Para responder à questão, considere os seguintes textos:

Texto 1:

Excertos do Edital DRH/CRS Nº 14/2023 - CFSd QPE-PM

3.2 Função geral/missão do cargo de Soldado da Polícia Militar do Estado de Minas Gerais: Executar atividades de policiamento ostensivo, a fim de prevenir e reprimir a criminalidade, garantindo a ordem e a segurança pública e promovendo os direitos fundamentais para o alcance da paz social. (...)

3.5 Condições gerais de exercício do cargo: trabalhar em contato cotidiano com o público, de forma individual ou em equipe, sob supervisão permanente, em ambiente de trabalho que pode ser fechado ou a céu aberto, a pé, montado ou em veículos, em horários diversos (diurno, noturno ou em rodízio de turnos); atuar em condições adversas e de risco de contágio de moléstias e de morte em sua rotina de trabalho.

POLÍCIA MILITAR DE MINAS GERAIS. Edital DRH/CRS Nº 14/2023CFSd QPE-PM. Disponível em: https://intranet.policiamilitar.mg.gov.br/conteudoportal/sites/concurso/071220232023278950.pdf. Acesso em: 10 de jan. de 2024.

Texto 2:

EMOCIONANTE

Militar faz parto às margens de rodovia: 'Ajudei uma criança a nascer'

Ele realizou um parto às margens da MG-010, nas proximidades do bairro Morro Alto, em Vespasiano, na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Um Policial Militar viveu, nesta terça-feira (27), uma experiência fora da rotina do combate e prevenção à criminalidade. Ele realizou um parto às margens da MG-010, nas proximidades do bairro Morro Alto, em Vespasiano, na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. De acordo com o militar que atendeu a ocorrência, o cabo Walace Ferreira, uma gestante estava acompanhada do marido e do cunhado quando precisou de ajuda. Eles estavam a caminho do hospital quando a mulher entrou em trabalho de parto dentro do veículo da família. Para tentar auxiliar a mulher, que estava no banco traseiro do veículo, o pai da criança estacionou o carro às margens da rodovia. Por sorte, militares passaram pelo local, no momento do parto. O homem, então, solicitou auxílio dos policiais que realizaram o parto e o corte do cordão umbilical. Após o nascimento da criança, a mãe e o bebê foram encaminhados para o Hospital Risoleta Neves, onde exames seriam realizados. "Tenho 16 anos de corporação e esta foi a primeira vez que participei de uma ocorrência deste tipo. Sempre atendi ocorrências de grande complexidade e perigo e, hoje, pude ter uma experiência inédita, inovadora e gratificante, de ajudar uma criança nascer", lembrou o militar.

BRITO, Alice. MARÇAL, Manuel. O tempo.com.br.2022. Militar faz parto às margens de rodovia: 'Ajudei uma criança a nascer'. Disponível em:  https://www.otempo.com.br/cidades/video-militar-faz-parto-as-margens-derodovia-ajudei-uma-crianca-a-nascer-1.2740817. Acesso em: 10 de jan. de 2024. 

Texto 3:

Segunda Pele – o preço da ordem

Quanto custa ao ser humano que veste uma farda combater a crueldade do crime? Essa pergunta deu origem à Segunda Pele, nova série policial criada pela Polícia Militar de Minas Gerais, com direção de Guto Aeraphe e produção de Humberto de C.Rezende. Com 6 episódios de 20 minutos cada, a série foi idealizada pela Diretoria de Comunicação Organizacional da Polícia Militar de Minas Gerais como parte do plano de comunicação da PMMG. Inspirada em diversas ocorrências, e principalmente, na vida cotidiana dos policiais militares, a série tem o objetivo de valorizar estas pessoas que dedicam suas vidas a servir a comunidade, mesmo com o risco iminente de perderem a vida.

POLÍCIA MILITAR DE MINAS GERAIS. Série Segunda Pele. Disponível em: <https://www.policiamilitar.mg.gov.br/site/4bpm/noticias/244323/serie-segunda-pele> Acesso em: 10 de jan. de 2024. 

