Questões de Vestibular
Comentadas sobre interpretação de texto | reading comprehension em inglês
Foram encontradas 2.261 questões
Q3840969
Inglês
Texto associado
Read Text I below and answer the question that
follow it.
Text I
Jonathan Haidt: How to make the 'anxious generation' happy
again
Academics researching wellbeing have for a long time almost
unanimously agreed on one thing: over the typical lifetime,
happiness tends to follow a U-shaped curve, peaking at 30,
plummeting at age 50, before spiking again after 70. It’s a pattern
replicated using data going back as far as the 1970s in almost 150
countries.
But around 2011, researchers noticed an astonishing reversal in
this trend. “This empirical regularity has been replaced by a
monotonic decrease in ill-being by age,” they reported in an
NBER working paper. In plain English, younger people today are
unhappier, both compared to previous generations and to their
older peers. Or, to quote the title of the most recent book from
Jonathan Haidt, Professor of Ethical Leadership at New York
University, they are the anxious generation […].
Today, rather than playing with their friends, kids stay at home
on their devices. Instead of hearing chatter and laughter in the
corridor of schools, we hear the gentle tapping of screens. The
social isolation many of us experienced during pandemic-induced
lockdowns was nothing new for children, Haidt said. “They began
social distancing as soon as they got smartphones.”
The good news for parents is that, while this trend is worrying, it
is not inevitable. There are things we can do. “We can turn this
around with four new norms,” Haidt proposed.
The first norm is a commitment to not give our children a
smartphone until they are at least 14. “Give them a flip-phone if
you want to, so they can call and text you,” he said. “But don’t
give the entire world access to your child.” The second is to not
allow our children to use social media until they are at least 16.
“Social media is wildly inappropriate for children — you have
strangers trying to talk to them, cyberbullying, explosive drama.”
The third norm is that schools should be a phone-free
environment. “All schools need to be phone free from bell to bell
— from the morning when kids arrive to the end when they
leave,” Haidt explained.
And finally, the fourth norm involves going back to a time where
parents felt more comfortable letting their kids walk to the shops
or play outside with friends. “The fourth norm is to give them
much more independence in the real world,” he said. “Ultimately,
our mission is to restore childhood: the kind of wonderful, fun,
exciting childhood we all had, which was full of conflicts, failures,
exploration, adventure, risk-taking, thrills and all those emotions
that you experienced not with your parents, but when you were
out, away from your secure home base.”
Adapted from https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/01/jonathan-haidt-digitaltechnology-social-media-childhood/
The word “chatter” (3rd paragraph) is a reference to the sound produced by the kids’:
Q3840968
Inglês
Texto associado
Read Text I below and answer the question that
follow it.
Text I
Jonathan Haidt: How to make the 'anxious generation' happy
again
Academics researching wellbeing have for a long time almost
unanimously agreed on one thing: over the typical lifetime,
happiness tends to follow a U-shaped curve, peaking at 30,
plummeting at age 50, before spiking again after 70. It’s a pattern
replicated using data going back as far as the 1970s in almost 150
countries.
But around 2011, researchers noticed an astonishing reversal in
this trend. “This empirical regularity has been replaced by a
monotonic decrease in ill-being by age,” they reported in an
NBER working paper. In plain English, younger people today are
unhappier, both compared to previous generations and to their
older peers. Or, to quote the title of the most recent book from
Jonathan Haidt, Professor of Ethical Leadership at New York
University, they are the anxious generation […].
Today, rather than playing with their friends, kids stay at home
on their devices. Instead of hearing chatter and laughter in the
corridor of schools, we hear the gentle tapping of screens. The
social isolation many of us experienced during pandemic-induced
lockdowns was nothing new for children, Haidt said. “They began
social distancing as soon as they got smartphones.”
The good news for parents is that, while this trend is worrying, it
is not inevitable. There are things we can do. “We can turn this
around with four new norms,” Haidt proposed.
The first norm is a commitment to not give our children a
smartphone until they are at least 14. “Give them a flip-phone if
you want to, so they can call and text you,” he said. “But don’t
give the entire world access to your child.” The second is to not
allow our children to use social media until they are at least 16.
“Social media is wildly inappropriate for children — you have
strangers trying to talk to them, cyberbullying, explosive drama.”
The third norm is that schools should be a phone-free
environment. “All schools need to be phone free from bell to bell
— from the morning when kids arrive to the end when they
leave,” Haidt explained.
And finally, the fourth norm involves going back to a time where
parents felt more comfortable letting their kids walk to the shops
or play outside with friends. “The fourth norm is to give them
much more independence in the real world,” he said. “Ultimately,
our mission is to restore childhood: the kind of wonderful, fun,
exciting childhood we all had, which was full of conflicts, failures,
exploration, adventure, risk-taking, thrills and all those emotions
that you experienced not with your parents, but when you were
out, away from your secure home base.”
Adapted from https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/01/jonathan-haidt-digitaltechnology-social-media-childhood/
The phrase “as soon as” in “as soon as they got smartphones” (3rd
paragraph) indicates
Q3840967
Inglês
Texto associado
Read Text I below and answer the question that
follow it.
Text I
Jonathan Haidt: How to make the 'anxious generation' happy
again
Academics researching wellbeing have for a long time almost
unanimously agreed on one thing: over the typical lifetime,
happiness tends to follow a U-shaped curve, peaking at 30,
plummeting at age 50, before spiking again after 70. It’s a pattern
replicated using data going back as far as the 1970s in almost 150
countries.
