Questões Militares Sobre inglês
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What is the correct way to complete the text below?
"American Field Service, one of (1) ____ Exchange programs, said it saw a 6 percent increase in the number of families willing to host students next year."
Based on the text below, answer the question.
Slash and burn Brazil's rainforest is going up in smoke. Again.
As Brazil'S skyscrapers and silos rose, it seemed the most
impressive quality of this 21st-century Latin American powerhouse was
its ability to grow without trashing the environment. Just last year,
Brasilia was boasting about a steep decline in deforestation in the
Amazon rainforest, a feat that President Dilma Rousseff trumpeted as
"impressive, the fruit of social change." What would she say now?
After nearly a decade of steady decline, forest cutting has spiked again in the world's largest rainforest. The nonprofit Amazon watchdog organization, Imazon, released a study reporting that deforestation at the hands of farmers and ranchers jumped 90 percent in the 12 months since April of last year. And since burning always follows felling, another 88 million tons of carbon dioxide and other gases hit the atmosphere—a 62 percent increase on the year.
For decades, Brazilians were told that ruin in the Amazon was the price of development. But recent research has imploded that assumption. A paper published by the National Academy of Sciences shows that continued deforestation threatens not just the trees but the progress and riches their removal were thought to guarantee. The paper bolsters an old theory by Brazilian climate scientist Eneas Salati, who argued that the Amazon actually produces half its own rainfall. The takeaway: remove too much of the forests and the Amazon could dry out. And more than the jungle is at stake. Reduced rainfall from forest cutting could dry up the water that powers hydroelectric dams, thus slashing Brazilian power-generating capacity by 40 percent by midcentury. It could also rob the food larder, cutting soybean productivity by 28 percent and beef production by 34 percent.
Brasilia quickly countered the environmental skeptics by saying that these are unofficial figures, noting that the National Space Institute is still crunching the satellite data. The government is still basking in last year's numbers: only 4,600 square kilometers of forests felled, a fraction of the 27,700 square kilometers lost in 2004. But the Rousseff administration would do well to heed the smoke signals. Even Brasilia admits that Brazil's continued rise to glory turns on the country's ability to stay green.
(Adapted from http://thedailybeast.com/newswek/2013/06/05)
Considering the text, what does the word "crunching" mean in this extract?
[...] the National Space Institute is still crunching the satellite data."
Based on the text below, answer the question.
Slash and burn Brazil's rainforest is going up in smoke. Again.
As Brazil'S skyscrapers and silos rose, it seemed the most
impressive quality of this 21st-century Latin American powerhouse was
its ability to grow without trashing the environment. Just last year,
Brasilia was boasting about a steep decline in deforestation in the
Amazon rainforest, a feat that President Dilma Rousseff trumpeted as
"impressive, the fruit of social change." What would she say now?
After nearly a decade of steady decline, forest cutting has spiked again in the world's largest rainforest. The nonprofit Amazon watchdog organization, Imazon, released a study reporting that deforestation at the hands of farmers and ranchers jumped 90 percent in the 12 months since April of last year. And since burning always follows felling, another 88 million tons of carbon dioxide and other gases hit the atmosphere—a 62 percent increase on the year.
For decades, Brazilians were told that ruin in the Amazon was the price of development. But recent research has imploded that assumption. A paper published by the National Academy of Sciences shows that continued deforestation threatens not just the trees but the progress and riches their removal were thought to guarantee. The paper bolsters an old theory by Brazilian climate scientist Eneas Salati, who argued that the Amazon actually produces half its own rainfall. The takeaway: remove too much of the forests and the Amazon could dry out. And more than the jungle is at stake. Reduced rainfall from forest cutting could dry up the water that powers hydroelectric dams, thus slashing Brazilian power-generating capacity by 40 percent by midcentury. It could also rob the food larder, cutting soybean productivity by 28 percent and beef production by 34 percent.
Brasilia quickly countered the environmental skeptics by saying that these are unofficial figures, noting that the National Space Institute is still crunching the satellite data. The government is still basking in last year's numbers: only 4,600 square kilometers of forests felled, a fraction of the 27,700 square kilometers lost in 2004. But the Rousseff administration would do well to heed the smoke signals. Even Brasilia admits that Brazil's continued rise to glory turns on the country's ability to stay green.
(Adapted from http://thedailybeast.com/newswek/2013/06/05)
What does the word "thus" mean in the following extract?