Para responder à questão, considere os seguintes textos:

Texto 1:

Excertos do Edital DRH/CRS Nº 14/2023 - CFSd QPE-PM

3.2 Função geral/missão do cargo de Soldado da Polícia Militar do Estado de Minas Gerais: Executar atividades de policiamento ostensivo, a fim de prevenir e reprimir a criminalidade, garantindo a ordem e a segurança pública e promovendo os direitos fundamentais para o alcance da paz social. (...)

3.5 Condições gerais de exercício do cargo: trabalhar em contato cotidiano com o público, de forma individual ou em equipe, sob supervisão permanente, em ambiente de trabalho que pode ser fechado ou a céu aberto, a pé, montado ou em veículos, em horários diversos (diurno, noturno ou em rodízio de turnos); atuar em condições adversas e de risco de contágio de moléstias e de morte em sua rotina de trabalho.

POLÍCIA MILITAR DE MINAS GERAIS. Edital DRH/CRS Nº 14/2023CFSd QPE-PM. Disponível em: https://intranet.policiamilitar.mg.gov.br/conteudoportal/sites/concurso/071220232023278950.pdf. Acesso em: 10 de jan. de 2024.

Texto 2:

EMOCIONANTE

Militar faz parto às margens de rodovia: 'Ajudei uma criança a nascer'

Ele realizou um parto às margens da MG-010, nas proximidades do bairro Morro Alto, em Vespasiano, na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Um Policial Militar viveu, nesta terça-feira (27), uma experiência fora da rotina do combate e prevenção à criminalidade. Ele realizou um parto às margens da MG-010, nas proximidades do bairro Morro Alto, em Vespasiano, na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. De acordo com o militar que atendeu a ocorrência, o cabo Walace Ferreira, uma gestante estava acompanhada do marido e do cunhado quando precisou de ajuda. Eles estavam a caminho do hospital quando a mulher entrou em trabalho de parto dentro do veículo da família. Para tentar auxiliar a mulher, que estava no banco traseiro do veículo, o pai da criança estacionou o carro às margens da rodovia. Por sorte, militares passaram pelo local, no momento do parto. O homem, então, solicitou auxílio dos policiais que realizaram o parto e o corte do cordão umbilical. Após o nascimento da criança, a mãe e o bebê foram encaminhados para o Hospital Risoleta Neves, onde exames seriam realizados. "Tenho 16 anos de corporação e esta foi a primeira vez que participei de uma ocorrência deste tipo. Sempre atendi ocorrências de grande complexidade e perigo e, hoje, pude ter uma experiência inédita, inovadora e gratificante, de ajudar uma criança nascer", lembrou o militar.

BRITO, Alice. MARÇAL, Manuel. O tempo.com.br.2022. Militar faz parto às margens de rodovia: 'Ajudei uma criança a nascer'. Disponível em:  https://www.otempo.com.br/cidades/video-militar-faz-parto-as-margens-derodovia-ajudei-uma-crianca-a-nascer-1.2740817. Acesso em: 10 de jan. de 2024. 

Texto 3:

Segunda Pele – o preço da ordem

Quanto custa ao ser humano que veste uma farda combater a crueldade do crime? Essa pergunta deu origem à Segunda Pele, nova série policial criada pela Polícia Militar de Minas Gerais, com direção de Guto Aeraphe e produção de Humberto de C.Rezende. Com 6 episódios de 20 minutos cada, a série foi idealizada pela Diretoria de Comunicação Organizacional da Polícia Militar de Minas Gerais como parte do plano de comunicação da PMMG. Inspirada em diversas ocorrências, e principalmente, na vida cotidiana dos policiais militares, a série tem o objetivo de valorizar estas pessoas que dedicam suas vidas a servir a comunidade, mesmo com o risco iminente de perderem a vida.

POLÍCIA MILITAR DE MINAS GERAIS. Série Segunda Pele. Disponível em: <https://www.policiamilitar.mg.gov.br/site/4bpm/noticias/244323/serie-segunda-pele> Acesso em: 10 de jan. de 2024. 