But around 2011, researchers noticed an astonishing reversal in
this trend. “This empirical regularity has been replaced by a
monotonic decrease in ill-being by age,” they reported in an
NBER working paper. In plain English, younger people today are
unhappier, both compared to previous generations and to their
older peers. Or, to quote the title of the most recent book from
Jonathan Haidt, Professor of Ethical Leadership at New York
University, they are the anxious generation […].
Today, rather than playing with their friends, kids stay at home
on their devices. Instead of hearing chatter and laughter in the
corridor of schools, we hear the gentle tapping of screens. The
social isolation many of us experienced during pandemic-induced
lockdowns was nothing new for children, Haidt said. “They began
social distancing as soon as they got smartphones.”
The good news for parents is that, while this trend is worrying, it
is not inevitable. There are things we can do. “We can turn this
around with four new norms,” Haidt proposed.
The first norm is a commitment to not give our children a
smartphone until they are at least 14. “Give them a flip-phone if
you want to, so they can call and text you,” he said. “But don’t
give the entire world access to your child.” The second is to not
allow our children to use social media until they are at least 16.
“Social media is wildly inappropriate for children — you have
strangers trying to talk to them, cyberbullying, explosive drama.”
The third norm is that schools should be a phone-free
environment. “All schools need to be phone free from bell to bell
— from the morning when kids arrive to the end when they
leave,” Haidt explained.
And finally, the fourth norm involves going back to a time where
parents felt more comfortable letting their kids walk to the shops
or play outside with friends. “The fourth norm is to give them
much more independence in the real world,” he said. “Ultimately,
our mission is to restore childhood: the kind of wonderful, fun,
exciting childhood we all had, which was full of conflicts, failures,
exploration, adventure, risk-taking, thrills and all those emotions
that you experienced not with your parents, but when you were
out, away from your secure home base.”
Adapted from https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/01/jonathan-haidt-digitaltechnology-social-media-childhood/
Based on Text I, mark the statements below as true (T) or false
(F).
( ) Happiness among young people has increased compared to previous years.
( ) Today, children prefer playing with their friends at school to using a smartphone.
( ) According to Haidt, social media is harmful to children.
The statements are, respectively:
( ) Happiness among young people has increased compared to previous years.
( ) Today, children prefer playing with their friends at school to using a smartphone.
( ) According to Haidt, social media is harmful to children.
The statements are, respectively:
Ano: 2025
Banca:
CECIERJ
Órgão:
CEDERJ
Prova:
CECIERJ - 2025 - CEDERJ - Vestibular - Segundo Semestre |
Q3776531
Inglês
Texto associado
Bill Gates and his vision of the future of jobs
with AI
By Clément Pessaux
April 29, 2025
According to Bill Gates, artificial intelligence is
about to redefine the job market. Among the
professions likely to be widely replaced, Gates
directly mentions doctors and teachers. Why
these specific sectors? AI has the ability to take
on complex tasks such as medical diagnosis or
personalized learning, making these services
more accessible. In fact, in some developing
countries where access to education and
healthcare remains limited, such advancements
could transform daily life.
But this progress raises concerns. Can we
really do without human empathy in these
fields? And what about the judgment or
sensitivity that a machine can never fully
reproduce?
On the other hand, there are professions that AI
does not seem ready to replace. Gates
specifically mentions energy experts, biologists,
and developers. These jobs require specialized
expertise, as well as creativity and constant
adaptability in the face of environmental or
technological challenges.
Creativity, strategic thinking, and empathy
remain areas where humans will always have
the upper hand. Although he recognizes the
immense potential of AI, Gates also emphasizes the limits and the need to think
about its deployment by keeping humans at the
center of priorities.
Available at: https://3dvf.com/en/bill-gates-predicts-ai-willreplace-humans-in-almost-all-fields-except-these-jobs/ Access:
03 may 2025. Adapted.
According to Bill Gates, teachers and
doctors are jobs that will likely be replaced by AI
due to:
Ano: 2025
Banca:
CECIERJ
Órgão:
CEDERJ
Prova:
CECIERJ - 2025 - CEDERJ - Vestibular - Segundo Semestre |
Q3776530
Inglês
Texto associado
Bill Gates and his vision of the future of jobs
with AI
By Clément Pessaux
April 29, 2025
According to Bill Gates, artificial intelligence is
about to redefine the job market. Among the
professions likely to be widely replaced, Gates
directly mentions doctors and teachers. Why
these specific sectors? AI has the ability to take
on complex tasks such as medical diagnosis or
personalized learning, making these services
more accessible. In fact, in some developing
countries where access to education and
healthcare remains limited, such advancements
could transform daily life.
But this progress raises concerns. Can we
really do without human empathy in these
fields? And what about the judgment or
sensitivity that a machine can never fully
reproduce?
On the other hand, there are professions that AI
does not seem ready to replace. Gates
specifically mentions energy experts, biologists,
and developers. These jobs require specialized
expertise, as well as creativity and constant
adaptability in the face of environmental or
technological challenges.
Creativity, strategic thinking, and empathy
remain areas where humans will always have
the upper hand. Although he recognizes the
immense potential of AI, Gates also emphasizes the limits and the need to think
about its deployment by keeping humans at the
center of priorities.
Available at: https://3dvf.com/en/bill-gates-predicts-ai-willreplace-humans-in-almost-all-fields-except-these-jobs/ Access:
03 may 2025. Adapted.