"Reduced rainfall from forest cutting could dry up the water
that powers hydroelectric dams, thus slashing Brazilian power -
generating capacity by 40 percent by midcentury."
Based on the text below, answer the question.
Slash and burn Brazil's rainforest is going up in smoke. Again.
As Brazil'S skyscrapers and silos rose, it seemed the most
impressive quality of this 21st-century Latin American powerhouse was
its ability to grow without trashing the environment. Just last year,
Brasilia was boasting about a steep decline in deforestation in the
Amazon rainforest, a feat that President Dilma Rousseff trumpeted as
"impressive, the fruit of social change." What would she say now?
After nearly a decade of steady decline, forest cutting has spiked again in the world's largest rainforest. The nonprofit Amazon watchdog organization, Imazon, released a study reporting that deforestation at the hands of farmers and ranchers jumped 90 percent in the 12 months since April of last year. And since burning always follows felling, another 88 million tons of carbon dioxide and other gases hit the atmosphere—a 62 percent increase on the year.
For decades, Brazilians were told that ruin in the Amazon was the price of development. But recent research has imploded that assumption. A paper published by the National Academy of Sciences shows that continued deforestation threatens not just the trees but the progress and riches their removal were thought to guarantee. The paper bolsters an old theory by Brazilian climate scientist Eneas Salati, who argued that the Amazon actually produces half its own rainfall. The takeaway: remove too much of the forests and the Amazon could dry out. And more than the jungle is at stake. Reduced rainfall from forest cutting could dry up the water that powers hydroelectric dams, thus slashing Brazilian power-generating capacity by 40 percent by midcentury. It could also rob the food larder, cutting soybean productivity by 28 percent and beef production by 34 percent.
Brasilia quickly countered the environmental skeptics by saying that these are unofficial figures, noting that the National Space Institute is still crunching the satellite data. The government is still basking in last year's numbers: only 4,600 square kilometers of forests felled, a fraction of the 27,700 square kilometers lost in 2004. But the Rousseff administration would do well to heed the smoke signals. Even Brasilia admits that Brazil's continued rise to glory turns on the country's ability to stay green.
(Adapted from http://thedailybeast.com/newswek/2013/06/05)
Which is the best alternative considering some of the statements are TRUE (T) and others are FALSE (F)?
I - In 2012 fewer trees were cut down than in previous years.
II - Until recently the destruction of the Amazon forest was seen as a necessary evil.
III - The President agrees with the numbers presented by scientist.
IV - The Amazon forest might die because of lack of rain.
V - Farming and livestock sectors might produce more food as a result of deforestation.
The best alternative is
Based on the text below, answer the question.
Facebook deserted by millions of users in biggest markets
Facebook has lost millions of users per month in its biggest markets. In the last six months, Facebook has lost nearly 9m monthly visitors in the US and 2m in the UK. Studies suggest that its expansion in the US, UK and other major European countries has peaked. In the last month, the world's largest social network has lost 6m US visitors, a 4% fall, according to analysis firm Socialbakers. In the UK, 1.4m fewer users visited in March, a fali of 4.5%. Users are also turning off in Canada, Spain, France, Germany and Japan, where Facebook is extremely popular.
Alternative social networks have seen surges in popularity with younger people. Instagram, the photo-sharing site, got 30m new users in the 18 months before Facebook bought the business. Path, the mobile phone-based social network founded by former Facebook employee Dave Morin, which only allows its users to have 150 friends, is gaining 1m users a week.
Facebook is still growing fast in South America. Monthly visitors in Brazil were up to 6% in the last month to 70m, according to Socialbakers, whose Information is used by Facebook advertisers. India has seen a 4% rise to 64m - still only a fraction of the country's population, so there is room for more growth.
As Facebook itself has warned, the time spent on its pages from those sitting in front of personal computers is decreasing fast because people now prefer to use their smartphones and tablets. Although smartphone minutes have doubled in a year, to 69 a month, that growth may not compensate for dwindling desktop usage.
Facebook will tell investors about its performance for the quarter. Wall Street expects revenues of about $1.44bn, an increase from $1.06bn a year ago. Shareholders will want to know how fast the number of mobile Facebook users is growing, and whether advertising revenues are increasing at the same rate. Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg has created a series of new initiatives designed to appeal to smartphone users. One initiative, Facebook Home, is software that can be downloaded onto Android phones to feed news and photos from friends - and advertising - directly to the owner's locked home screen.
