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    The term “language practice” refers to activities which involve repetition of the same language point or skill in an environment which is controlled by the framework of the activity. The purpose for language production and the language to be produced are usually predetermined by the task or the teacher. The intention is not to use the language for communication but to strengthen the ability to manipulate a particular language form or function.

    Activities centered on “language use”, on the other hand, involve the production of language in order to communicate. The purpose of the activity might be predetermined but the language which is used is determined by the learners.

(TOMLINSON, B. (ed). Material Development in Language Teaching. Cambridge: CUP. 1998/2011. Adaptado)

Because she was correcting homework and planning lessons, Britany went to bed late – and then she overslept!

She had a quick shower but she didn’t have ________ 1 time to put on her makeup. Luckily, she doesn’t wear much anyway, but she had wanted to put on some lipstick at least. Too bad! She made herself a coffee and checked the mail. But ________ 2 , it seemed, had remembered her birthday – except for John and Clare whom she had invited for dinner later in the day.

At school, ________ 3 of her colleagues seemed to have remembered that it was her birthday either and that made her miserable, but at least the children in her second grade class were in a happy mood. It cheered her up, and so every time one of them did ________ 4 good or gave her a correct answer, she gave them a gold star. They loved that. Luckily, she had enough stars so ________ 5 went home with at least one!

When she got home, Britany was still tired, so she lay down to have a bit of rest but she didn’t get much sleep because her parents rang from the UK to wish her a happy birthday. At least _________ 6 had remembered! When she finished the call there was ________ 7 time left for sleeping. She had to get dinner ready.

A few minutes later the doorbell rang. She opened the door. There were a lot of people outside. All of them were wearing party hats! A few of them were carrying plates of food. Most of them were colleagues from her school, but there were many others, too. And then they started to sing ‘Happy Birthday …’.

In: HARMER, Jeremy. Teacher Knowledge: core concepts in English language teaching. Pearson Education limited. Essex, UK: 2012

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CNN Health Exhausted? The reason may be how you're using technology

Analysis by Kara Alaimo

Oct 7, 2025

Kara Alaimo is a professor of communication at Fairleigh Dickinson University. Her book "Over the Influence: Why Social Media Is Toxic for Women and Girls — And How We Can Take It Back" was published in 2024 by Alcove Press.

You may think you're exhausted because, like me, you have too many things on your plate. But there's another reason, according to a new book.

Case in point: While | was writing this piece, | responded to dozens of emails from colleagues and students, got a huge medical bill, replied to a text about a home repair, and learned that my older daughter needs to wear white to school next Monday while the younger one is supposed to wear the colors of fall.

This relentless barrage of interruptions and switching between thoughts and technology platforms is leaving us utterly exhausted, says Paul Leonardi, department chair and Duca Family Professor of Technology Management | at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

He explains how this happens in his new book, "Digital Exhaustion: Simple Rules for Reclaiming Your Life."

| spoke to Leonardi about what's making us all so tired | and what we can do about it.

CNN: You say one reason we're so exhausted is that we keep switching between platforms. How does that make us exhausted?

Paul Leonardi: Every tool we use requires some amount of cognitive focus. We have to learn the tool we're enmeshed in. When we switch, we have to disengage | and reengage in another area of focus, and we also have to switch how we're using that tool. Our brains do not do a good job of switching that quickly. The main issue is that we haven't evolved to make the switches as quickly as we do today. It leaves us feeling exhausted.

CNN: You found that we often don't realize we're getting exhausted from all this digital switching. Why?

Leonardi: It comes back to the way our bodies have evolved over time. We have good sensory feedback to show us when we're physically tired. Otherwise, we could collapse, and that's dangerous. So, our body knows to send signals to our brain to say stop. But we didn't evolve to sit in an office in front of a computer, so our brain doesn't know to tell itself it's tired. We can just keep taxing ourselves, but that residue builds up over time. Then we feel like we've been hit by a semitruck

CNN: What can we do to address that exhaustion?