The main theme of the text is to present
Bill Gates’ predictions on:
Ano: 2025
Banca:
CECIERJ
Órgão:
CEDERJ
Prova:
CECIERJ - 2025 - CEDERJ - Vestibular - Primeiro Semestre |
Q3776402
Inglês
Texto associado
The rise of reusable rockets: transforming
the economics of space travel
By Adam Stockley
Various theoretical designs of reusable launch
vehicles (rockets) have been tested during the
history of space flight, but they generally proved
too expensive or impractical to implement.
In the 21st century, the rise in industry
privatisation led to several companies taking the
lead in reusable launcher development. Their
focus is on fully-reusable systems.
The potential of reusable rockets to transform
the economics of space travel should be
evident. Even so, let’s break down the benefits
and drawbacks of this technology to understand
more.
The Benefits of Reusable Rockets
The most obvious benefit of a reusable rocket is
cost savings. Unsurprisingly, it’s much cheaper
to refurbish and relaunch a rocket than it is to
build a new one. Reusable rockets also use less
fuel than their expendable counterparts, making
them comparatively better for the environment.
The Drawbacks of Reusable Rockets
The main disadvantage of reusable rockets is
their reduced load capacity. By extension, they
must be built to survive the difficulties of launch
and re-entry, meaning there is much more extra
stabilisation equipment. Therefore, the rockets
are heavier.
The Long-Term Viability of Reusable
Launchers
The bottom line is that now we have a firmer
understanding of the concept of reusable
launchers, their potential impact is limitless.
However, there are some issues to resolve in
terms of extra weight and reduced load
capacity, but the space industry is very near to
perhaps its biggest revolution in terms of cost
reduction and accessibility.
Available at: https://www.kdcresource.com/insights-events/therise-of-reusable-rockets-transforming-the-economics-of-spacetravel/. Access 16 out. 2024. Adapted.
The drawbacks of reusable rockets are:
Ano: 2025
Banca:
CECIERJ
Órgão:
CEDERJ
Prova:
CECIERJ - 2025 - CEDERJ - Vestibular - Primeiro Semestre |
Q3776401
Inglês
Texto associado
The rise of reusable rockets: transforming
the economics of space travel
By Adam Stockley
Various theoretical designs of reusable launch
vehicles (rockets) have been tested during the
history of space flight, but they generally proved
too expensive or impractical to implement.
In the 21st century, the rise in industry
privatisation led to several companies taking the
lead in reusable launcher development. Their
focus is on fully-reusable systems.
The potential of reusable rockets to transform
the economics of space travel should be
evident. Even so, let’s break down the benefits
and drawbacks of this technology to understand
more.
The Benefits of Reusable Rockets
The most obvious benefit of a reusable rocket is
cost savings. Unsurprisingly, it’s much cheaper
to refurbish and relaunch a rocket than it is to
build a new one. Reusable rockets also use less
fuel than their expendable counterparts, making
them comparatively better for the environment.
The Drawbacks of Reusable Rockets
The main disadvantage of reusable rockets is
their reduced load capacity. By extension, they
must be built to survive the difficulties of launch
and re-entry, meaning there is much more extra
stabilisation equipment. Therefore, the rockets
are heavier.
The Long-Term Viability of Reusable
Launchers
The bottom line is that now we have a firmer
understanding of the concept of reusable
launchers, their potential impact is limitless.
However, there are some issues to resolve in
terms of extra weight and reduced load
capacity, but the space industry is very near to
perhaps its biggest revolution in terms of cost
reduction and accessibility.
Available at: https://www.kdcresource.com/insights-events/therise-of-reusable-rockets-transforming-the-economics-of-spacetravel/. Access 16 out. 2024. Adapted.
The benefits of reusable rockets are
related to their positive effect on:
Ano: 2025
Banca:
CECIERJ
Órgão:
CEDERJ
Prova:
CECIERJ - 2025 - CEDERJ - Vestibular - Primeiro Semestre |
Q3776400
Inglês
Texto associado
The rise of reusable rockets: transforming
the economics of space travel
By Adam Stockley
Various theoretical designs of reusable launch
vehicles (rockets) have been tested during the
history of space flight, but they generally proved
too expensive or impractical to implement.
In the 21st century, the rise in industry
privatisation led to several companies taking the
lead in reusable launcher development. Their
focus is on fully-reusable systems.
The potential of reusable rockets to transform
the economics of space travel should be
evident. Even so, let’s break down the benefits
and drawbacks of this technology to understand
more.
The Benefits of Reusable Rockets
The most obvious benefit of a reusable rocket is
cost savings. Unsurprisingly, it’s much cheaper
to refurbish and relaunch a rocket than it is to
build a new one. Reusable rockets also use less
fuel than their expendable counterparts, making
them comparatively better for the environment.
The Drawbacks of Reusable Rockets
The main disadvantage of reusable rockets is
their reduced load capacity. By extension, they
must be built to survive the difficulties of launch
and re-entry, meaning there is much more extra
stabilisation equipment. Therefore, the rockets
are heavier.
The Long-Term Viability of Reusable
Launchers
The bottom line is that now we have a firmer
understanding of the concept of reusable
launchers, their potential impact is limitless.
However, there are some issues to resolve in
terms of extra weight and reduced load
capacity, but the space industry is very near to
perhaps its biggest revolution in terms of cost
reduction and accessibility.