(Adapted from http://www.guardian.com.uk)
Based on the text below, answer the question.
Facebook deserted by millions of users in biggest markets
Facebook has lost millions of users per month in its biggest markets. In the last six months, Facebook has lost nearly 9m monthly visitors in the US and 2m in the UK. Studies suggest that its expansion in the US, UK and other major European countries has peaked. In the last month, the world's largest social network has lost 6m US visitors, a 4% fall, according to analysis firm Socialbakers. In the UK, 1.4m fewer users visited in March, a fali of 4.5%. Users are also turning off in Canada, Spain, France, Germany and Japan, where Facebook is extremely popular.
Alternative social networks have seen surges in popularity with younger people. Instagram, the photo-sharing site, got 30m new users in the 18 months before Facebook bought the business. Path, the mobile phone-based social network founded by former Facebook employee Dave Morin, which only allows its users to have 150 friends, is gaining 1m users a week.
Facebook is still growing fast in South America. Monthly visitors in Brazil were up to 6% in the last month to 70m, according to Socialbakers, whose Information is used by Facebook advertisers. India has seen a 4% rise to 64m - still only a fraction of the country's population, so there is room for more growth.
As Facebook itself has warned, the time spent on its pages from those sitting in front of personal computers is decreasing fast because people now prefer to use their smartphones and tablets. Although smartphone minutes have doubled in a year, to 69 a month, that growth may not compensate for dwindling desktop usage.
Facebook will tell investors about its performance for the quarter. Wall Street expects revenues of about $1.44bn, an increase from $1.06bn a year ago. Shareholders will want to know how fast the number of mobile Facebook users is growing, and whether advertising revenues are increasing at the same rate. Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg has created a series of new initiatives designed to appeal to smartphone users. One initiative, Facebook Home, is software that can be downloaded onto Android phones to feed news and photos from friends - and advertising - directly to the owner's locked home screen.
(Adapted from http://www.guardian.com.uk)
Based on the text below, answer the question.
Facebook deserted by millions of users in biggest markets
Facebook has lost millions of users per month in its biggest markets. In the last six months, Facebook has lost nearly 9m monthly visitors in the US and 2m in the UK. Studies suggest that its expansion in the US, UK and other major European countries has peaked. In the last month, the world's largest social network has lost 6m US visitors, a 4% fall, according to analysis firm Socialbakers. In the UK, 1.4m fewer users visited in March, a fali of 4.5%. Users are also turning off in Canada, Spain, France, Germany and Japan, where Facebook is extremely popular.
Alternative social networks have seen surges in popularity with younger people. Instagram, the photo-sharing site, got 30m new users in the 18 months before Facebook bought the business. Path, the mobile phone-based social network founded by former Facebook employee Dave Morin, which only allows its users to have 150 friends, is gaining 1m users a week.
Facebook is still growing fast in South America. Monthly visitors in Brazil were up to 6% in the last month to 70m, according to Socialbakers, whose Information is used by Facebook advertisers. India has seen a 4% rise to 64m - still only a fraction of the country's population, so there is room for more growth.
As Facebook itself has warned, the time spent on its pages from those sitting in front of personal computers is decreasing fast because people now prefer to use their smartphones and tablets. Although smartphone minutes have doubled in a year, to 69 a month, that growth may not compensate for dwindling desktop usage.
Facebook will tell investors about its performance for the quarter. Wall Street expects revenues of about $1.44bn, an increase from $1.06bn a year ago. Shareholders will want to know how fast the number of mobile Facebook users is growing, and whether advertising revenues are increasing at the same rate. Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg has created a series of new initiatives designed to appeal to smartphone users. One initiative, Facebook Home, is software that can be downloaded onto Android phones to feed news and photos from friends - and advertising - directly to the owner's locked home screen.
(Adapted from http://www.guardian.com.uk)
Which is the best alternative considering some of the statements are TRUE (T) and others are FALSE (F)?
I - Facebook is gaining users in the US and the UK.
II - Facebook is the owner of Instagram and Path.
III - People are spending more time on their PCs .
IV - Facebook has recently introduced new software.
V - Facebook has probably made more money this year than in 2012.
The best alternative is
PART 1: READING COMPREHENSION
Based on the text below, answer the question.
Exercising Body and Mind at the Same Time?
New Device Lets You Read While You Run
Engineers from Purdue University have devised a new System that will facilitate a very specific type of physical and mental multitasking - helping treadmill runners to read text on a display screen.
