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Ano: 2024
Banca:
CESPE / CEBRASPE
Órgão:
CBM-PA
Prova:
CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2024 - CBM-PA - Oficial do Corpo de Bombeiros |
Q2350475
Inglês
Texto associado
Text 1A2-II
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is
a potentially life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan
parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. About 6-7 million people worldwide
are estimated to be infected with T. cruzi. The disease is found
mainly in endemic areas of 21 continental Latin American
countries, where it has been mostly transmitted to humans and
other mammals by contact with feces or urine of triatomine bugs
(vector-borne), known as kissing bugs, among many other
popular names, depending on the geographical area.
Chagas disease is named after Carlos Ribeiro Justiniano
Chagas, a Brazilian physician and researcher who discovered the
disease in 1909. Chagas disease was once entirely confined to
continental rural areas of the Region of the Americas (excluding
the Caribbean islands). Due to increased population mobility
over previous decades, most infected people now live in urban
settings and the infection has been increasingly detected in the
United States of America, Canada, and many European and some
African, Eastern Mediterranean and Western Pacific countries.
Chagas disease’s transmission is caused by T. cruzi
parasites, which are mainly transmitted by contact with
feces/urine of infected blood-sucking triatomine bugs. Normally
they hide during the day and become active at night when they
feed on animal blood, including human blood. They usually bite
an exposed area of skin such as the face (hence its common
name, kissing bug), and the bug defecates or urinates close to the
bite. The parasites enter the body when the person instinctively
smears the bug’s feces or urine into the bite, other skin breaks,
the eyes, or the mouth. T. cruzi can also be transmitted by
consumption of food or beverages contaminated with T. cruzi
through, for example, contact with feces or urine of infected
triatomine bugs or common opossums. This kind of transmission
typically causes outbreaks with more severe cases and mortality;
passage from an infected mother to her newborn during
pregnancy or childbirth; blood or blood product transfusion from
infected donors; some organ transplants using organs from
infected donors; and laboratory accidents.
Internet: <who.int> (adapted).
Regarding the transmission of Chagas disease, according to text
1A2-II, judge the following items.
I Blood product transfusion from infected donors can transmit the disease.
II The also called kissing bug’s feces and urine carry the protozoan parasite.
III Infected pregnant women cannot contaminate their babies during pregnancy or childbirth.
IV Contaminated food or drinks can transmit Chagas disease to people.
Choose the correct option.
I Blood product transfusion from infected donors can transmit the disease.
II The also called kissing bug’s feces and urine carry the protozoan parasite.
III Infected pregnant women cannot contaminate their babies during pregnancy or childbirth.
IV Contaminated food or drinks can transmit Chagas disease to people.
Choose the correct option.
Ano: 2024
Banca:
CESPE / CEBRASPE
Órgão:
CBM-PA
Prova:
CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2024 - CBM-PA - Oficial do Corpo de Bombeiros |
Q2350472
Inglês
Texto associado
Text 1A2-I
In 2020, the state of California experienced its worst
wildfire season on record, with the Bay Area fire becoming one
of the largest wildfires in American history. By the end of the
year, the state recorded more than 8,600 blazes that burned down
over 4 million acres of land, accounting for more than 4% of the
state’s total land area.
California is known for its wildfire seasons, which usually
take place between late summer and early autumn, though they
have been getting significantly more intense, destructive, and
longer in the past two decades. At least one-third of the worst
wildfires in USA (United States of America) history occurred in
California. But what causes California such susceptibility to
wildfires in the first place and what is causing the exacerbation
of it?
Wildfires can occur naturally and as a result of human
activity, but three elements must be present for a wildfire to start.
Fuel: Any flammable material surrounding a fire, which can
come in the form of live or dead trees, dry vegetation, and other
organic matter; Air: An abundance of oxygen supply. Heat
sources: to ignite and burn the fuel. This could take the form of
lightning strikes or human sources such as campfires or
cigarettes.
Natural wildfires, which are classified as natural disasters
by the Environmental Protection Agency, can start during low
precipitation, dry weather and droughts. During these conditions,
dry vegetation becomes the perfect fuel for wildfires and when
lightning strikes, it ignites a fire that can spread rapidly with the
aid of strong winds and elevated temperatures.
Internet: <earth.org> (adapted).
