Questões Vestibular de Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension - Página 108

Ano: 2010 Banca: NC-UFPR Órgão: UFPR Prova: NC-UFPR - 2010 - UFPR - Vestibular - Prova 1 |

Q1263251 Inglês

Germans make wonderful beer. Yet the productivity of the German beer industry is only 43 percent that of the U.S. beer industry. Meanwhile, the German metalworking and steel industries are equal in productivity to their American counterparts. Since the Germans are evidently capable of organizing industries well, why can’t they do so when it comes to beer?

It turns out that the German beer industry suffers from small-scale production. There are a thousand tiny beer companies in Germany, shielded from competition with one another because each German brewery has virtually a local monopoly, and they are also shielded from competition with imports. The United States has 67 major beer breweries, producing 23 billion liters of beer per year. All of Germany’s 1,000 breweries combined produce only half as much. Thus the average U.S. brewery produces 31 times more beer than the average German brewery.

This fact results from local tastes and German government policies. German beer drinkers are fiercely loyal to their local brand, so there are no national brands in Germany analogous to our Budweiser, Miller, or Coors. Instead, most German beer is consumed within 30 miles of the factory where it is brewed. Therefore, the German beer industry cannot profit from economies of scale. In the beer business, as in other businesses, production costs decrease greatly with scale. The bigger the refrigerating unit for making beer, and the longer the assembly line for filling bottles with beer, the lower the cost of manufacturing beer. Those tiny German beer companies are relatively inefficient. There’s no competition; there are just a thousand local monopolies.

The local beer loyalties of individual German drinkers are reinforced by German laws that make it hard for foreign beers to compete in the German market. The German government has so-called beer purity laws that specify exactly what can go into beer. Not surprisingly, those government purity specifications are based on what German breweries put into beer, and not what American, French, and Swedish breweries like to put into beer. Because of those laws, not much foreign beer gets exported to Germany, and because of inefficiency and high prices much less of that wonderful German beer than you would otherwise expect gets sold abroad. (Before you object that German Löwenbräu beer is widely available in the United States, please read the label on the next bottle of Löwenbräu that you drink here: it’s not produced in Germany but in North America, under license, in big factories with North American productivities and efficiencies of scale).

(Diamond, J. ,2005. Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: Norton.)

Are the statements true (T) or false (F), according to the text?
( ) The United States produces less beer than Germany. ( ) The German steel industry is better organized than the German beer industry. ( ) The German metalworking industry is more productive than the American metalworking industry. ( ) In Germany there are more factories producing beer than in the United States. ( ) 43% of the beer sold in the United States is produced in Germany.
Mark the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from top to bottom.

A

T – F – T – F – F.

B

F – F – F – T – F.

C

F – T – T – T – T.

D

F – T – F – T – F.

E

T – F – T – F – T.

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Q1263250

Ano: 2010 Banca: NC-UFPR Órgão: UFPR Prova: NC-UFPR - 2010 - UFPR - Vestibular - Prova 1 |

Q1263250 Inglês

Texto associado

Lucy’s Big Brother Reveals New Facets of her Species

First came Lucy. Then came Lucy’s baby, an infant of her species. Now comes Lucy’s “big brother”: the partial skeleton of a large male of Australopithecus afarensis, unveiled this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The roughly 40% complete skeleton has been nicknamed Kadanuumuu, which means “big man” in the Afar language of the Afar Depression of Ethiopia, where it was found. “It was huge – a big man, with long legs”, says lead author Yohannes Haile-Selassie, a palaeoanthropologist at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in Ohio.

Dated to 3.6 million years ago, the new skeleton is almost half a million years older than Lucy and the second oldest skeleton found of a possible human ancestor. It had long legs and a torso and a pelvis more like those of a modern human than an African ape, showing that fully upright walking was in place at this early date, Haile-Selassie says. Although headless, the skeleton also preserves parts not found before in Lucy’s species. “It is important because it provides the ribs and scapula”, says palaeoanthropologist Carol Ward of the University of Missouri, Columbia.

In 2005, a sharp-eyed member of Haile-Selassie’s team, Alemayehu Asfaw, spotted a fragment of lower arm bone on the ground at Woranso-Mille, about 48 kilometers north of Lucy’s grave at Hadar. Over the next 4 years, the team unearthed the shoulder blade, collarbone, ribs, and neck vertebra, the first time those bones were found together in an A. afarensis adult. The team also found a pelvis, an arm, and leg bones. Although they never found the skull or teeth, which are typically used to assign species, the skeleton’s age and similarity to Lucy suggest that it belongs to her species, says co-author Owen Lovejoy of Kent State University in Ohio.