Available at: https://www.kdcresource.com/insights-events/therise-of-reusable-rockets-transforming-the-economics-of-spacetravel/. Access 16 out. 2024. Adapted.
The main theme of the text is the:
Q3754109
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
Back To School But Not To Screens: States Ramp Up Cellphone Bans
Work has been easier for public high school teacher Brian Kerekes since last August, when he first experienced the impacts of a newly enacted Florida law to restrict students’ cellphone use during class. The longtime statistics instructor, who started a new school year on Monday, now spends less time circling the classroom policing students and more time educating them on how to gather and interpret data.
Before Florida passed the ban in May 2023 — becoming the first of at least eight U.S. states to prohibit or restrict cellphone use in schools — phones proved a constant disruption in Kerekes’ classroom at Tohopekaliga High School in the central Florida city of Kissimmee.
“Students were either using them to talk to someone in a different class or talk to someone on the other side of the room or just to zone out, get on TikTok or whatever,” Kerekes, who's been a teacher for 17 years, said in an interview.
Fellow teachers nationwide face the same challenge, which explains why more states and districts are moving to limit or outright ban cellphones in the classroom, and even during the school day altogether.
The rules will look different from state to state and district to district, but all stem from the same concerns.
Seventy-two percent of high school teachers cite cellphones as a major distraction in the classroom, according to a fall 2023 Pew Research Center study. Educators also worry that constant access to social media can adversely impact kids’ mental health.
U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy went so far as to issue a health advisory last year, warning that enough evidence exists to show social media can be unsafe for children and teens. “We are in the middle of a national youth mental health crisis,” he said, “and I am concerned that social media is an important driver of that crisis, one that we must urgently address.”
While social media can connect kids, make them feel less alone and offer an entertaining and creative outlet, it also exposes them to harmful content, Murthy pointed out in the advisory released by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. And, as educators such as Kerekes note, some students use their phones to bully fellow students online during the school day, and in the most extreme cases, to set up fights and film them.
The hope is that cellphone bans will reduce such incidents. Kerekes said he’s hearing they have.
Fonte: KATZ, Leslie. Back To School But Not To Screens: States Ramp Up Cellphone Bans. Forbes, 13 ago. 2024. Disponível em: https://www.forbes.com/sites/lesliekatz/2024/08/13/back-to-school-but-not-to-screens-more-students-face-cellphone-bans/
Referring to the establishment of a national youth mental health crisis, U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy stated: “| am concerned that social media is an important driver of that crisis, one that we must urgently address". In this sentence, the modal verb MUST indicates
Q3754107
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
Back To School But Not To Screens: States Ramp Up Cellphone Bans
Work has been easier for public high school teacher Brian Kerekes since last August, when he first experienced the impacts of a newly enacted Florida law to restrict students’ cellphone use during class. The longtime statistics instructor, who started a new school year on Monday, now spends less time circling the classroom policing students and more time educating them on how to gather and interpret data.
Before Florida passed the ban in May 2023 — becoming the first of at least eight U.S. states to prohibit or restrict cellphone use in schools — phones proved a constant disruption in Kerekes’ classroom at Tohopekaliga High School in the central Florida city of Kissimmee.
“Students were either using them to talk to someone in a different class or talk to someone on the other side of the room or just to zone out, get on TikTok or whatever,” Kerekes, who's been a teacher for 17 years, said in an interview.
Fellow teachers nationwide face the same challenge, which explains why more states and districts are moving to limit or outright ban cellphones in the classroom, and even during the school day altogether.
The rules will look different from state to state and district to district, but all stem from the same concerns.
Seventy-two percent of high school teachers cite cellphones as a major distraction in the classroom, according to a fall 2023 Pew Research Center study. Educators also worry that constant access to social media can adversely impact kids’ mental health.
U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy went so far as to issue a health advisory last year, warning that enough evidence exists to show social media can be unsafe for children and teens. “We are in the middle of a national youth mental health crisis,” he said, “and I am concerned that social media is an important driver of that crisis, one that we must urgently address.”
While social media can connect kids, make them feel less alone and offer an entertaining and creative outlet, it also exposes them to harmful content, Murthy pointed out in the advisory released by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. And, as educators such as Kerekes note, some students use their phones to bully fellow students online during the school day, and in the most extreme cases, to set up fights and film them.
The hope is that cellphone bans will reduce such incidents. Kerekes said he’s hearing they have.
Fonte: KATZ, Leslie. Back To School But Not To Screens: States Ramp Up Cellphone Bans. Forbes, 13 ago. 2024. Disponível em: https://www.forbes.com/sites/lesliekatz/2024/08/13/back-to-school-but-not-to-screens-more-students-face-cellphone-bans/
De acordo com as informações presentes no texto, depreende-se que
Q3754105
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
The decline of teenagers reading is an impact on education
If you are a teenager reading this story, you are in the minority. Statistics show that 80% of teenagers do not read for pleasure on a daily basis. It is no coincidence that the teenage reading rate has declined as technology and social media have taken over nearly all aspects of teenage life. With the downfall of teenage reading, may come the downfall of teenage education altogether.
With technology taking over the world, teenagers have all the knowledge they need and more right at their fingertips. There is no reason for people to open up nonfiction books anymore when they can simply pull out their phones and find any information on any topic. The rise of technology has also dramatically affected the amount of fiction reading teenagers do as they would rather watch YouTube or keep up with their friends on Instagram than read an all-time classic like Harry Potter or Lord of the Rings.