In text 1A2-I, the excerpt “they have been getting significantly
more intense, destructive, and longer in the past two decades”
(first sentence of the second paragraph) conveys the idea that the
wildfire seasons in California
Ano: 2024
Banca:
CESPE / CEBRASPE
Órgão:
CBM-PA
Prova:
CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2024 - CBM-PA - Oficial do Corpo de Bombeiros |
Q2350471
Inglês
Texto associado
Text 1A2-I
In 2020, the state of California experienced its worst
wildfire season on record, with the Bay Area fire becoming one
of the largest wildfires in American history. By the end of the
year, the state recorded more than 8,600 blazes that burned down
over 4 million acres of land, accounting for more than 4% of the
state’s total land area.
California is known for its wildfire seasons, which usually
take place between late summer and early autumn, though they
have been getting significantly more intense, destructive, and
longer in the past two decades. At least one-third of the worst
wildfires in USA (United States of America) history occurred in
California. But what causes California such susceptibility to
wildfires in the first place and what is causing the exacerbation
of it?
Wildfires can occur naturally and as a result of human
activity, but three elements must be present for a wildfire to start.
Fuel: Any flammable material surrounding a fire, which can
come in the form of live or dead trees, dry vegetation, and other
organic matter; Air: An abundance of oxygen supply. Heat
sources: to ignite and burn the fuel. This could take the form of
lightning strikes or human sources such as campfires or
cigarettes.
Natural wildfires, which are classified as natural disasters
by the Environmental Protection Agency, can start during low
precipitation, dry weather and droughts. During these conditions,
dry vegetation becomes the perfect fuel for wildfires and when
lightning strikes, it ignites a fire that can spread rapidly with the
aid of strong winds and elevated temperatures.
Internet: <earth.org> (adapted).
According to text 1A2-I, it is correct to affirm that
Q2289398
Inglês
Texto associado
Why Climate Change Could Mean
More Delayed Flights
No one enjoys a delayed flight, but as our weather gets
warmer, we can expect more of them.
That's according to experts, who say that the heat of the
summer might cause more delays.
Bloomberg looked at US data for flight delays at airports in
Chicago and New York from June to August in 2022 and from
January to March in 2023. It found that there were more
delayed flights in the summer months at both airports.
When the temperature rises above 39 degrees Celsius,
things get very difficult for airlines, Bijan Vasigh, a professor
at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in the US,
told Bloomberg.
The air is thinner when it gets hot and that makes it harder
for planes to take off. In thinner air there is not as much lift, so
more power is needed.
When they need more power, it helps to have a lighter
airplane.
That might mean pilots have to make last-minute decisions
to reduce the weight on board by dumping fuel, passengers
or baggage — meaning the plane will probably be delayed.
The problem gets worse at airports that are at a higher
altitude where the air is already thinner, and at airports with
short runways, since planes need more space to get up to a
high speed.
But thin air is not the only problem. Smoke from wildfires —
that have been happening all around the world in the summer
of 2023 —can also cause flights to be delayed and canceled.
Of course, the summer is also a busy time when millions of
people fly, and weather is not the only cause of delays — but
our hotter climate doesn't seem to be helping.
Internet: Engoo
What can cause flight delays according to the
text:
Q2289397
Inglês
Texto associado
Why Climate Change Could Mean
More Delayed Flights
No one enjoys a delayed flight, but as our weather gets
warmer, we can expect more of them.
That's according to experts, who say that the heat of the
summer might cause more delays.
Bloomberg looked at US data for flight delays at airports in
Chicago and New York from June to August in 2022 and from
January to March in 2023. It found that there were more
delayed flights in the summer months at both airports.
When the temperature rises above 39 degrees Celsius,
things get very difficult for airlines, Bijan Vasigh, a professor
at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in the US,
told Bloomberg.
The air is thinner when it gets hot and that makes it harder
for planes to take off. In thinner air there is not as much lift, so
more power is needed.
When they need more power, it helps to have a lighter
airplane.
That might mean pilots have to make last-minute decisions
to reduce the weight on board by dumping fuel, passengers
or baggage — meaning the plane will probably be delayed.
The problem gets worse at airports that are at a higher
altitude where the air is already thinner, and at airports with
short runways, since planes need more space to get up to a
high speed.
But thin air is not the only problem. Smoke from wildfires —
that have been happening all around the world in the summer
of 2023 —can also cause flights to be delayed and canceled.
Of course, the summer is also a busy time when millions of
people fly, and weather is not the only cause of delays — but
our hotter climate doesn't seem to be helping.
Internet: Engoo
When we have delayed flights, we understand
that: