Questões de Concurso Sobre presente perfeito | present perfect em inglês

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Q4345133 Inglês
Read text below and answer question accordingly.


English Language Teaching in Brazil: A Gap in Policy, Problems in Practice


Only three percent of Brazilians are estimated to speak English despite the status of this language as a mandatory subject. This fact relates to a gap in foreign language teaching policy documents: the National Education Guidelines and Framework Law (LDB), and the National Curriculum Parameters (PCN). These documents for many years did not prescribe the necessary conditions for English Language Teaching (ELT) to take place effectively, often focusing on reading due to a lack of resources or large classes.

LDB mandated the teaching of a foreign language chosen locally from grades 5 to 12. A recent reform in 2017 has added that English will be the foreign language taught in secondary school (from grade 6 up) throughout the country. Previous versions of LDB, however, did not mandate the teaching of English, leading to the perception that only in private language centers could students learn the language.

The effectiveness of ELT in basic education remains low because policies impact the quality of teacher education, the availability of pedagogical resources, and the number of students in the classroom. Most schools are equipped with basic materials like blackboards and chairs, but few have audiovisual equipment installed in every classroom. This reality shows why many teachers stick to the textbook most of the time.

Many English teachers in Brazil do not speak the language fluently because most undergraduate programs offer a dual major (English and Portuguese). Often, aspiring teachers enroll because they actually want to teach Portuguese. Consequently, these teachers reproduce in their classrooms the approaches in which they were taught as students, focusing on grammar-translation rather than modern communicative methods.

Misconceptions about the language also contribute to a lack of motivation. Some believe English is only from England or the USA. To correct this, BNCC (National Common Curriculum Base) suggests an intercultural approach to make the study of a foreign language more socially and culturally relevant. BNCC aims to raise awareness of the global web in which English is involved, and it is treating it as a tool for citizenship.


(Adapted from: BATISTA, F. C. A. English Language Teaching in Brazil: A Gap in Policy, Problems in Practice. English Language Teaching, v. 13, n. 8, p. 135- 145, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n8p135. Acesso em: 30 maio 2026.)
Number the following Verb Tenses (in Column B) according to the sentences (in Column A). Choose the option that corresponds to the correct sequence.

Column A

( 1 ) This fact relates to a gap in foreign language teaching policy documents.
( 2 ) […] and it is treating it as a tool for citizenship.
( 3 ) A recent reform in 2017 has added that English […]
( 4 ) Previous versions of LDB, however, did not mandate the teaching of English […]

Column B

( ) Present Perfect
( ) Present Continuous
( ) Present Simple
( ) Past Simple
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Q4342427 Inglês

A department coordinator asks about the progress of a curriculum revision. The teacher answers:


"I ___________ three units so far, and I ___________ the fourth one since early this morning."


Select the option that correctly fills in the blanks:

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Q4337358 Inglês
Consider the sentence below.

"By the time the inspectors arrived, the team had been testing the system for three hours, and they have since revised the protocol twice."

The forms establish different temporal reference points rather than merely identifying past and present events.

Analyze the statements below.

I."Had been testing" represents an activity already in progress before the inspectors arrived and emphasizes its preceding duration.
II."Have since revised" relates subsequent revisions to a period extending to the speaker's present reference point.
III."Arrived" establishes an event that occurred before the beginning of the testing process.

It is CORRECT what is stated in:
Alternativas
Q4337327 Inglês
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder à questão.


Entrepreneurship is booming in the U.S. Gen Zers are leading the way.


For Melanie Herbert, years of hospital treatments for a serious medical condition fueled an early interest in how healthcare providers communicate and address their patients' needs.

The experience informed her decision years later to launch Sync Labs, a health technology startup that aims to improve care for older Americans, while she was still a student at the University of Pennsylvania.

"I feel like it's unfortunately a very neglected space where a lot of the technology and tools are really behind," Herbert, 23, told CBS News.

Although such entrepreneurship is clearly unusual for young people, it is by no means unheard of these days. Research from the Bank of America Institute shows that Generation Z members are contributing "disproportionately" to a recent surge in business formation.

In a trend that highlights how younger Americans are helping catalyze economic growth, the number of new business applications filed by Gen Zers jumped 66% in June compared with a year ago. That far outpaced applications filed by other generations, the Bank of America Institute found.

Young Americans are helping fuel a broader jump in applications to form businesses. According to the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Americans filed more than 531,000 business applications in June, more than double the 2020 figure.

Scott Issen, CEO of Future Founders, a nonprofit group that helps nurture entrepreneurial skills, said demand for the organization's services is surging — a shift he attributes to a change in many young people's attitude toward employment.

"Macroeconomically, I think there's less interest year over year for young people to work for others," he told CBS News. "They would prefer to be their own bosses and create their own opportunity."

The burst in entrepreneurship among younger Americans isn't limited to graduates of prestigious universities. Lower-income households now account for 25% of all new businesses getting off the ground, up from 20% in 2020, the Bank of America Institute found.

"In a lot of ways, I think entrepreneurship is democratizing right now," said Angela Lee, co-director of the Eugene Lang Entrepreneurship Center at Columbia Business School. "So I'm not at all surprised to see younger, lower-income founders start companies."

AI lowers barriers to entry

Experts attribute part of the surge in Gen Z founders to the advent of artificial intelligence, which is helping young people get their businesses off the ground by automating basic tasks and reducing startup costs.