Speaking of all-time great books, it seems like just about every bestseller has been turned into a movie that either gives the book a bad rap or receives great reviews and overshadows the book. Why would anyone read a book for days or even weeks when they can just watch the movie in one sitting?
Teenagers have also stopped reading because of the amount of homework they are given, including any school-assigned reading. When students are forced to read particular books in school that they may not be interested in, they begin to associate reading with work instead of pleasure or entertainment. Reading books also always seems to take longer when it is one you are not interested in, which is often the case with school-assigned books.
No matter how boring teenagers find reading, its decline could have direct consequences for all teenagers and their education. Reading is a major part of school, and without the ability to read at a high level students could find it impossible to learn anything at all. From history textbooks to English literature, reading is used in nearly every class of every school and is essential to getting a good education.
Fonte: WHITAKER, Drew. The decline of teenagers reading is an impact on education. The Mirror, 15 dez. 2022. Disponivel em: https://desmetmirror.com/11058/editorials/the-decline-of-teenagers-reading-is-animpact-on-education/
De acordo com as informações do texto, é CORRETO afirmar que
Ano: 2025
Banca:
FUNDEPES
Órgão:
Qualin
Prova:
FUNDEPES - 2025 - Qualin - Vestibular - Medicina - Segundo Semestre - 1º Dia |
Q3747866
Inglês
Bacteria use antimicrobial agent to kill competition
Hospitalized patients are often given antibiotics, which reduces the diversity of bacteria in their microbiomes. It also allows drug-resistant strains to gain a foothold and take over. Enterococcus faecium is a gut bacterium that can cause lethal infections if it gets into the bloodstream. Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREfm), which is resistant to vancomycin and multiple other antibiotics, is a growing problem in healthcare settings. Populations of VREfm within healthcare systems are known to change over time. But the factors driving these changes aren’t well understood.
NIH-supported researchers at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center have been collecting and sequencing bacterial DNA from hospitalized patients through the Enhanced Detection System for Healthcare-Associated Transmission (EDS-HAT). This helps clinicians to recognize and stop potential outbreaks. As part of this effort, researchers collected more than 700 VREfm samples between 2017 and 2022. A team at the university, led by Dr. Daria Van Tyne, used data from these samples to track VREfm evolution. Their findings appeared in Nature Microbiology on March 21, 2025.
Genome sequencing of the samples identified 42 different genetic lineages, or strains, of VREfm. Almost half of the samples were closely related to at least one other sample. This suggests a high level of transmission within the hospital. Before 2020, about a third of the samples belonged to the strain ST17. From 2020 onward, two new strains, ST80 and ST117, began to take over. By the end of 2022, these two strains made up more than 80% of all samples, while ST17 was not detected.
The researchers found that ST80 and ST117 could kill ST17, but not vice versa. Further examination revealed that ST80 and ST117, but not ST17, produce an antimicrobial peptide (a short chain of amino acids) called bacteriocin T8. Both in laboratory cultures and the guts of mice, strains that made bacteriocin T8 outcompeted strains that didn’t.
Next, the team analyzed more than 15,000 publicly available VREfm genomes collected worldwide between 2002 and 2022. They saw the same trend, with ST17 replaced by ST80 and ST117. This suggests that the changes observed in a single hospital reflected global trends.
Disponível em: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/bacteria-use-antimicrobialagent-kill-competition. Acesso em: 3 abr. 2025.
According to the text, how do strains ST80 and ST117 outcompete ST17?
Hospitalized patients are often given antibiotics, which reduces the diversity of bacteria in their microbiomes. It also allows drug-resistant strains to gain a foothold and take over. Enterococcus faecium is a gut bacterium that can cause lethal infections if it gets into the bloodstream. Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREfm), which is resistant to vancomycin and multiple other antibiotics, is a growing problem in healthcare settings. Populations of VREfm within healthcare systems are known to change over time. But the factors driving these changes aren’t well understood.
NIH-supported researchers at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center have been collecting and sequencing bacterial DNA from hospitalized patients through the Enhanced Detection System for Healthcare-Associated Transmission (EDS-HAT). This helps clinicians to recognize and stop potential outbreaks. As part of this effort, researchers collected more than 700 VREfm samples between 2017 and 2022. A team at the university, led by Dr. Daria Van Tyne, used data from these samples to track VREfm evolution. Their findings appeared in Nature Microbiology on March 21, 2025.
Genome sequencing of the samples identified 42 different genetic lineages, or strains, of VREfm. Almost half of the samples were closely related to at least one other sample. This suggests a high level of transmission within the hospital. Before 2020, about a third of the samples belonged to the strain ST17. From 2020 onward, two new strains, ST80 and ST117, began to take over. By the end of 2022, these two strains made up more than 80% of all samples, while ST17 was not detected.
The researchers found that ST80 and ST117 could kill ST17, but not vice versa. Further examination revealed that ST80 and ST117, but not ST17, produce an antimicrobial peptide (a short chain of amino acids) called bacteriocin T8. Both in laboratory cultures and the guts of mice, strains that made bacteriocin T8 outcompeted strains that didn’t.
Next, the team analyzed more than 15,000 publicly available VREfm genomes collected worldwide between 2002 and 2022. They saw the same trend, with ST17 replaced by ST80 and ST117. This suggests that the changes observed in a single hospital reflected global trends.
Disponível em: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/bacteria-use-antimicrobialagent-kill-competition. Acesso em: 3 abr. 2025.
