with nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) that can encourage the growth of specialized microorganisms. For species that can tolerate our soaps, manpower is needed to wash every affected animal. Yet, if the animal has tried to lick itself clean, it can die from ingesting the toxic oil.
Unfortunately, there can be many negative economic and social impacts, in addition to the environmental impacts of oil spills and, as you’ve just read, the clean up techniques are far from perfect. Prevention is the very best cleanup technique we have. http://www.curiocity.ca/everyday-science/environme... -cleaning-up-a-spill.html, retrieved on Dec 10, 2010
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