Leia o texto, para responder à questão. 

    One pathway for converting explicit to implicit knowledge is suggested by skill acquisition theory, a branch of cognitive science studying how people develop skills. In this theory, knowledge is first seen to be declarative (conscious); then, through practice and the application of learning strategies, declarative knowledge becomes proceduralized so that it becomes automatic. Automatic processes are quick and do not require attention or conscious awareness. Many second/ foreign language learners memorize and practice vocabulary items or “chunks” of language such as greetings, idioms or collocations. Frequent practice in using these forms helps the language items to become automatic in the sense that the learner can use them quickly and unconsciously.

    Pienemann (1989) proposes that second/ foreign language learners will not acquire a new structure until they are developmentallly ready to do so. If there were no connection between the development of explicit knowledge about a grammar point and the eventual restructuring of the unconscious linguistic system to accommodate the point in the learner’s interlanguage, then, indeed, grammar instruction would not be of much use. However, it has been suggested that there is a connection, so grammar instruction is ultimately useful. Further, practice of language points can lead to automatization, thus bypassing natural order teachability considerations.

(FOTOS, Sandra. Cognitive Approaches to Grammar Instruction.

In Marianne Celce-Murcia. 3rd ed. Teaching English as a second or foreign

language. 3rd edition. Boston, Massachusstes: Heinle&Heinle. 2002.

Adaptado274)

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    One pathway for converting explicit to implicit knowledge is suggested by skill acquisition theory, a branch of cognitive science studying how people develop skills. In this theory, knowledge is first seen to be declarative (conscious); then, through practice and the application of learning strategies, declarative knowledge becomes proceduralized so that it becomes automatic. Automatic processes are quick and do not require attention or conscious awareness. Many second/ foreign language learners memorize and practice vocabulary items or “chunks” of language such as greetings, idioms or collocations. Frequent practice in using these forms helps the language items to become automatic in the sense that the learner can use them quickly and unconsciously.

    Pienemann (1989) proposes that second/ foreign language learners will not acquire a new structure until they are developmentallly ready to do so. If there were no connection between the development of explicit knowledge about a grammar point and the eventual restructuring of the unconscious linguistic system to accommodate the point in the learner’s interlanguage, then, indeed, grammar instruction would not be of much use. However, it has been suggested that there is a connection, so grammar instruction is ultimately useful. Further, practice of language points can lead to automatization, thus bypassing natural order teachability considerations.

(FOTOS, Sandra. Cognitive Approaches to Grammar Instruction.

In Marianne Celce-Murcia. 3rd ed. Teaching English as a second or foreign

language. 3rd edition. Boston, Massachusstes: Heinle&Heinle. 2002.

Adaptado274)

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    This study reviews the findings of earlier translanguaging research in Saudi Arabia. Notably, Saudi Arabia is striving to adjust to the multilingual immigrant workforce on its soil, while encouraging a larger role for its people on other soils. In this changed paradigm, strengthening the Saudis’ English communicative proficiency is an emergent need. To make pertinent pedagogical recommendations on the use of translanguaging in language learning, the study gathered data using a questionnaire administered to 72 participants from King Faisal University. All participants were given fictitious names in order to protect their anonymity. Findings revealed that the Saudi EFL students strongly support the use of translanguaging in the EFL classrooms, but they are worried that it may not bring their proficiency to the desirable standard. They, thus, showed greater faith in the conventional language learning approach, viz., using only English in the EFL classes. The study concluded that learners‟ exposure to translanguaging is apparently not adequate for them to fully appreciate its benefits, and teachers who, so far, strictly keep to the English-only approach, too need to be oriented and trained in its use.

(Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 18(Special Issue 1),

556-568; 2022. Adaptado)

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    This study reviews the findings of earlier translanguaging research in Saudi Arabia. Notably, Saudi Arabia is striving to adjust to the multilingual immigrant workforce on its soil, while encouraging a larger role for its people on other soils. In this changed paradigm, strengthening the Saudis’ English communicative proficiency is an emergent need. To make pertinent pedagogical recommendations on the use of translanguaging in language learning, the study gathered data using a questionnaire administered to 72 participants from King Faisal University. All participants were given fictitious names in order to protect their anonymity. Findings revealed that the Saudi EFL students strongly support the use of translanguaging in the EFL classrooms, but they are worried that it may not bring their proficiency to the desirable standard. They, thus, showed greater faith in the conventional language learning approach, viz., using only English in the EFL classes. The study concluded that learners‟ exposure to translanguaging is apparently not adequate for them to fully appreciate its benefits, and teachers who, so far, strictly keep to the English-only approach, too need to be oriented and trained in its use.

(Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 18(Special Issue 1),

556-568; 2022. Adaptado)

Leia o texto, para responder à questão. 

    This study reviews the findings of earlier translanguaging research in Saudi Arabia. Notably, Saudi Arabia is striving to adjust to the multilingual immigrant workforce on its soil, while encouraging a larger role for its people on other soils. In this changed paradigm, strengthening the Saudis’ English communicative proficiency is an emergent need. To make pertinent pedagogical recommendations on the use of translanguaging in language learning, the study gathered data using a questionnaire administered to 72 participants from King Faisal University. All participants were given fictitious names in order to protect their anonymity. Findings revealed that the Saudi EFL students strongly support the use of translanguaging in the EFL classrooms, but they are worried that it may not bring their proficiency to the desirable standard. They, thus, showed greater faith in the conventional language learning approach, viz., using only English in the EFL classes. The study concluded that learners‟ exposure to translanguaging is apparently not adequate for them to fully appreciate its benefits, and teachers who, so far, strictly keep to the English-only approach, too need to be oriented and trained in its use.

(Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 18(Special Issue 1),

556-568; 2022. Adaptado)

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    It is adequate do say that pedagogical practices “become less and less preoccupied with limited and unified actions typical of content transmission in teaching-learning processes, and increase the instances of social practices that create possibilities of student engagement in the world.” (Magalhães & Carrijo, 2019, p. 215). We could broaden this and state that it is essential that education be less concerned with limited and limiting actions that look at the other - the student in general - but especially the student who is somehow different from the educators’ or the policy makers’ expectations as just that: a monolith of difference. This notion of difference as a monolith makes us see all SIEN¹ students as one single individual or block of individuals (i.e., as if they all had the same features); all deaf students as another monolith; all students in the autism spectrum as still another. But we are not equal. People vary in every aspect of humanity (the way they dress, speak, eat, think, learn). As Adichie (2009) stated in her famous TED: “The single story has a consequence: It robs people of dignity. It makes our recognition of our equal humanity difficult.”

(Magalhães, M.C.C. et al. Viable-transformative inclusion: diverse means of agency by an adolescent with Specific Intellectual Educational Needs (SIEN) and his educators. In: Delta: Documentação de Estudos em Linguística Teórica e Aplicada, Volume: 38, Número: 1. 2022)

¹SIEN students: students with specific intellectual educational needs

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    It is adequate do say that pedagogical practices “become less and less preoccupied with limited and unified actions typical of content transmission in teaching-learning processes, and increase the instances of social practices that create possibilities of student engagement in the world.” (Magalhães & Carrijo, 2019, p. 215). We could broaden this and state that it is essential that education be less concerned with limited and limiting actions that look at the other - the student in general - but especially the student who is somehow different from the educators’ or the policy makers’ expectations as just that: a monolith of difference. This notion of difference as a monolith makes us see all SIEN¹ students as one single individual or block of individuals (i.e., as if they all had the same features); all deaf students as another monolith; all students in the autism spectrum as still another. But we are not equal. People vary in every aspect of humanity (the way they dress, speak, eat, think, learn). As Adichie (2009) stated in her famous TED: “The single story has a consequence: It robs people of dignity. It makes our recognition of our equal humanity difficult.”