"The barriers to entry are getting much lower," Lori Rosenkopf, a professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, told CBS News. "It's pretty easy for anyone to start building some content, making themselves a content creator or doing a little bit of vibe coding."

AI can also help young business founders save money. Lee, a serial entrepreneur, said she paid roughly $15,000 for a single web developer when she started her first company.

"Now with AI, something that would have taken an app developer three months and $15,000, you can vibe code over the weekend," she said.

AI is integral to Herbert's company, which uses the technology to streamline information from health providers' notes, staff observations, lab results and other data. For example, Sync Labs' tech can "ambiently listen" to staff meetings when activated, creating a fuller picture of patient needs and offering clinically backed recommendations from the company's generative AI models, she said.

Herbert also said AI has been a "game changer" for daily operations at the San Francisco-based company, noting that it helps speed up tasks and reduce expenses. "As a startup, time is everything," she said. "We're trying to get our product out to as many people as possible as quickly as possible."

"There is a lot of job dislocation right now"

Today's challenging economic backdrop — and the rise of AI — also helps explain why more young Americans are choosing to launch their own businesses, experts said.

"There is a lot of job dislocation right now, and younger people are finding it hard to secure traditional employment given our current economic conditions," Wharton's Rosenkopf said.

Although U.S. unemployment remains low and job growth has been solid, research shows that recent college graduates are struggling to find work, especially as AI starts to automate certain functions normally reserved for entry-level workers. A recent ZipRecruiter survey of 1,000 recruiters found that 38% of employers have shifted basic data-processing tasks away from entry-level workers and onto AI.

Herbert said she didn't start Sync Labs due to concerns about the labor market, but noted that the stress of finding a job has weighed heavily on her friends.

"Being in this generation, it's probably one of the most talked about things," she said.


https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gen-z-business-applications-surge-ai/
Near the end of the article, apparently positive macroeconomic indicators are contrasted with the difficulties experienced by recent graduates. The writer uses different tense and aspect choices to situate these conditions in relation to the present.

Consider the sentence.

"Although U.S. unemployment remains low and job growth has been solid, research shows that recent college graduates are struggling to find work."

What meaning does "has been solid" contribute?
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Q4333188 Inglês
Rewrite the sentence below in the passive voice and choose the grammatically correct alternative.
The accreditation committee has reassessed the institutional evaluation criteria after the external audit. 
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Q4333185 Inglês
In which of the following sentences does the verb used in the present perfect correspond to a regular verb?
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Q4326248 Inglês
During an English class, a student writes:

“Last year, I have visited London and I have learned many things about British culture.”

Considering standard English usage, the most appropriate correction is: 
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Q4309787 Inglês

Read the lyrics’ song Dai Dai, by Shakira (Feat. Burna Boy), to answer question


[…]

You knew from the day

you were born

That here in this place you belong

You've been this brave all along

What broke you once made you strong (strong)


Dai, dai, ikou, dale, allez, let's go 


Dai, dai, ikou, dale, allez, let's go (ow) 


Come follow your desire

Where there's a will, there's a way 


You are the owner of that fire


No one can take it away


Sweat and blood to write your story


That is how you paved the way


You're about to reach the glory


Only one step away

All the highs and lows

All the tears and the pain

You been there through it all, 

been through it all

Just do it again

Now you got to believe (I believe)


 […]


(Available at: https://www.letras.mus.br/shakira/dai-dai-feat-burna-boy/)

The underlined verbs in the song ("knew," "were born," "belong,"and"have been") appear in different verb tenses. Consi dering their forms and functions, which of the following statements about these verbs are correct?
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Q4302801 Inglês
TEXT 2

Global Englishes in Language Education

Global Englishes in language education encompasses the study and teaching of English as a pluricentric, international means of communication rather than a single standard variety. This field recognises the multiplicity of English norms around the world and seeks pedagogical approaches that validate diverse accents, dialects and communicative practices. Recent scholarship emphasises critical awareness of power dynamics in language use, challenges the supremacy of native-speaker models and promotes curricula that equip learners to navigate intercultural encounters. Innovations span bottom-up curriculum design, translanguaging and digital technologies, all underpinned by partnerships between researchers and practitioners. The ultimate aim is to prepare both teachers and students for inclusive, intelligible and context-sensitive use of English in global settings.

Content extracted and adapted from: https://www.nature.com/natureindex/topics/l4/global-englishes-in-language-education
In conclusion, Text 2 states that “the ultimate aim is to prepare both teachers and students for inclusive, intelligible and context-sensitive use of English in global settings”. Based on this excerpt, choose the alternative that correctly rewrites this sentence from the Present Simple to the Present Perfect tense:
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Q4297047 Inglês
Bettytown Library marks opening chapter


      Tomorrow (Tuesday) marks the first anniversary of the opening of Bettystown Library with a programme of events taking place throughout the day to celebrate the milestone.

     First opening its doors on 24th tebruary 2025, over the past year it has become very much embedded in the East Meath community, which had been without its own library service for two decades. 

      On Friday, staff were delighted to learn that Bettystown Library has been shortlisted as an Island of Ireland Regional and Country Finalist for the Library of the Year 2026, a category of the British Book Awards, which is sponsored by DK in association with the Reading Agency.

     Events to mark the first anniversary including an exhibition of work by the 'Open Book Craft Group' one of the very successful groups that meeting in the library.