According to the text, how do strains ST80 and ST117 outcompete ST17?
Ano: 2025
Banca:
FUNDEPES
Órgão:
Qualin
Prova:
FUNDEPES - 2025 - Qualin - Vestibular - Medicina - Segundo Semestre - 1º Dia |
Q3747865
Inglês
WHO's health emergency appeals
WHO’s health emergency appeals consolidate WHO’s response priorities and funding requirements for the protection of vulnerable populations affected by acute and protracted health emergencies around the world.
Disponível em: https://www.who.int/emergencies/funding/health-emergency-appeals. Acesso em: 2 abr. 2025. Adaptado.
What alternative correctly conveys the meaning of acute and protracted health emergencies in Portuguese?
WHO’s health emergency appeals consolidate WHO’s response priorities and funding requirements for the protection of vulnerable populations affected by acute and protracted health emergencies around the world.
Disponível em: https://www.who.int/emergencies/funding/health-emergency-appeals. Acesso em: 2 abr. 2025. Adaptado.
What alternative correctly conveys the meaning of acute and protracted health emergencies in Portuguese?
Ano: 2025
Banca:
FUNDEPES
Órgão:
Qualin
Prova:
FUNDEPES - 2025 - Qualin - Vestibular - Medicina - Segundo Semestre - 1º Dia |
Q3747864
Inglês
Turn Employee Feedback into
Action Enhancing how a company supports and engages its employees can attract talent, improve retention, spur innovation, and increase customer satisfaction. But managing the employee experience for maximum benefit requires leaders to know what employees are seeing, feeling, and wanting — and then respond judiciously. Driven by a tight labor market, corporate leaders have recently invested enormous amounts of energy and resources in collecting employee feedback through pulse surveys, town halls, listening tours, focus groups, data scraping from message boards, and other methods. The problem for many leaders is that when they ask what employees think, they don’t know what to do with what they hear — they often struggle to translate all this input into meaningful insights and concrete actions. A gap between accumulating the information and taking coherent action to respond can diminish the value of employee feedback over time — and if it persists, employees may stop responding.
Disponível em: https://hbr.org/2024/11/turn-employee-feedback-into-action. Acesso em: 31 mar. 2025. Adaptado.
According to the text, what is the main challenge leaders face when collecting employee feedback?
Action Enhancing how a company supports and engages its employees can attract talent, improve retention, spur innovation, and increase customer satisfaction. But managing the employee experience for maximum benefit requires leaders to know what employees are seeing, feeling, and wanting — and then respond judiciously. Driven by a tight labor market, corporate leaders have recently invested enormous amounts of energy and resources in collecting employee feedback through pulse surveys, town halls, listening tours, focus groups, data scraping from message boards, and other methods. The problem for many leaders is that when they ask what employees think, they don’t know what to do with what they hear — they often struggle to translate all this input into meaningful insights and concrete actions. A gap between accumulating the information and taking coherent action to respond can diminish the value of employee feedback over time — and if it persists, employees may stop responding.
Disponível em: https://hbr.org/2024/11/turn-employee-feedback-into-action. Acesso em: 31 mar. 2025. Adaptado.
According to the text, what is the main challenge leaders face when collecting employee feedback?
Ano: 2025
Banca:
FUNDEPES
Órgão:
Qualin
Prova:
FUNDEPES - 2025 - Qualin - Vestibular - Medicina - Segundo Semestre - 1º Dia |
Q3747863
Inglês
NCDs at a Glance 2025. NCDs surveillance and monitoring:
Noncommunicable disease mortality and risk factor
prevalence in the Americas
Effective surveillance and monitoring of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors are essential for informing evidence-based public health policies, addressing health inequities, and ensuring progress toward global and regional targets. By tracking trends in NCDs, their modifiable risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol, and air pollution, along with biological risk factors such as overweight and obesity, high blood pressure (hypertension), and elevated blood glucose (diabetes), policymakers can identify emerging threats, target vulnerable populations, allocating resources efficiently. Reliable data also enable countries to evaluate interventions, adjust policies, and strengthen health systems to reduce the burden of NCDs. This brochure presents data on NCD and suicide mortality, along with trends by sex, in the Region of the Americas and 35 Member States of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) from 2000 to 2021. It also highlights progress toward the 2025 global NCD targets. While the number of NCD-related deaths in the region increased to six million in 2021, the age-standardized NCD mortality rate declined by 16.2%, reflecting the impact of population growth and aging. However, premature NCD mortality — the key indicator for the Global Action Plan for NCD Prevention and Control — declined by only 0.71% annually between 2010 and 2021, falling short of the 1.92% annual reduction required to meet the 2025 target. Among modifiable risk factors, tobacco use showed the most significant decline from 2000 to 2021, while insufficient physical activity has been on the rise. Metabolic risks, including high fasting blood glucose, overweight, and obesity, exhibited concerning upward trends during this period. Hypertension control remains suboptimal, with only 36.4% of individuals achieving adequate blood pressure levels (≤140/90 mmHg). While ambient air pollution slightly decreased between 2000 and 2019, current levels remain above WHO guideline thresholds. To achieve global and regional NCD targets and improve population health in the Americas, countries must prioritize cost-effective interventions to reduce NCD mortality and address these persistent challenges.
Disponível em: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/65818. Acesso em: 2 abr. 2025.
What is the main purpose of surveillance and monitoring in the context of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) as described in the text?