Leonardi: Think about reducing the kinds of switches we make throughout the day.

In the book | talk about three kinds of switches. Switching between modalities is switching across tools. Think about the different videoconferencing platforms you use. You might use Zoom and then switch to Microsoft Teams. They seem like they're roughly the same. But how many times have you been in a meeting and thought, "I need to share my screen. How do | do that on this platform?" And those little changes are enough to really wear us out when they accumulate over time

The second type is what | call switches between domains, and that's when we're working on one task, get interrupted and then switch to a different task. The unplugging and then re-plugging into the other task take quite a bit of effort. It's a tremendous tax that we pay.

The third type is switching between different areas of life. How many times in your day are you getting a quick text from your kid's school? Or the plumber calls to tell you they're going to be late and wants to talk about the problem in your house. Those switches across really big domains are even more exhausting because they pull us completely out of our thought process in one area, and then we have to get back.

CNN: You say social media is the most exhausting type of platform to use. Why?

Leonardi: | talk about three forces that exhaust us. One is attention. On social media we're constantly switching between things because apps are pushing us different notifications. First somebody liked something, and then there's an ad. The second force of exhaustion is making inferences. We get a snippet of data, and it's not quite enough to tell us the whole picture. So, we have to fill in the blanks, and that takes effort. On social media we're constantly different apps and making inferences. We see somebody is on a trip, and we're like, they must have a lot of money. And they're having the time of their life. We're filling in the blanks.

The last is emotion. When our emotions get piqued, whether for good or for bad, that's also exhausting. On social media we do social comparisons, so we get jealous that somebody else is doing something we wish we were doing. Or we get annoyed that we see a bunch of friends hanging out and we're not part of the group.

Social media is so exhausting because it maximizes all three of these forces.

CNN: You say it's especially hard for people who work from home to avoid this kind of exhaustion. Why is that? Leonardi: One of the big reasons remote workers experience exhaustion even more than people in the office — or it feels more acute — is that it's very difficult to create separation between work and home. They're constantly trying to manage that boundary, and that's so exhausting.

They also are more dependent on tools for everything, so they don't get a break. If you're in the office and you have an in-person meeting, you don't have to switch onto your Zoom platform. You actually get a break for a little bit when you're talking to somebody in the hallway. You don't get that on these tools.

You're also managing your presence when you're working from home. You need to make sure people know you're available because it matters for people's perception of your work performance. So, you're putting on a sort of act that's also exhausting

CNN: You recommend turning off the video of ourselves in meetings. Why?

Leonardi: | think it's a good idea sometimes. We tend to fixate on ourselves, and doing that creates a feeling of self-consciousness. It also creates more effort for us to manage our presentation to others.

Imagine if you were talking to friends, or you're in a meeting, and you have a mirror in front of your face the entire time. You're like, oh my gosh, how do | look right now? There are bags under my eyes, and | can't believe | made that stupid facial expression. We don't do that in regular life.

These extra little activities accumulate to wear us out over time.

Communicating in person instead of texting, when possible, can reduce digital exhaustion and create richer relationships.

CNN: What's your best advice for parents who are exhausted from keeping up with endless group chats about car pools and soccer games?

Leonardi: | never intended to write about that in my book, but it came up so often in the interviews | did.

One strategy | heard that was quite effective was calculating whether a car pool is actually worth the time you're putting into coordinating it. If you add up all the time you're spending texting with other people, sometimes it adds up to the same amount of time it would take to just drive your kid yourself.

Another strategy people used was reducing those communications by trying to coordinate in person. When they see each other at the soccer game, they have a long conversation about the plan for the next week. A lot of folks find they're developing richer relationships because that discussion about the car pool is just the entrée to a deeper conversation. Those are much more fulfiling relationships than the transactions taking place via text

CNN

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Building Rapport

Establishing strong foundations for teaching and learning

By Stephanie Hirchman

September 2, 2025

How do teachers build rapport with students? I can’t think of a more important question; after all, learning is all about relationships. In fact, I hope the word “rapport” runs through all the blogs I’ve written, like the letters in a stick of rock. However, as the summer holidays draw to a close and with new beginnings in sight, I’m going to focus exclusively on building rapport.