       Executive Librarian Aoife Carberry is delighted with how the first year has gone for the library.

     "We are blown away by the support we have received. It is so lovely to get to know the different members and organisations within the area and to work towards the best service we can possible be for them, "she said. "We have been very lucky, we have had incredible support from the community here. We've worked closely with a number or organisations, schools and special interest groups in the area as well. We just want to thank the community for welcoming us as well as they have and we look forward to continuing to work with them as the years go by."

     She spoke of how libraries are no longer quiet hushed places but are vibrant places with a wide variety of events and initiatives that go far beyond just borrowing books.

     "The biggest message we want to get out is that libraries are open to everyone, everyone is welcome. We have our books. We have plenty of events, loads of initiatives we work on, in Meath we have STEAM kits and backpacks to borrow, home energy kits to borrow, a huge range of online resources, audio books, ebooks, courses where you can upskill or develop a new hobby, language learning courses and books in other languages."

      "There is a huge wealth of things in libraries, covering all ages and all interests." 


Fonte: htt ps://www. meat hch ro ni cle.i e / 2026 / 02 / 23 / b etlylow n- I i bra rymarks-openin g -chapter/
Analyze the following statements:

I. The description of the community having been without a library service for two decades indicates a state that concluded when the facility opened in early 2025.
II. When the librarian says, We have been very lucky, she is referencing a period of ongoing community support that started in the past and continues to the present day.
III.lf the community were to stop visiting the library tomorrow, the institution will lose its shortlisting status for the Library of the Year 2026 award.

Which of the following statements islare CORRECT? 
Alternativas
Q4297042 Inglês
Bettytown Library marks opening chapter


      Tomorrow (Tuesday) marks the first anniversary of the opening of Bettystown Library with a programme of events taking place throughout the day to celebrate the milestone.

     First opening its doors on 24th tebruary 2025, over the past year it has become very much embedded in the East Meath community, which had been without its own library service for two decades. 

      On Friday, staff were delighted to learn that Bettystown Library has been shortlisted as an Island of Ireland Regional and Country Finalist for the Library of the Year 2026, a category of the British Book Awards, which is sponsored by DK in association with the Reading Agency.

     Events to mark the first anniversary including an exhibition of work by the 'Open Book Craft Group' one of the very successful groups that meeting in the library.

       Executive Librarian Aoife Carberry is delighted with how the first year has gone for the library.

     "We are blown away by the support we have received. It is so lovely to get to know the different members and organisations within the area and to work towards the best service we can possible be for them, "she said. "We have been very lucky, we have had incredible support from the community here. We've worked closely with a number or organisations, schools and special interest groups in the area as well. We just want to thank the community for welcoming us as well as they have and we look forward to continuing to work with them as the years go by."

     She spoke of how libraries are no longer quiet hushed places but are vibrant places with a wide variety of events and initiatives that go far beyond just borrowing books.

     "The biggest message we want to get out is that libraries are open to everyone, everyone is welcome. We have our books. We have plenty of events, loads of initiatives we work on, in Meath we have STEAM kits and backpacks to borrow, home energy kits to borrow, a huge range of online resources, audio books, ebooks, courses where you can upskill or develop a new hobby, language learning courses and books in other languages."

      "There is a huge wealth of things in libraries, covering all ages and all interests." 


Fonte: htt ps://www. meat hch ro ni cle.i e / 2026 / 02 / 23 / b etlylow n- I i bra rymarks-openin g -chapter/
In the sixth paragraph, the sentence We are blown away by the support we have received highlights the librarian's reaction to the community. Identify the option that CORRECTLY transforms this construction into an alternative structure that maintains the original meaning and tense.
Alternativas
Q4282291 Inglês
Leia o Texto 4 para responder à questão.


Texto 4

New surgeon general’s advisory raises alarm about screen time risks for kids and teens


Too much screen use among kids and teens – including endless social media scrolling, nonstop texting and hours of video games – can be harmful, and it has become a public health concern in the United States, according to a surgeon general’s advisory released Wednesday.

Officials at the US Department of Health and Human Services collaborated on the new advisory, as there is no confirmed surgeon general within the Trump administration.

The advisory warns that exposure to screens often begins before a child’s first birthday and increases with age […].


Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2026/05/20/health/surgeon-generaladvisory-screen-time-wellness. Acesso em: 20 mai. 2026.
O emprego da forma verbal “has become” cumpre uma função determinada na organização temporal dos fatos relatados. Esse tempo verbal é utilizado no fragmento porque
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Q4279237 Inglês
The Hidden History of Women Game Designers



Educational games were all the rage in the early ninteenth century. As the narrator of Sir Walter Scott's 1814 novel, Waverley, observed, "the history of England is now reduced to a game at cards, the problems of mathematics to puzzles and riddles." This bemusement reflects the burgeoning industry of instructional card, dice, and board games that sprang up in the late 1700s, partly in response to changing attitudes towards juvenile education outlined early on by the philosopher John Locke a century before.

Women at the time were, of course, generally barred from attending college and generally discouraged from the pursuit of learning beyond acquiring the skills of a governess. Yet the wave of enthusiasm for educational games nevertheless created an opportunity for some enterprising women—despite significant structural obstacles—to find an intellectual and creative outlet. Standout figures in the history of game design include Margaret Bryan, who directed a girl's school in Blackheath in southeastern London. A writer on science with a particular interest in astronomy, Bryan produced the boardgame Science in Sport, or the Pleasures of Astronomy in collaboration with the well-known game publisher John Wallis.