The robust male stood between 1.5 and 1.7 meters tall, about 30% larger than Lucy. Isolated bones of other individuals suggest that some males were even larger, so the new skeleton doesn’t settle a long-standing debate over just how much sexual dimorphism there was in A. afarensis, Lovejoy says. The shoulder blade looks more like that of a gorilla and a modern human than that of a chimpanzee. The curvature of the second rib suggests a wide rib cage at the top and a barrel shape overall, similar to that of modern humans and distinct from the more funnel-shaped rib cage of a chimpanzee, the authors say.

(Science Magazine, 25 June 2010.)

Why do palaeoanthropologists believe the skeleton may be a human ancestor?

A

Because of the size and shape of the skull.

B

They found artifacts near the skeleton.

C

Because of the torso, pelvis and long legs.

D

Because it was 30 percent bigger than Lucy.

E

It was discovered close to other human ancestors.

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Q1263248

Ano: 2010 Banca: NC-UFPR Órgão: UFPR Prova: NC-UFPR - 2010 - UFPR - Vestibular - Prova 1 |

Q1263248 Inglês

Texto associado

Lucy’s Big Brother Reveals New Facets of her Species

First came Lucy. Then came Lucy’s baby, an infant of her species. Now comes Lucy’s “big brother”: the partial skeleton of a large male of Australopithecus afarensis, unveiled this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The roughly 40% complete skeleton has been nicknamed Kadanuumuu, which means “big man” in the Afar language of the Afar Depression of Ethiopia, where it was found. “It was huge – a big man, with long legs”, says lead author Yohannes Haile-Selassie, a palaeoanthropologist at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in Ohio.

Dated to 3.6 million years ago, the new skeleton is almost half a million years older than Lucy and the second oldest skeleton found of a possible human ancestor. It had long legs and a torso and a pelvis more like those of a modern human than an African ape, showing that fully upright walking was in place at this early date, Haile-Selassie says. Although headless, the skeleton also preserves parts not found before in Lucy’s species. “It is important because it provides the ribs and scapula”, says palaeoanthropologist Carol Ward of the University of Missouri, Columbia.

In 2005, a sharp-eyed member of Haile-Selassie’s team, Alemayehu Asfaw, spotted a fragment of lower arm bone on the ground at Woranso-Mille, about 48 kilometers north of Lucy’s grave at Hadar. Over the next 4 years, the team unearthed the shoulder blade, collarbone, ribs, and neck vertebra, the first time those bones were found together in an A. afarensis adult. The team also found a pelvis, an arm, and leg bones. Although they never found the skull or teeth, which are typically used to assign species, the skeleton’s age and similarity to Lucy suggest that it belongs to her species, says co-author Owen Lovejoy of Kent State University in Ohio.

The robust male stood between 1.5 and 1.7 meters tall, about 30% larger than Lucy. Isolated bones of other individuals suggest that some males were even larger, so the new skeleton doesn’t settle a long-standing debate over just how much sexual dimorphism there was in A. afarensis, Lovejoy says. The shoulder blade looks more like that of a gorilla and a modern human than that of a chimpanzee. The curvature of the second rib suggests a wide rib cage at the top and a barrel shape overall, similar to that of modern humans and distinct from the more funnel-shaped rib cage of a chimpanzee, the authors say.

(Science Magazine, 25 June 2010.)

Where was the skeleton found?

A

Austrália.

B

Kadanuumuu.

C

Hadar.

D

Woranso-Mille.

E

Ohio.

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Q1263247

Ano: 2010 Banca: NC-UFPR Órgão: UFPR Prova: NC-UFPR - 2010 - UFPR - Vestibular - Prova 1 |

Q1263247 Inglês

Texto associado

Lucy’s Big Brother Reveals New Facets of her Species

First came Lucy. Then came Lucy’s baby, an infant of her species. Now comes Lucy’s “big brother”: the partial skeleton of a large male of Australopithecus afarensis, unveiled this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The roughly 40% complete skeleton has been nicknamed Kadanuumuu, which means “big man” in the Afar language of the Afar Depression of Ethiopia, where it was found. “It was huge – a big man, with long legs”, says lead author Yohannes Haile-Selassie, a palaeoanthropologist at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in Ohio.