Fostering rapport

Let’s get out the metaphors! If learning is a house, then rapport is the foundation, but because it needs constant maintenance, rapport is also a garden, tended with care on a daily basis. When there is a good rapport, students feel:

• seen – each student is greeted individually, and the teacher makes an eff ort to interact with each one during the lesson.

• confident in the teacher, the course, and themselves - the teacher knows what each student needs and how to deliver it so students make progress. Classroom routines are predictable, fair, and make sense.

• safe – they know the teacher will not embarrass them or expose their sensitivities or weaknesses. Mistakes are dealt with sensitively and treated as learning opportunities.

• accepted – the teacher meets each individual student exactly where they are, without judgment, academically and personally. If someone is called out on their behaviour, this is done in private, and an explanation is given about why this behaviour is unproductive or unacceptable.

Student profiles – the basis for rapport

Whatever your teaching context, you’ve got to get to know each student as an individual. This can be considered as an initial information gathering phase, with several possible pathways.

A good starting point is to test students either before they start the course or in the first few days, making it clear that this is a process that produces information that will help you to plan and them to learn. Try to generate as full a picture as possible, so you have an idea about their abilities in all four skills.

Secondly, you need to conduct a needs analysis, either privately or publicly. You can read more about this process, but bear in mind that a public needs analysis can also serve to make everyone in the class aware of each other’s interests and thus of the rationale for including certain topics, language points, or skills work in the course syllabus.

Finally, use whatever resources you have to identify students with specific learning differences or traumas/triggers. This information may be disclosed at registration, self-disclosed (perhaps at interview) or in a private needs analysis, or tentatively identified through your own observations. Obviously, this information is private, between you and the student (and their parents, if they are under 18).

Classroom activities to build rapport at the start of a course

These rapport-building activities aim to generate information in such a way that students feel well-supported.

In a first lesson, the top priority is to make sure you know everybody’s preferred names and how to pronounce them. I’ve always found it helpful to have small desktop cards with this information on display – at least for a couple of sessions. Why not ask the students to make these themselves, or at least to personalize them? The back of the card could have some classroom language phrases to help prompt students, and there’s also the option of including this useful functional language as an introductory lesson – note that this generates a lot of information about student performance in areas like listening (including following instructions), speaking (including pronunciation) and studentship (including note-taking), facility with vocabulary, grammar and functional language. It can also serve as an introduction to pair and group work and to questioning and correction techniques, and, of course, builds confidence for students to take an active part in lessons.

Rapport thrives on praise

Teachers must remember that students are putting themselves on the line every time they come to class. Every effort carries a risk of failure, and not everyone is robust enough to bounce back easily when this occurs. Praise is the magic ingredient here – individualized, sincere and specific. Even when things have gone a bit wrong, find something that went well. It may be that you’re praising eff ort (“Good try, Haruka, I like that idea, but it isn’t what I’m looking for right now.”) or scaffolding achievement (“That’s a pretty good sentence, Juan, the verb tense is correct. But think again about the subject – should it be singular or plural?”). It may be delivered in written form (“This essay makes some relevant points. You used a lot of new vocabulary and improved your accuracy with punctuation. Next time, put the information into paragraphs.”). And when you make a mistake, as you inevitably will, model a positive reaction – check the information, put it right and thank the person who pointed it out.

Finally, make plenty of space for laughter and smiles, as they not only reduce stress, but have a positive effect on engagement, learning and recall. Rapport really does serve learning.

Adapted from: https://www.linguahouse.com/blog/post/building-rapport Acesso em 18/10/2025