This game, a variation on the staple of the Game of the Goose (akin to Chutes and Ladders), requires players to spin a teetotum and race their pieces along the board. Most of the squares illustrate scientific phenomena, explained in an accompanying rule booklet, but some depict bad behavior, such as square six, which features "The County Gaol...for those who attend to the motion of Billiard Balls, more than to the motion of the Planets," and square twelve, which features "a blockhead." Landing on these meant losing a turn or worse, a player's place on the board.

Learning the rules of music theory by rote could seem tedious. But the subject itself—with its principles, prohibitions, and occasional exceptions—lent itself to gamification.

Other pioneering game designers include children's author Alicia Catherine Mant, who also published an astronomy-themed board game, while the ludic inventions of the poet and schoolteacher Elizabeth Rowse encompassed A Grammatical Game, in Rhyme, by a Lady (1802) and Mythological Amusement (1804).

Perhaps the most creative arena for female game designers, however, was music, and more specifically, music theory. Among the middle and upper classes, music was generally seen as a female accomplishment, and teaching its rudiments to children was typically left to mothers, governesses, or schoolmistresses. Learning the rules of music theory by rote could seem difficult and tedious. But the subject itself—with its principles, prohibitions, and occasional exceptions—lent itself remarkably well to gamification.

The nineteenth century's best-known musical game designer was the Edinburgh-based pianist and music teacher Anne Young. In 1801, she received a royal patent for a set of games intended to "render familiar and impress upon the memory, the fundamental principles of the science of music." The first British patent ever granted for a game, it was also the only one awarded that year to a female inventor, as David Ghere and Fred Amram have discovered. Two years after the launch of the Musical Games, Young, now the respectably married Mrs. Gunn, published a two-hundred-fifty page companion treatise entitled An Introduction to Music, which explained music theory fundamentals via instructions for playing her Musical Games. The treatise is organized as seven sections, each corresponding to a different set of games, and includes a number of optional variations, outlining twenty-two different games in total.

A handful of Young's Musical Games can be found in libraries, museums, and private collections today. They're luxury items: the boards were made of mahogany, while most of the nearly two hundred parts in each game—pins, dice, plates, and counters—were carved out of ivory and ebony. Priced originally at seven guineas, which was more than the annual wages of a laborer at the time, this game set would have been affordable only for the very wealthy.

Unlike earlier musical dice games, which were designed to encourage composition, Musical Games aimed to teach the rudiments of theory. Some of the games that can be played on the set involve racing, with players competing to move their pieces up and down various configurations on the board. Others involve the acquisition of points for correct answers, tallied with delicate ivory counters. A child following the treatise's progression of games would engage many of the fundamentals of music theory, ranging from notation through more advanced topics in harmony including chord resolution and modulation.

Young's invention haunted musical journals throughout the nineteenth century, resurfacing from time to time in newspaper queries, sometimes from readers intrigued by the warm endorsement it got from her husband John Gunn, a distinguished Scottish music pedagogue who wroteinstructional treatises. (In his writings, Gunn protested "without having ever previously heard the name of the ingenious and scientific Inventor, I was struck with the merits of these Games.") Interestingly, the Musical Games reappear nearly a century later in the essay "Games of Music," published in 1907 in the London-based magazine The Musical Times by Bertha Harrison, who was very likely the anti-suffrage activist also known as Ethel Bertha Harrison. Harrison was interested in music history—her earlier writings in The Musical Times had treated topics such as child prodigies and historic concert venues—but it was only in her essay on musical games that she revealed her political leanings.

In what may be one of the earliest pieces of ludomusicology, the study of music and games, Harrison's essay surveys the role of musical games from the eighteenth century to her present day. Although she ostensibly examines musical games in general, most of her article is dedicated to Young, whom she characterizes as a woman "possessed of an uncommon order of mind." Harrison describes Young's games as "so clever and ingenious, so full of nice detail, that all the music games of the present day seem poor in design and clumsy in execution in comparison with it."

However, the crux of Harrison's argument appears in a subsequent paragraph, where she struggles to put a positive spin on the striking disparity in the quality of games designed by women and men, writing that "is a curious and interesting fact that, among musical games, those invented by women are very complicated and extraordinarily full of detail, while those invented by men are, with very rare exceptions, quite simple and generally adaptations from other games. From this we may draw one of two conclusions: either that in this particular line woman has more originality than man, or that when she begins to invent, her mind becomes so engrossed with details as to lose sight of the main issue, and, in the words of the proverb, she cannot see the wood for the trees."

Conceding that women might be intrinsically better at musical game design, Harrison immediately undercuts this notion with the claim that women are overly concerned with details, and that is why their games tend to be more complex. The stereotype of the detail-oriented woman, as exemplified in this example, is a trope that, as Naomi Schor reminds us, has informed and limited understandings of female ability for centuries.

Harrison's critique notwithstanding, the nineteenth century saw many impressive music educational games invented by women. The 1851 Great Exhibition in London featured Gioco di Euterpe, (a game whose name invokes the Greek goddess of music) designed by Abelinde Prince and "intended to assist beginners in the knowledge of the relative value of musical characters, and to render them good timeists." The editor of The Girl's Own Book (1869) described a game developed by an anonymous female friend, entitled "Sir Samuel Semibreve," which taught sight-singing and could be ordered from a music shop in Middlesex.