Effective surveillance and monitoring of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors are essential for informing evidence-based public health policies, addressing health inequities, and ensuring progress toward global and regional targets. By tracking trends in NCDs, their modifiable risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol, and air pollution, along with biological risk factors such as overweight and obesity, high blood pressure (hypertension), and elevated blood glucose (diabetes), policymakers can identify emerging threats, target vulnerable populations, allocating resources efficiently. Reliable data also enable countries to evaluate interventions, adjust policies, and strengthen health systems to reduce the burden of NCDs. This brochure presents data on NCD and suicide mortality, along with trends by sex, in the Region of the Americas and 35 Member States of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) from 2000 to 2021. It also highlights progress toward the 2025 global NCD targets. While the number of NCD-related deaths in the region increased to six million in 2021, the age-standardized NCD mortality rate declined by 16.2%, reflecting the impact of population growth and aging. However, premature NCD mortality — the key indicator for the Global Action Plan for NCD Prevention and Control — declined by only 0.71% annually between 2010 and 2021, falling short of the 1.92% annual reduction required to meet the 2025 target. Among modifiable risk factors, tobacco use showed the most significant decline from 2000 to 2021, while insufficient physical activity has been on the rise. Metabolic risks, including high fasting blood glucose, overweight, and obesity, exhibited concerning upward trends during this period. Hypertension control remains suboptimal, with only 36.4% of individuals achieving adequate blood pressure levels (≤140/90 mmHg). While ambient air pollution slightly decreased between 2000 and 2019, current levels remain above WHO guideline thresholds. To achieve global and regional NCD targets and improve population health in the Americas, countries must prioritize cost-effective interventions to reduce NCD mortality and address these persistent challenges.
Disponível em: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/65818. Acesso em: 2 abr. 2025.
What is the main purpose of surveillance and monitoring in the context of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) as described in the text?
Ano: 2025
Banca:
FUNDEPES
Órgão:
Qualin
Prova:
FUNDEPES - 2025 - Qualin - Vestibular - Medicina - Segundo Semestre - 1º Dia |
Q3747862
Inglês
Utah becomes the first state to ban fluoride in public
drinking water
Utah has become the first state to ban fluoride in public drinking water, over opposition from dentists and national health organizations who warn the move will lead to medical problems and disproportionately affect low-income communities.
Republican Gov. Spencer Cox signed legislation late Thursday that bars cities and communities from deciding whether to add the mineral to their water systems.
Fluoride strengthens teeth and reduces cavities by replacing minerals lost during normal wear and tear, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/28/health/utah-fluoride-drinking-water/index.html. Acesso em: 29 mar. 2025. Adaptado.
What does ban fluoride mean in the text?
Utah has become the first state to ban fluoride in public drinking water, over opposition from dentists and national health organizations who warn the move will lead to medical problems and disproportionately affect low-income communities.
Republican Gov. Spencer Cox signed legislation late Thursday that bars cities and communities from deciding whether to add the mineral to their water systems.
Fluoride strengthens teeth and reduces cavities by replacing minerals lost during normal wear and tear, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/28/health/utah-fluoride-drinking-water/index.html. Acesso em: 29 mar. 2025. Adaptado.
What does ban fluoride mean in the text?
Ano: 2025
Banca:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos)
Órgão:
EMESCAM
Prova:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos) - 2025 - EMESCAM - Vestibular Medicina - Primeiro Semestre |
Q3747663
Inglês
Texto associado
INSTRUCTION: Read the following text to answer the question.
How can neuroscience lead to
treatments for nicotine addiction?
Around a billion people still smoke, so we clearly have more
to learn about effective treatments for nicotine addiction.
Medications that can help include bupropion, a classical
antidepressant, which mostly helps people who are
depressed to stop smoking; and varenicline, which imitates
nicotine in some ways but prevents nicotinic receptors from
being fully activated.
Some nicotine cessation products, such as gums and
patches and inhalers, use nicotine itself in the hope that
it can be delivered in small enough quantities and over a
long enough period of time that nicotine receptors will only
be partially chaperoned, helping to reduce upregulation
while the individual works on quitting smoking.
We still need more and better science to figure out the
pharmacokinetics of nicotine: How fast does it enter the
body? How long does it stay in the body? To that end,
along with a team of collaborators — including Caltech
professors Wei Gao (professor of medical engineering),
Dennis Dougherty (George Grant Hoag Professor of
Chemistry), and Stephen Mayo (Bren Professor of Biology
and Chemistry), and Professor Neal Benowitz of UC San
Francisco — we have been working to develop a wearable
device that resembles the continuous glucose monitor used
by Type 1 diabetes patients.
We will use this monitor to measure nicotine while a person
smokes or vapes or uses a nicotine pouch so that we can
fully understand how an individual metabolizes nicotine
and relate this knowledge to a century’s worth of work on
nicotinic receptors and nicotine addiction.
Available at: https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/neuroscience/neuroscience-experts/nicotine-addictionneuroscience-henry-lester#what-happens-in-the-brainwhen-people-smoke. Accessed on: Aug 1st, 2025
What is the primary purpose of the new wearable gadget
being developed by the author and his tea
Ano: 2025
Banca:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos)
Órgão:
EMESCAM
Prova:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos) - 2025 - EMESCAM - Vestibular Medicina - Primeiro Semestre |
Q3747662
Inglês
Texto associado
INSTRUCTION: Read the following text to answer the question.