The System, called ReadingMate, compensates for constantly
bobbing eyes so runners can train for a marathon while reading their
favorite novel.
"Not many people can run and read at the same time," said Ji Soo Yi, an assistant professor of industrial engineering at Purdue University. "This is because the relative location of the eyes to the text is vigorously changing, and our eyes try to constantly adjust to such changes, which is burdensome."
Instead of increasing the size of the displayed font, Yi and his colleagues decided to compensate for a runner's head motion.
"You could increase the font size and have a large-screen monitor on the wall, but that's impractical because you cannot have numerous big screen displays in an exercise room," Yi said.
According to a report on the system published recently in Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, the engineers recruited 15 multitasking volunteers to perform a "letter-counting" test while jogging on a treadmill and using ReadingMate. The participants were asked to tally how many times the letter 'F' appeared in two lines of text nested in 10 lines of text that were displayed on a computer monitor.
While performing the test, the participants wore goggles equipped with infrared LEDs. An infrared camera tracked the motion of the LEDs, essentially recording the movement of the runner's head. To compensate for the head motion, the displayed text was moved as the volunteers ran along the treadmill with their heads bobbing.
The researchers found those who used the ReadingMate system performed better at multi-tasking their physical and mental assignments, particularly when it carne to reading smaller font sizes and smaller line-spaced text.
Besides aiding people with the novel task of reading while running, the researchers said their system could be used to assist airline pilots or those working in heavy industry.
"Both may experience heavy shaking and turbulence while reading information from a display," Kwon said. "ReadingMate could stabilize the content in such cases."
(Adapted from http://www.redorbit.com/news)
PART 1: READING COMPREHENSION
Based on the text below, answer the question.
Exercising Body and Mind at the Same Time?
New Device Lets You Read While You Run
Engineers from Purdue University have devised a new System that will facilitate a very specific type of physical and mental multitasking - helping treadmill runners to read text on a display screen.
The System, called ReadingMate, compensates for constantly
bobbing eyes so runners can train for a marathon while reading their
favorite novel.
"Not many people can run and read at the same time," said Ji Soo Yi, an assistant professor of industrial engineering at Purdue University. "This is because the relative location of the eyes to the text is vigorously changing, and our eyes try to constantly adjust to such changes, which is burdensome."
Instead of increasing the size of the displayed font, Yi and his colleagues decided to compensate for a runner's head motion.
"You could increase the font size and have a large-screen monitor on the wall, but that's impractical because you cannot have numerous big screen displays in an exercise room," Yi said.
According to a report on the system published recently in Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, the engineers recruited 15 multitasking volunteers to perform a "letter-counting" test while jogging on a treadmill and using ReadingMate. The participants were asked to tally how many times the letter 'F' appeared in two lines of text nested in 10 lines of text that were displayed on a computer monitor.
While performing the test, the participants wore goggles equipped with infrared LEDs. An infrared camera tracked the motion of the LEDs, essentially recording the movement of the runner's head. To compensate for the head motion, the displayed text was moved as the volunteers ran along the treadmill with their heads bobbing.
The researchers found those who used the ReadingMate system performed better at multi-tasking their physical and mental assignments, particularly when it carne to reading smaller font sizes and smaller line-spaced text.
Besides aiding people with the novel task of reading while running, the researchers said their system could be used to assist airline pilots or those working in heavy industry.
"Both may experience heavy shaking and turbulence while reading information from a display," Kwon said. "ReadingMate could stabilize the content in such cases."
(Adapted from http://www.redorbit.com/news)
Considering the text, what does the word "tally” mean in this extract?
"The participants were asked to tally how many times the
letter 'F ' appeared in two lines of text [...]"
PART 1: READING COMPREHENSION
Based on the text below, answer the question.
Exercising Body and Mind at the Same Time?
New Device Lets You Read While You Run
Engineers from Purdue University have devised a new System that will facilitate a very specific type of physical and mental multitasking - helping treadmill runners to read text on a display screen.
The System, called ReadingMate, compensates for constantly
bobbing eyes so runners can train for a marathon while reading their
favorite novel.
"Not many people can run and read at the same time," said Ji Soo Yi, an assistant professor of industrial engineering at Purdue University. "This is because the relative location of the eyes to the text is vigorously changing, and our eyes try to constantly adjust to such changes, which is burdensome."
Instead of increasing the size of the displayed font, Yi and his colleagues decided to compensate for a runner's head motion.