Across the Atlantic, Abbie T. Hays, principal of a music school in Wichita, Kansas, filed a patent in 1895 for a "musical game device" designed to teach notation with pictures depicting the words spelled out by note-names (think B-A-G or B-E-E). Later that year, Sarah W. Featherstone, a schoolteacher in Toledo, Ohio, filed a patent for Nota Bene, which used a spinning wheel to teach children rhythm. And in 1897, the enterpreneurial Evelyn Fletcher of Toronto filed both Canadian and US patents for a Music Block Game. Her "Fletcher Music Method" would later be endorsed by luminaries such as John Philip Sousa and Hugo Riemann, and it was highly popular with schoolteachers. This is just a small selection of the names and devices that pop out of the archive. In my experience searching historical patent records, one is more likely to come across games designed by women than by men. Bertha Harrison seems to have gotten that right, at least!

Today, using gamification to teach music seems like a no-brainer. Indeed, many music videogames have become wildly popular—think instrument-based rhythm games like Guitar Hero. While these games generally teach synchronization, there are also plenty of music theory games available to try online, such as ToneGym, Solfege Story, or Chet — Ear Training. Although these modern creations would have been unthinkable a hundred years ago, these games are still part of an unusual—and unusually female—tradition.

https://daily.jstor.org/the-hidden-history-of-women-game-designers/
The article combines historical narration, present-day commentary, and projections about how past inventions relate to contemporary practices. Considering the tense and temporal functions of the verb forms used in the text, mark each statement as true (T) or false (F).

( ) In "Educational games were all the rage," the simple past situates a completed historical condition in the early nineteenth century.
( ) In "A handful of Young's Musical Games can be found," the simple present indicates a situation that remains valid at the time of writing.
( ) In "Her Fletcher Music Method would later be endorsed," the construction "would + verb" expresses a future event viewed from a past reference point.
( ) In "Many music videogames have become wildly popular," the present perfect presents a past development connected with the present.

Mark the alternative that presents the CORRECT sequence. 
Alternativas
Q4254767 Inglês
AI teachers and cybernetics - what could the world look like in 2050?

Laura Cress - Technology reporter


   The last 25 years has seen some mind-bending technological changes. At the start of the century, most computers connected to the internet with noisy dial-up connections, Netflix was an online DVD rental company, and the vast majority of people hadn't even heard of a smartphone. Fast forward two and a half decades, and innovations in AI, robotics and much else besides are emerging at an incredible rate. So we decided to ask experts what the next 25 years could bring. Here are their predictions for the technology we'll be using by 2050 - and how it could reshape our lives.

    Merging humans and machines

    Science fiction set in the 2050s is full of examples of humans using technological enhancements to feel fitter, happier and more productive. In the 2000 hit game Deus Ex - set in 2052 - the player can inject themselves with tiny robots called “nanites”. These microscopic robots manipulate matter on atomic levels, giving superhuman abilities such as enhanced speed and the ability to see in the dark. It sounds like something from the distant future, but nanotechnology - engineering at a scale of millionths of a millimetre - is already used in lots of everyday real-life tech. In fact, it is powering the way you are reading these very words right now - every smartphone or computer is run by a central chip made up of billions of tiny transistors - electrical components built on a nanoscale to speed up data processing. Professor Steven Bramwell at the London Centre for Nanotechnology told the BBC by 2050 we should expect the lines between machines, electronics and biology to be “significantly blurred”. That means we could see nanotechnology implants by then - but more to “monitor your health or aid communication” rather than to appear invisible, as in Deus Ex. Medicine could also make common use of machines at a nanometre scale to “deliver drugs to exactly where they need to go”, said Professor Bramwell. Cybernetics professor Kevin Warwick is equally interested in studying augmentations, going one step further than most. In 1998 he became the first human to have a microchip implanted into his nervous system, earning him the title “Captain Cyborg”. Professor Warwick believes by 2050, advancements in cybernetics - the science studying the links between natural and mechanical systems - could lead to trailblazing treatments for diseases. He predicts the use of “deep brain electronic stimulation” as a partial treatment for some conditions such as schizophrenia, rather than medicine. He adds it is likely we'll see more cybernetic enhancements of the kind he has already trialled himself, so that “your brain and body can be in different places”. And what if we wanted to test out how the latest enhancement, or even new diet worked on our bodies, without any risks of experiencing the side effects? Professor Roger Highfield, Science Director of the Science Museum, believes “digital twins” - virtual versions of a physical object, updated using real time data - could become a regular feature in our lives. He imagines a world where each of us could have “thousands of simplified twins”, using them to explore how “different medications or lifestyle changes affect your unique biology”. In other words, we could preview our futures before we live them.

     The next generation of AI  

    Many technology firms, including Google and IBM, are currently locked in a multi-billion dollar race to revolutionise how we push fields like AI even further - in the form of quantum computing. Quantum computers are machines which can do very complex calculations at incredibly fast speeds - for example, simulating molecular interactions to design new drugs faster. In January 2025, Jensen Huang - boss of the leading chip firm Nvidia - said he believed “very useful” quantum computing would come in 20 years. AI itself will undoubtedly continue to loom large in our society as we journey towards the half century mark. Futurist and author Tracey Follows, who helped write a White Paper on UK education in 2050, believes learning will take place across “virtual and physical realities” using AI teachers which “adjust in real time”. Rather than textbooks, she predicts children will use “immersive simulations”. Meanwhile, education will be less standardised, with each child's individual DNA or biometric data studied to understand how they learn best.