(Magalhães, M.C.C. et al. Viable-transformative inclusion: diverse means of agency by an adolescent with Specific Intellectual Educational Needs (SIEN) and his educators. In: Delta: Documentação de Estudos em Linguística Teórica e Aplicada, Volume: 38, Número: 1. 2022)

¹SIEN students: students with specific intellectual educational needs

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    Morley (1999) has outlined four important goals for pronunciation instruction: functional intelligibility, functional communicability, increased self-confidence, and speech monitoring abilities.

    For our purposes, intelligibility is defined as spoken English in which an accent, if present, is not distracting to the listener. Since learners rarely achieve an accent-free pronunciation, we are setting our students up for failure if we strive for nativelike accuracy. Eradication of an accent should not be our goal; in fact, some practitioners use the term accent addition as opposed to accent reduction to acknowledge the individual’s first language (L1) identity without demanding it be sublimated in the new second language (L2).

    Functional communicability is the learner’s ability to function successfully within the specific communicative situations he or she faces. And, as they gain communicative skill, they also need to gain confidence in their ability to speak and be understood.

    Bv teaching learners to pay attention to their own speech as well as that of others, we help our learners make better use of the input they receive. Good learners “attend” to certain aspects of the speech they hear and then try to imitate it. Speech monitoring activities help to focus learners’ attention on such features both in our courses and beyond them.

(Goodwin, Janet. Teaching Pronunciation. In Marianne Celce-Murcia. 3rd ed. Teaching English as a second or foreign language. 3rd edition. Boston, Massachusstes: Heinle&Heinle. 2002. Adaptado)

Leia o texto, para responder à questão. 

    Morley (1999) has outlined four important goals for pronunciation instruction: functional intelligibility, functional communicability, increased self-confidence, and speech monitoring abilities.

    For our purposes, intelligibility is defined as spoken English in which an accent, if present, is not distracting to the listener. Since learners rarely achieve an accent-free pronunciation, we are setting our students up for failure if we strive for nativelike accuracy. Eradication of an accent should not be our goal; in fact, some practitioners use the term accent addition as opposed to accent reduction to acknowledge the individual’s first language (L1) identity without demanding it be sublimated in the new second language (L2).

    Functional communicability is the learner’s ability to function successfully within the specific communicative situations he or she faces. And, as they gain communicative skill, they also need to gain confidence in their ability to speak and be understood.

    Bv teaching learners to pay attention to their own speech as well as that of others, we help our learners make better use of the input they receive. Good learners “attend” to certain aspects of the speech they hear and then try to imitate it. Speech monitoring activities help to focus learners’ attention on such features both in our courses and beyond them.

(Goodwin, Janet. Teaching Pronunciation. In Marianne Celce-Murcia. 3rd ed. Teaching English as a second or foreign language. 3rd edition. Boston, Massachusstes: Heinle&Heinle. 2002. Adaptado)

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    The disjunction between method as conceptualized by theorists and method as conducted by teachers is the direct consequence of the inherent limitations of the concept of method itself. First and foremost, methods are based on idealized concepts geared toward idealized contexts. Since language learning and teaching needs, wants, and situations are unpredictably numerous, no idealized method can visualize all the variables in advance in order to provide situation-specific suggestions that practicing teachers need to tackle the challenges they are confronted with every day of their professional lives.

    Not anchored in any specific learning and teaching context, and caught up in the whirlwind of fashion, methods tend to wildly drift from one theoretical extreme to the other. At one time, grammatical drills were considered the right way to teach; at another, they were given up in favor of communicative tasks. At one time, explicit error correction was not only favored but considered necessary; at another, it was frowned upon. These extreme swings create conditions where certain aspects of learning and teaching get overly emphasized while certain others are utterly ignored, depending on which way the pendulum swings.

    The limitations of the concept of method gradually led to statements such as “the term method is a label without substance” (Clarke, 1983, p. 109), and that it has “diminished rather than enhanced our understanding of language teaching” (Pennycook, 1989, p. 597). This realization has resulted in a widespread dissatisfaction with the concept of method.

(Kumaravadivelu, B. Beyond Methods: Macrostrategies for language teaching. Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2003. Adaptado)