"You could increase the font size and have a large-screen monitor on the wall, but that's impractical because you cannot have numerous big screen displays in an exercise room," Yi said.
According to a report on the system published recently in Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, the engineers recruited 15 multitasking volunteers to perform a "letter-counting" test while jogging on a treadmill and using ReadingMate. The participants were asked to tally how many times the letter 'F' appeared in two lines of text nested in 10 lines of text that were displayed on a computer monitor.
While performing the test, the participants wore goggles equipped with infrared LEDs. An infrared camera tracked the motion of the LEDs, essentially recording the movement of the runner's head. To compensate for the head motion, the displayed text was moved as the volunteers ran along the treadmill with their heads bobbing.
The researchers found those who used the ReadingMate system performed better at multi-tasking their physical and mental assignments, particularly when it carne to reading smaller font sizes and smaller line-spaced text.
Besides aiding people with the novel task of reading while running, the researchers said their system could be used to assist airline pilots or those working in heavy industry.
"Both may experience heavy shaking and turbulence while reading information from a display," Kwon said. "ReadingMate could stabilize the content in such cases."
(Adapted from http://www.redorbit.com/news)
By Nick Allen
9:04PM BST 16 Aug 2013
Climate scientists have concluded that temperatures could jump by up to 5°C and sea levels could rise by up to 82 cm by the end of the century, according to a leaked draft of a United Nations (UN) report.
The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) also said there was a 95 per cent likelihood that global warming is caused by human activities. That was the highest assessment so far from the IPCC, which put the figure at 90 per cent in a previous report in 2007, 66 per cent in 2001, and just over 50 per cent in 1995.
Reto Knutti, a professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, said: “We have got quite a bit more certain that climate change is largely man-made. We’re less certain than many would hope about the local impacts.” The IPCC report, the first of three in 2013 and 2014, will face intense scrutiny particularly after errors in the 2007 study, which wrongly predicted that all Himalayan glaciers could melt by 2035.
Almost 200 governments have agreed to try to limit global warming to below 2°C above pre-industrial times, which is seen as a threshold for dangerous changes including more droughts, extinctions, floods and rising seas that could swamp coastal regions and island nations. Temperatures have already risen by 0.8°C since the Industrial Revolution.
The report will say there is a high risk global temperatures will rise by more than 2°C this century. They could rise anywhere from about 0.6°C to almost 5°C a wider range at both ends of the scale than predicted in the 2007 report. It will also say evidence of rising sea levels is “unequivocal”. The report projects seas will rise by between 30 cm and 82 cm by the late 21st century. In 2007 the estimated rise was between 18 cm and 58 cm, but that did not fully account for changes in Antarctica and Greenland.
Scientists say it is harder to predict local impacts. Drew Shindell, a Nasa scientist, said: “I talk to people in regional power planning. They ask, 'What’s the temperature going to be in this region in the next 20 to 30 years, because that’s where our power grid is?’ We can’t really tell.”
By Nick Allen
9:04PM BST 16 Aug 2013
Climate scientists have concluded that temperatures could jump by up to 5°C and sea levels could rise by up to 82 cm by the end of the century, according to a leaked draft of a United Nations (UN) report.
The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) also said there was a 95 per cent likelihood that global warming is caused by human activities. That was the highest assessment so far from the IPCC, which put the figure at 90 per cent in a previous report in 2007, 66 per cent in 2001, and just over 50 per cent in 1995.
Reto Knutti, a professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, said: “We have got quite a bit more certain that climate change is largely man-made. We’re less certain than many would hope about the local impacts.” The IPCC report, the first of three in 2013 and 2014, will face intense scrutiny particularly after errors in the 2007 study, which wrongly predicted that all Himalayan glaciers could melt by 2035.
Almost 200 governments have agreed to try to limit global warming to below 2°C above pre-industrial times, which is seen as a threshold for dangerous changes including more droughts, extinctions, floods and rising seas that could swamp coastal regions and island nations. Temperatures have already risen by 0.8°C since the Industrial Revolution.
The report will say there is a high risk global temperatures will rise by more than 2°C this century. They could rise anywhere from about 0.6°C to almost 5°C a wider range at both ends of the scale than predicted in the 2007 report. It will also say evidence of rising sea levels is “unequivocal”. The report projects seas will rise by between 30 cm and 82 cm by the late 21st century. In 2007 the estimated rise was between 18 cm and 58 cm, but that did not fully account for changes in Antarctica and Greenland.