Available on https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c865n800d5jo
Consider the sentence: “The last 25 years has seen some mind-bending technological changes.” Which verb tense is being used? 
Alternativas
Q4250989 Inglês
Leia o texto a seguir.


In Brazil, four in ten teenagers face school bullying


In Brazil, four out of ten students aged 13 to 17 say they have already been victims of bullying, and 27.2 percent in this age group have suffered some form of humiliation two or more times.

The data, released this week, are based on testimonies collected in 2024 in schools across Brazil by the Brazilian government’s statistics agency IBGE as part of the National School Health Survey (PeNSE).

Compared to the previous survey, conducted in 2019, there was a 0.7 percentage point increase in the total number of students who reported having suffered bullying. The proportion of students who experienced it at least twice rose by more than 4 percentage points, Marco Andreazzi, the research manager, emphasized.

“Bullying is already characterized as something persistent, intermittent… And here we observe an upward trend, indicating that more students have begun to experience repeated situations of violence,” Andreazzi said.

The researcher stressed that “the number of those who suffer bullying remains practically the same; however, the persistence and intensity of the episodes have increased.”

Appearance, race, gender

Bullied students told researchers that their facial features or hair were the main targets of bullying, accounting for 30.2 percent of cases.

Next is body appearance, accounting for 24.7 percent, followed by bullying related to color or race, reported by 10.6 percent.

“There is also a high percentage - 26.3 percent - of students who say the bullying had no reason. That is, many of those who suffer do not know why, and this is natural, since bullying occurs collectively and the victim does not necessarily perceive a reason for it. On the contrary, they feel completely wronged,” the research manager noted.

The research found that girls are the most affected - 43.3 percent have experienced bullying, compared to 37.3 percent of boys.

Furthermore, 30.1 percent of female adolescent students reported feeling humiliated by teasing from classmates two or more times. This proportion is nearly 6 percentage points higher than among male students.

Profile of the aggressors

Data on those who commit bullying show an inverse pattern: 13.7 percent of students reported having engaged in some form of violence - 16.5 percent of boys and 10.9 percent of girls.

IBGE also asked about the reasons for the aggression, and once again, facial features, hair, body type, and skin color or race were the most frequently cited.

However, some significant differences emerged in relation to victims’ reports. For example, 12.1 percent of perpetrators said they engaged in bullying because of their classmates’ gender or sexual orientation, while only 6.4 percent of victims identified this as a motive for the violence.

A similar pattern emerged regarding disability: while 7.6 percent of perpetrators acknowledged engaging in bullying for this reason, only 2.6 percent of victims associated the attacks with this characteristic.

For researchers, this may indicate that many victims prefer to remain silent about the circumstances for fear of being stigmatized.

TÂMARA FREIRE


Fonte: https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/educacao/noticia/2026-03/brazil-four-tenteenagers-face-school-bullying-27/5/2026/. Excerto. Acesso em: 10/06/2026.
No trecho “In Brazil, four out of ten students aged 13 to 17 say they have already been victims of bullying...” (1º parágrafo), a locução verbal destacada está flexionada no: 
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Q4247246 Inglês
Read the text to answer question.


Using Machine Learning to Develop Personalized Vaccines for Cancer


Yale researchers have developed a machine learning model, called Immunostruct, that can help scientists create more personalized vaccines, including vaccines for cancer. They described the tool in Nature Machine Intelligence along with findings from applying it to cancer and immunology data.

    When a potential threat, such as a virus or tumor, arises in our body, our immune cells recognize peptides---essentially short proteins---on the surface of the invader and mount a defensive response. This small region that the immune system interacts with is known as an epitope. 

    Epitope-based vaccines are an emerging technology that contain specific peptides in order to trigger immune responses that precisely target particular diseases. Ongoing studies show that these vaccines are a promising potential immunotherapy for a range of cancers including melanomas, breast cancers, and glioblastomas. Researchers are also investigating whether these vaccines could more effectively combat new variants of infectious diseases.

    To develop these vaccines, scientists can use models that help them predict which peptides are most likely to trigger a strong immune response to a particular antigen. A limitation of many of these models, the researchers say, is that they treat peptides as a one-dimensional sequence of amino acids, not the three-dimensional, active structures that they are.

    Now, Yale researchers have created a model that also incorporates structural and biochemical properties of peptides. In the new study, they show that the multimodal model is more effective at identifying peptide candidates than its predecessors.

    "Cancer is extremely heterogeneous---which often makes it very hard to treat effectively," says Kevin B. Givechian, PhD, an MD-PhD student at Yale and co-first author on the study. “We have built a deep-learning model that integrates more information than had previously been combined to help us improve the identification of vaccine targets that stimulate people's immune system against their own tumor. Doing so would enable a more effective and less toxic method of treatment."


ВАCKMAN, Isabella. Using Machine Learning to Develop Personalized Vaccines for Cancer. Yale School of Medicine, 24 fev. 2026. Acesso em: 28 june. 2026.
The verb tense in "Yale researchers have developed a machine learning model" is used to indicate that:
Alternativas
Q4229157 Inglês
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder à questão.