How can neuroscience lead to
treatments for nicotine addiction?
Around a billion people still smoke, so we clearly have more
to learn about effective treatments for nicotine addiction.
Medications that can help include bupropion, a classical
antidepressant, which mostly helps people who are
depressed to stop smoking; and varenicline, which imitates
nicotine in some ways but prevents nicotinic receptors from
being fully activated.
Some nicotine cessation products, such as gums and
patches and inhalers, use nicotine itself in the hope that
it can be delivered in small enough quantities and over a
long enough period of time that nicotine receptors will only
be partially chaperoned, helping to reduce upregulation
while the individual works on quitting smoking.
We still need more and better science to figure out the
pharmacokinetics of nicotine: How fast does it enter the
body? How long does it stay in the body? To that end,
along with a team of collaborators — including Caltech
professors Wei Gao (professor of medical engineering),
Dennis Dougherty (George Grant Hoag Professor of
Chemistry), and Stephen Mayo (Bren Professor of Biology
and Chemistry), and Professor Neal Benowitz of UC San
Francisco — we have been working to develop a wearable
device that resembles the continuous glucose monitor used
by Type 1 diabetes patients.
We will use this monitor to measure nicotine while a person
smokes or vapes or uses a nicotine pouch so that we can
fully understand how an individual metabolizes nicotine
and relate this knowledge to a century’s worth of work on
nicotinic receptors and nicotine addiction.
Available at: https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/neuroscience/neuroscience-experts/nicotine-addictionneuroscience-henry-lester#what-happens-in-the-brainwhen-people-smoke. Accessed on: Aug 1st, 2025
The text suggests that products designed to help people
quit nicotine, such as gums and patches, are effective by
Ano: 2025
Banca:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos)
Órgão:
EMESCAM
Prova:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos) - 2025 - EMESCAM - Vestibular Medicina - Primeiro Semestre |
Q3747661
Inglês
Texto associado
INSTRUCTION: Read the following text to answer the question.
What happens in the brain when people smoke?
When nicotine enters the lungs, it’s in the brain 20 seconds
later. In this journey, nicotine has traveled through the cells
in the lungs to the blood — and then from the blood to
the brain, passing through the blood‑brain barrier. In all,
nicotine passes through six membranes when it’s smoked
or vaped.
Once nicotine is in the brain, it activates the most
sensitive nicotinic receptors on membranes of nerve cells,
or neurons, but it also travels through the membrane to
enter the neuron. Finally, it passes into the organelles of
the neuron, where proteins, including the nicotinic receptor,
are being made. When a person smokes, nicotine actually
helps the cell to assemble more nicotinic receptors,
which travel out of the endoplasmic reticulum (part of the
cellular transportation system) and onto the surface of the
cell. It’s as though nicotine is acting as a pharmacological
“chaperone” to bring those receptors to the surface of
the cell.
We have labeled this process “inside out” pharmacology.
In trying to unravel the cell biology of nicotine addiction,
my lab and others study how this so‑called chaperoning
or upregulating of nicotinic receptors is necessary for the
early stages of nicotine dependence, ultimately underlying
the brain’s addiction to nicotine. When a person stops
taking nicotine, the natural acetylcholine cannot sufficiently
activate the upregulated receptors. They produce craving
and other symptoms of withdrawal.
Available at: https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/
neuroscience/neuroscience-experts/nicotine-addictionneuroscience-henry-lester#what-happens-in-the-brainwhen-people-smoke. Accessed on: Aug 1st, 2025.
The word unravel in the sentence “In trying to unravel the
cell biology of nicotine addiction...” is closest in meaning to
Ano: 2025
Banca:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos)
Órgão:
EMESCAM
Prova:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos) - 2025 - EMESCAM - Vestibular Medicina - Primeiro Semestre |
Q3747660
Inglês
Texto associado
INSTRUCTION: Read the following text to answer the question.
What happens in the brain when people smoke?
When nicotine enters the lungs, it’s in the brain 20 seconds
later. In this journey, nicotine has traveled through the cells
in the lungs to the blood — and then from the blood to
the brain, passing through the blood‑brain barrier. In all,
nicotine passes through six membranes when it’s smoked
or vaped.
Once nicotine is in the brain, it activates the most
sensitive nicotinic receptors on membranes of nerve cells,
or neurons, but it also travels through the membrane to
enter the neuron. Finally, it passes into the organelles of
the neuron, where proteins, including the nicotinic receptor,
are being made. When a person smokes, nicotine actually
helps the cell to assemble more nicotinic receptors,
which travel out of the endoplasmic reticulum (part of the
cellular transportation system) and onto the surface of the
cell. It’s as though nicotine is acting as a pharmacological
“chaperone” to bring those receptors to the surface of
the cell.
We have labeled this process “inside out” pharmacology.
In trying to unravel the cell biology of nicotine addiction,
my lab and others study how this so‑called chaperoning
or upregulating of nicotinic receptors is necessary for the
early stages of nicotine dependence, ultimately underlying
the brain’s addiction to nicotine. When a person stops
taking nicotine, the natural acetylcholine cannot sufficiently
activate the upregulated receptors. They produce craving
and other symptoms of withdrawal.
Available at: https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/
neuroscience/neuroscience-experts/nicotine-addictionneuroscience-henry-lester#what-happens-in-the-brainwhen-people-smoke. Accessed on: Aug 1st, 2025.
What is the primary function of nicotine in the process the
author calls “inside out” pharmacology?
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