Scientists say it is harder to predict local impacts. Drew Shindell, a Nasa scientist, said: “I talk to people in regional power planning. They ask, 'What’s the temperature going to be in this region in the next 20 to 30 years, because that’s where our power grid is?’ We can’t really tell.”
( ) The IPCC made a wrong prediction about the Himalayas in the 2007 report.
( ) Himalayan glaciers will certainly disappear by 2035 because of global warming.
( ) The IPCC can now be sure of how climate change will impact different locations.
( ) IPCC's new report will be carefully examined after the errors committed in 2007.
( ) Global warming will have a huge impact in Swiss because of its large glaciers.
Mark the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from top to bottom.
By Nick Allen
9:04PM BST 16 Aug 2013
Climate scientists have concluded that temperatures could jump by up to 5°C and sea levels could rise by up to 82 cm by the end of the century, according to a leaked draft of a United Nations (UN) report.
The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) also said there was a 95 per cent likelihood that global warming is caused by human activities. That was the highest assessment so far from the IPCC, which put the figure at 90 per cent in a previous report in 2007, 66 per cent in 2001, and just over 50 per cent in 1995.
Reto Knutti, a professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, said: “We have got quite a bit more certain that climate change is largely man-made. We’re less certain than many would hope about the local impacts.” The IPCC report, the first of three in 2013 and 2014, will face intense scrutiny particularly after errors in the 2007 study, which wrongly predicted that all Himalayan glaciers could melt by 2035.
Almost 200 governments have agreed to try to limit global warming to below 2°C above pre-industrial times, which is seen as a threshold for dangerous changes including more droughts, extinctions, floods and rising seas that could swamp coastal regions and island nations. Temperatures have already risen by 0.8°C since the Industrial Revolution.
The report will say there is a high risk global temperatures will rise by more than 2°C this century. They could rise anywhere from about 0.6°C to almost 5°C a wider range at both ends of the scale than predicted in the 2007 report. It will also say evidence of rising sea levels is “unequivocal”. The report projects seas will rise by between 30 cm and 82 cm by the late 21st century. In 2007 the estimated rise was between 18 cm and 58 cm, but that did not fully account for changes in Antarctica and Greenland.
Scientists say it is harder to predict local impacts. Drew Shindell, a Nasa scientist, said: “I talk to people in regional power planning. They ask, 'What’s the temperature going to be in this region in the next 20 to 30 years, because that’s where our power grid is?’ We can’t really tell.”
1. Scientists think it is 95% likely that human activity is causing global warming.
2. Temperatures could be 5°C warmer by the end of the current century.
3. Sea levels are not likely to be higher than today by the end of the century.
4. Scientists are surer now than in 2007 that humans are causing global warming.
5. 50% of the scientists believed humans were the cause of climate change in 1995.
Which of the statements above are TRUE, according to the text?
So, at the start of 2012, I set myself the challenge of trying to read a book from every country (well, all 195 United Nations (UN) recognised states plus former UN member Taiwan) in a year to find out what I was missing. With no idea how to go about this beyond a sneaking suspicion that I was unlikely to find publications from nearly 200 nations on the shelves of my local bookshop, I decided to ask the planet’s readers for help. I created a blog called A Year of Reading the World and put out an appeal for suggestions of titles that I could read in English.
But the effort was worth it. As I made my way through the planet’s literary landscapes, extraordinary things started to happen. In the hands of gifted writers, I discovered bookpacking offered something a physical traveller could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes. More powerful than a thousand news reports, these stories not only opened my mind to the nuts and bolts of life in other places, but opened my heart to the way people there might feel.
And that in turn changed my thinking. Through reading the stories shared with me by bookish strangers around the globe, I realised I was not an isolated person, but part of a network that stretched all over the planet. One by one, the country names on the list that had begun as an intellectual exercise at the start of the year transformed into vital, vibrant places filled with laughter, love, anger, hope and fear. Lands that had once seemed exotic and remote became close and familiar to me – places I could identify with. At its best, I learned, fiction makes the world real.
So, at the start of 2012, I set myself the challenge of trying to read a book from every country (well, all 195 United Nations (UN) recognised states plus former UN member Taiwan) in a year to find out what I was missing. With no idea how to go about this beyond a sneaking suspicion that I was unlikely to find publications from nearly 200 nations on the shelves of my local bookshop, I decided to ask the planet’s readers for help. I created a blog called A Year of Reading the World and put out an appeal for suggestions of titles that I could read in English.