Peru's Nazca lines were paths for prehistoric culture: Japanese researchers


Tokyo, 16 Jan (EFE).- The mysteries shrouding Peru's Nazca Lines have intrigued scientists for decades. Now, a group of Japanese researchers has developed a new theory that the geoglyphs etched into the ground served as paths and routes. The lines forged into myriad figures of animals and plants straddle an area of 1,000 square kilometers of the immense Ica desert in southern Peru. They were created during the Nazca culture, a pre-Columbian archaeological culture that flourished between the 1st and 7th centuries BC. A research team led by Masato Sakai, of the University of Yamagata in western Japan, has discovered, with the help of local archaeologists, aerial images and drones, over 350 new etchings since 2004. Sakai says there are two types of geoglyphs, linear motifs that were created by removing the upper black stones to reveal the white earth underneath and raised lines that give the pictorial representations depth and that archeologists call relief lines. «The linear ones exist at the beginning and end of straight paths and can be used to travel from one valley to another (...) while the relief ones are on the sides of paths that are not straight and are usually etched on a slope,» the expert says. The meaning of the lines has long been up for debate. Some say they represented an astronomical calendar, others considered they were religious figures and some have even suggested that they serve as landing pads for UFOs. «I'm interested in letters,» Sakai says. «Everyone uses alphabets, but in Andean civilization, they didn't have that way of communicating, so I wanted to discover how they did (communicate).» 


The researcher is convinced that the Nazca lines were used as a means of prehistoric communication


Despite their antiquity, the geoglyphs were not discovered until 1930 because these could only be appreciated with an aerial view or from some of the site's surrounding hills. The team of Japanese researchers started the project using satellite and aerial photos, and more recently using drones, and have now identified hundreds of figures, including a spider, a monkey, a hummingbird, a condor, a pelican, a gull, a snail, a whale, a snake and a llama. The team struck a deal with tech giant IBM in 2019 and have tapped into state-of-the-art artificial intelligence (AI) that could help reveal the location of more figures and help with deciphering their meaning. «It is always a hypothesis, but we hope that with AI we can check whether theories are correct or suggest better ones that coincide with the new data,» the expert adds. Finding all the figures, which according to the expert could be in the thousands, is key to their conservation from both the weather and mining and agriculture which is prevalent in the region. «For the people of Nazca, the geoglyphs are a source of pride because the city is not very big, but many people come to see the figures. When we find new ones, we share the information with the local people because we know that they will respect and defend them, because it is the work of their ancestors» Sakai says. EFE


https://efe.com/other-news/2023-01-16/nazca-lines/
Consider the sentences from the text:

"The mysteries shrouding Peru's Nazca Lines have intrigued scientists for decades."
"They were created during the Nazca culture."
"A research team led by Masato Sakai [...] has discovered [...] over 350 new etchings since 2004."

The verb forms used in the sentences are correctly explained in:
Alternativas
Q4219694 Inglês
Underground library in Warsaw metro invites commuters to trade scrolling for stories

In Warsaw’s Targówek district, a metro ride has become more than a daily routine. Now it offers a chance to escape into a story. Thanks to Metroteka, a newly opened subterranean library inside the Kondratowicza M2 metro station, commuters can now trade mindless scrolling for meaningful reading.

The 150-square-meter space is stocked with more than 16,000 books, all available through a fast self-checkout system. Visitors can also borrow laptops, sip complimentary coffee, and unwind in a cozy communal area, all while waiting for their train.

“Our dream is for Metroteka to become an educational and cultural center, and not just a place where you can borrow your books from,” says Grażyna StrzelczakBatkowska, deputy director of the Targówek library.

A modern space that breathes life into books

Metroteka’s design is as inviting as its mission. A lush hydroponic garden wall filled with herbs and flowers gives the underground space a breath of fresh air, literally. Basil, oregano, and other plants grow without soil or sunlight, infusing the library with an unexpected sense of vitality. The bookshelves, shaped like soft, undulating waves, add to the organic feel.

“I always joke that books are not made of glass,” Strzelczak-Batkowska says. “You can just pop in, grab a few, throw them on a self-checkout machine, and that’s it—you’re out on a new adventure.”

Aiming to reverse a national trend

Poland’s reading habits have been in steady decline for years. A 2024 survey by the National Library of Poland found that only 41 percent of respondents had read at least one book in the past year. According to Tomasz Makowski, director of the National Library, the legacy of war has shaped these numbers. During World War II, Poland lost 70 percent of its libraries.

“We had several generations that did not see their parents or grandparents in front of a wall of books,” Makowski says. “Reading is [also] not something associated with adulthood, but with schools, teachers, librarians, and usually mothers reading to children.”

By placing literature in the path of everyday commuters, Metroteka hopes to shift that cultural perception.

An open invitation to all

For Makowski, the location is just as important as the books. “Opening a library in a metro station is like a dream for us,” he says. “Libraries should be beautiful and open; inviting, not intimidating. It’s not a shrine, but a place where you can spend time freely, take part in discussions, public consultations, or meet people.”

In the coming months, Metroteka plans to host author readings, workshops, and classes to further engage the community. Books can be returned either directly to the library or via parcel lockers outside the station, available around the clock.

As commuters pass through Kondratowicza station with coffee in hand and a novel tucked under one arm, Metroteka quietly transforms daily routines into cultural moments. By meeting people where they are, literally underground, the library isn’t just promoting reading. It’s redefining what public space can offer.


Source: https://www.optimistdaily.com/2025/09/underground-libraryin-warsaw-metro-invites-commuters-to-trade-scrolling-for-stories/. Access on May 4th 2026. 
Consider paragraphs 06 and 07 of the text:

Poland’s reading habits have been in steady decline for years. A 2024 survey by the National Library of Poland found that only 41 percent of respondents had read at least one book in the past year. According to Tomasz Makowski, director of the National Library, the legacy of war has shaped these numbers. During World War II, Poland lost 70 percent of its libraries.
“We had several generations that did not see their parents or grandparents in front of a wall of books,” Makowski says. “Reading is [also] not something associated with adulthood, but with schools, teachers, librarians, and usually mothers reading to children.”

About the underlined conjugations, it is correct to say that they are examples of
Alternativas
Q4212315 Inglês

Japan in the Ancient World 


Japanese archaeologists divide the earliest part of Japanese history into four periods: the Paleolithic (preceramic) period, the Jomon (cord-marked pottery) period, the Yayoi period, and the Kofun (burial mound) period. Underlying this chronology, however, are two basic problems: First, who are the Japanese, and where did they come from? Second, how do the Japanese or "proto-Japanese" relate to the Ainu, a group of people who have resided in Japan since about 7500 B.C.E. but differ racially, culturally, and linguistically from modern Japanese in significant ways? 


Paleolithic Japan (before 10,000 B.C.E.)


The Japanese islands have probably been occupied by humans for at least 30,000 years, if not longer. However, 10,000 years ago, Paleolithic Japan was a cooler place, and the sea level was 125 feet (38 meters) lower; therefore, some of the archaeological evidence of the earliest inhabitants is submerged. These hunters and gatherers, who had an extensive stone-tool inventory, most likely came to southern Japan through present-day Korea or to northern Japan from eastern Siberia, though there is abundant evidence of land connections to Asia at this time throughout the islands. It appears that the complete physical separation of the Japanese islands occurred only as recently as 18,000 to 12,000 years ago.


Jomon period (c. 10,000-c. 300 B.C.E.)


Starting about 13,000 years ago, when the Japanese climate began to warm, beautiful local pottery traditions—characterized by complex impressions made by twisted cords or sticks on the outside of pots before baking—abruptly appeared at various locales. Such ceramics eventually became commonplace throughout the islands. The Jomon people (named for this distinctive "cord-marked" ceramic style) were probably the direct descendants of the people of the previous Paleolithic traditions. They were very successful at hunting, fishing, and gathering, and because of the numerous rivers and rugged coastlines, they were largely sedentary. Shell mounds all over the islands indicate how extensively the ocean and rivers were exploited by Jomon people. The Jomon pottery eventually came to show distinctive regional styles, suggesting the existence of rather well-defined cultural groups and local folk traditions.


Yayoi (c. 300 B.C.E.-c. 300 C.E.)


About two thousand years ago, a distinct break occurred in the archaeological record. In Kyushu, the southernmost main island of Japan, bronze from the Korean peninsula and a newer style of earthenware pottery appeared, and iron smelting was developed. These changes characterize the Yayoi period, named after the district in modern Tokyo where certain artifacts were first discovered. The Yayoi period also saw the beginning of Japanese-style intensive irrigated wet-rice cultivation, which became the main means of subsistence for almost everyone on the islands. This agrarian rice-based economy—with basically the same kind of farming practices—would persist until Japan's westernization in the late nineteenth century.


However, controversy surrounds the origins of this culture. The Yayoi people may have come from overseas and replaced the earlier Jomon people (as evidenced by the presence of many new technologies from abroad). For many years, Japanese archaeologists have assumed this to be true, with the implication being that the Jomon people are the ancestors of modern Ainu, and modern Japanese are the descendants of those who migrated from the Asian mainland during the Yayoi and Kofun periods. However, a majority of archaeologists feel that the record probably indicates a gradual but direct continuity from Jomon people to early, but historically identifiable, Japanese, with any migration from the mainland blending in with the local cultures. In either case, by the end of the Yayoi period, certain institutional structures were in place—a division of labor, the accumulation of prestige and luxury goods by particular individuals, and the rise of complex political organizations—which created a more stratified society, allowing for the development of a full-fledged Japanese state in the Kofun period.


https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/japan-ancient-world 

Regarding the verb structure and meaning of the excerpt "Japan has probably been occupied for at least 30,000 years, if not longer" from the text, judge the statements below.


I.The structure "have probably been occupied" is in the present perfect passive and suggests cautious probability, while "if not longer" extends the stated time span beyond the minimum mentioned.

II.The adverb "probably" expresses absolute certainty and shows that the author presents the information as an unquestionable fact.

III.The expression "if not longer" restricts the occupation period to exactly 30,000 years.


Which proposition(s) is/are CORRECT?

Alternativas
Q4197726 Inglês
Complete a frase com a forma verbal correta:
"Mary ________ to London three times this year." 
Alternativas
Respostas
1: A
2: B
3: D
4: D
5: A
6: E
7: B
8: A
9: A
10: A
11: A
12: C
13: C
14: C
15: D
16: E
17: D
18: E
19: C
20: B