Dated to 3.6 million years ago, the new skeleton is almost half a million years older than Lucy and the second oldest skeleton found of a possible human ancestor. It had long legs and a torso and a pelvis more like those of a modern human than an African ape, showing that fully upright walking was in place at this early date, Haile-Selassie says. Although headless, the skeleton also preserves parts not found before in Lucy’s species. “It is important because it provides the ribs and scapula”, says palaeoanthropologist Carol Ward of the University of Missouri, Columbia.

In 2005, a sharp-eyed member of Haile-Selassie’s team, Alemayehu Asfaw, spotted a fragment of lower arm bone on the ground at Woranso-Mille, about 48 kilometers north of Lucy’s grave at Hadar. Over the next 4 years, the team unearthed the shoulder blade, collarbone, ribs, and neck vertebra, the first time those bones were found together in an A. afarensis adult. The team also found a pelvis, an arm, and leg bones. Although they never found the skull or teeth, which are typically used to assign species, the skeleton’s age and similarity to Lucy suggest that it belongs to her species, says co-author Owen Lovejoy of Kent State University in Ohio.

The robust male stood between 1.5 and 1.7 meters tall, about 30% larger than Lucy. Isolated bones of other individuals suggest that some males were even larger, so the new skeleton doesn’t settle a long-standing debate over just how much sexual dimorphism there was in A. afarensis, Lovejoy says. The shoulder blade looks more like that of a gorilla and a modern human than that of a chimpanzee. The curvature of the second rib suggests a wide rib cage at the top and a barrel shape overall, similar to that of modern humans and distinct from the more funnel-shaped rib cage of a chimpanzee, the authors say.

(Science Magazine, 25 June 2010.)

Are the statements true (T) or false (F), according to the text?
( ) The new skeleton was really Lucy’s brother. ( ) The new skeleton is almost 100% complete. ( ) The new skeleton is larger than that of Lucy. ( ) The new skeleton is similar to a chimpanzee. ( ) The team spent four years excavating for bones.
Mark the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from top to bottom.

A

F – T – T – F – T.

B

T – T – F – F – T.

C

F – F – T – T – F.

D

F – F – T – F – T.

E

T – T – F – T – F.

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Q1261381

Ano: 2010 Banca: UFU-MG Órgão: UFU-MG Prova: UFU-MG - 2010 - UFU-MG - Vestibular - Prova 002 |

Q1261381 Inglês

Texto associado

School Sports Injuries: 9 Prevention Tips

Reduce the risk of sports injuries with these essential guidelines.

Sports medicine doctors offer these tips to help reduce the number of youth sports injuries:

1. Warm-up and cool down properly. Warm-up exercises, such as stretching and light jogging, can help minimize the chance of muscle strain or other soft tissue injury and make the body’s tissues warmer and more flexible. Cooling down exercises loosen the body’s muscles that have tightened during exercise. Make warm-ups and cool downs part of your kids’ routine before and after sports participation.

2. Know and abide by the rules of the sport. Kids should also be instructed in how to use the sport’s athletic equipment properly.

3. Avoid playing when very tired or in pain. Children should take a break immediately if in pain.

4. Be in proper physical condition to play the sport. Before starting a sport, have your child work out to prepare.

5. Keep kids hydrated. Make sure there is adequate water or other liquids to maintain proper hydration. Kids need to drink 8 ounces of fluid every 20 minutes, plus more after playing.

6. Wear appropriate protective gear, such as shin guards for soccer, a hard-shell helmet when facing a baseball or softball pitcher, a helmet and body padding for ice hockey. Make sure your child uses the proper protective gear for a particular sport. This may lessen the chances of being injured.

7. Make sure the coach is certified. Enroll your child in organized sports through schools, community clubs, and recreation areas where there may be adults who are certified coaches. Ask about the coach’s background and training.

8. Get a preseason physical examination. Kids should have a thorough exam from a physician before participating in sports, including a cardiovascular workup to make sure there are no pre-existing conditions.

9. Insist on a team emergency plan. What happens if a child is injured? Where’s the first-aid kit? Who drives to the hospital? Make sure any injured child sees a doctor right away.

Extracted from The Reader’s Digest, 2010.

Todas as ações abaixo contribuem para a ocorrência de ferimentos e contusões relacionadas à prática esportiva, EXCETO:

A

a falta de acompanhamento físico adequado.

B

a falta de instruções adequadas.

C

a falta de uso de equipamento e/ou roupas adequadas.

D

a falta de um plano emergencial.

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Q1261380

Ano: 2010 Banca: UFU-MG Órgão: UFU-MG Prova: UFU-MG - 2010 - UFU-MG - Vestibular - Prova 002 |

Q1261380 Inglês