But the effort was worth it. As I made my way through the planet’s literary landscapes, extraordinary things started to happen. In the hands of gifted writers, I discovered bookpacking offered something a physical traveller could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes. More powerful than a thousand news reports, these stories not only opened my mind to the nuts and bolts of life in other places, but opened my heart to the way people there might feel.
And that in turn changed my thinking. Through reading the stories shared with me by bookish strangers around the globe, I realised I was not an isolated person, but part of a network that stretched all over the planet. One by one, the country names on the list that had begun as an intellectual exercise at the start of the year transformed into vital, vibrant places filled with laughter, love, anger, hope and fear. Lands that had once seemed exotic and remote became close and familiar to me – places I could identify with. At its best, I learned, fiction makes the world real.
So, at the start of 2012, I set myself the challenge of trying to read a book from every country (well, all 195 United Nations (UN) recognised states plus former UN member Taiwan) in a year to find out what I was missing. With no idea how to go about this beyond a sneaking suspicion that I was unlikely to find publications from nearly 200 nations on the shelves of my local bookshop, I decided to ask the planet’s readers for help. I created a blog called A Year of Reading the World and put out an appeal for suggestions of titles that I could read in English.
But the effort was worth it. As I made my way through the planet’s literary landscapes, extraordinary things started to happen. In the hands of gifted writers, I discovered bookpacking offered something a physical traveller could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes. More powerful than a thousand news reports, these stories not only opened my mind to the nuts and bolts of life in other places, but opened my heart to the way people there might feel.
And that in turn changed my thinking. Through reading the stories shared with me by bookish strangers around the globe, I realised I was not an isolated person, but part of a network that stretched all over the planet. One by one, the country names on the list that had begun as an intellectual exercise at the start of the year transformed into vital, vibrant places filled with laughter, love, anger, hope and fear. Lands that had once seemed exotic and remote became close and familiar to me – places I could identify with. At its best, I learned, fiction makes the world real.
1. The blog was very successful in getting responses from people all over the world.
2. Some people posted books from their countries to Ann while others did hours of research.
3. Some writers sent her translations of their novels that had already been published in English.
4. Sixty-two per cent of the people that visited the blog and gave suggestions to Ann were British.
5. The blog made it quite easy for Ann Morgan to find books from all over the world.
Which of the statements above are TRUE, according to the text?
So, at the start of 2012, I set myself the challenge of trying to read a book from every country (well, all 195 United Nations (UN) recognised states plus former UN member Taiwan) in a year to find out what I was missing. With no idea how to go about this beyond a sneaking suspicion that I was unlikely to find publications from nearly 200 nations on the shelves of my local bookshop, I decided to ask the planet’s readers for help. I created a blog called A Year of Reading the World and put out an appeal for suggestions of titles that I could read in English.
But the effort was worth it. As I made my way through the planet’s literary landscapes, extraordinary things started to happen. In the hands of gifted writers, I discovered bookpacking offered something a physical traveller could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes. More powerful than a thousand news reports, these stories not only opened my mind to the nuts and bolts of life in other places, but opened my heart to the way people there might feel.
And that in turn changed my thinking. Through reading the stories shared with me by bookish strangers around the globe, I realised I was not an isolated person, but part of a network that stretched all over the planet. One by one, the country names on the list that had begun as an intellectual exercise at the start of the year transformed into vital, vibrant places filled with laughter, love, anger, hope and fear. Lands that had once seemed exotic and remote became close and familiar to me – places I could identify with. At its best, I learned, fiction makes the world real.
( ) She decided to read nearly 200 books in a year, which included all the UN-recognized countries.
( ) She was sure she could find all the books she wanted to read at the local bookstore.
( ) She felt that she was missing something by not having read foreign publications.
( ) She created a blog to ask for suggestions of books she could read in English.
( ) She decided not to read a book from Taiwan because it was a former UN member.
Mark the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from top to bottom.
So, at the start of 2012, I set myself the challenge of trying to read a book from every country (well, all 195 United Nations (UN) recognised states plus former UN member Taiwan) in a year to find out what I was missing. With no idea how to go about this beyond a sneaking suspicion that I was unlikely to find publications from nearly 200 nations on the shelves of my local bookshop, I decided to ask the planet’s readers for help. I created a blog called A Year of Reading the World and put out an appeal for suggestions of titles that I could read in English.
But the effort was worth it. As I made my way through the planet’s literary landscapes, extraordinary things started to happen. In the hands of gifted writers, I discovered bookpacking offered something a physical traveller could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes. More powerful than a thousand news reports, these stories not only opened my mind to the nuts and bolts of life in other places, but opened my heart to the way people there might feel.
And that in turn changed my thinking. Through reading the stories shared with me by bookish strangers around the globe, I realised I was not an isolated person, but part of a network that stretched all over the planet. One by one, the country names on the list that had begun as an intellectual exercise at the start of the year transformed into vital, vibrant places filled with laughter, love, anger, hope and fear. Lands that had once seemed exotic and remote became close and familiar to me – places I could identify with. At its best, I learned, fiction makes the world real.
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What is organized crime?
Organized crime was characterised by the United Nations, in 1994, as: “group organization to commit crime; hierarchical links or personal relationships which permit leaders to control the group: violence, intimidation and corruption used to earn profits or control territories or markets; laundering of illicit proceeds both in furtherance of criminal activity and to infiltrate the legitimate economy; the potential for expansion into any new activities and beyond national borders; and cooperation with other organized transnational criminal groups.”
It is increasingly global. Although links between, for example, mafia groups in Italy and the USA have existed for decades, new and rapid means of communication have facilitated the development of international networks. Some build on shared linguistic or cultural ties, such as a network trafficking drugs and human organs, which links criminal gangs in Mozambique, Portugal, Brazil, Pakistan, Dubai and South Africa. Others bring together much less likely groups, such as those trafficking arms, drugs and people between South Africa, Nigeria, Pakistan and Russia, or those linking the Russian mafia with Colombian cocaine cartels or North American criminal gangs with the Japanese Yakuza. Trafficked commodities may pass from group to group along the supply chain; for instance heroin in Italy has traditionally been produced in Afghanistan, transported by Turks, distributed by Albanians, and sold by Italians.
Organized crime exploits profit opportunities wherever they arise. Globalization of financial markets, with free movement of goods and capital, has facilitated smuggling of counterfeit goods (in part a reflection of the creation of global brands), internet fraud, and money-laundering. On the other hand, organized crime also takes advantage of the barriers to free movement of people across national borders and the laws against non-medicinal use of narcotics: accordingly it earns vast profits in smuggling migrants and psychoactive drugs. Briquet and Favarel have identified deregulation and the “rolling back of the state” in some countries as creating lacunae that have been occupied by profiteers. The political changes in Europe in the late 1980s fuelled the growth in criminal networks, often involving former law enforcement officers. Failed states, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo or Sierra Leone, have provided further opportunities as criminal gangs smuggle arms in and commodities out, for example diamonds, gold, and rare earth metals, often generating violence against those involved in the trade and in the surrounding communities. Finally, there are a few states, such as the Democratic Republic of Korea and Burma and Guinea-Bissau (once described as a narco-state) where politicians have been alleged to have played an active role in international crime.
Organized criminal gangs have strong incentives. Compared with legitimate producers, they have lower costs of production due to the ability to disregard quality and safety standards, tax obligations, minimum wages or employee benefits. Once established, they may threaten or use violence to eliminate competitors, and can obtain favourable treatment by regulatory authorities either through bribes or threats.
(www.globalizationandhealth.com. Adaptado)
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Violence Prevention Among Young People in Brazil
Crime and violence have increased dramatically in Brazil in recent decades, particularly in large urban areas, leading to more intense public debate on causes and solutions. The right to life is the most fundamental of all rights. Having security means living without fearing the risk of violation of one’s life, liberty, physical integrity or property. Security means not only to be free from actual risks, but also to be able to enjoy the feeling of security. In this respect, human rights are systematically undermined by violence and insecurity.
UNESCO expects to play a primary role in supporting actions of social inclusion to help in the prevention of violence, especially among young people. The attributes and resources to be found in the heart of the Organization’s different areas will be grouped around this objective.
Violence is seen as a violation of fundamental human rights, as a threat to the respect for the principles of liberty and equality. An approach focused on the access to quality education, to decent jobs, to cultural, sports and leisure activities, to digital inclusion and the protection and promotion of human rights and of the environment will be implemented as a response to the challenge of preventing violence among youths. Such approach should also help in creating real opportunities for young people to improve their life conditions and develop their citizenship.
(www.unesco.org. Adaptado)
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