Questões de Concurso para Analista de Pesquisa Energética

Q3258860

Ano: 2024 Banca: FGV Órgão: EPE Prova: FGV - 2024 - EPE - Analista de Pesquisa Energética (Gás e Bioenergia - Bioenergia) |

Q3258860 Física

Uma massa de um gás perfeito, sob temperatura de 27^oC é confinada em um recipiente de volume igual a 6,0L, é submetida a uma pressão de 2,5atm.
A esse respeito, analise as afirmativas a seguir.

I. Quando a pressão é elevada em 0,5atm., nota-se uma contração no volume de 1,0L, a temperatura do sistema permanece em 27^oC e a transformação é isotérmica.

II. Se considerarmos o recipiente indeformável, seco e fechado por uma tampa plástica e aumentarmos a temperatura para 57^oC, a pressão de expulsão da tampa de plástico será 3,75atm.

III. A pressão no interior do recipiente do item II, após a saída da tampa, será igual à pressão atmosférica.

Está correto o que se afirma em

A

I, apenas.

B

I e II, apenas.

C

I e III, apenas.

D

II e III, apenas.

E

I, II e III.

Incorreta. Gabarito oficial da banca:

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Q3258859

Ano: 2024 Banca: FGV Órgão: EPE Prova: FGV - 2024 - EPE - Analista de Pesquisa Energética (Gás e Bioenergia - Bioenergia) |

Q3258859 Química

O pH é a sigla usada para o potencial (ou potência) hidrogeniônico, porque se refere à concentração de [H⁺ ] (ou de H₃O⁺ ) em uma solução. Assim, o pH serve para nos indicar se uma solução é ácida, neutra ou básica.
Sobre o tema, analise as afirmativas a seguir.

I. O método mais preciso para medição de pH é a utilização de um pHmetro. Entretanto, para processos em que não seja adequado usar o medidor de pH ou por simplicidade, são usados indicadores, menos precisos, que mudam de cor em diferentes faixas de pH.

II. Observe que quanto menor o valor do pH, mais ácida a solução será. Isso acontece porque a escala de pH é logarítmica, o que quer dizer que o pH é definido como logaritmo negativo da concentração dos íons [H+(aq)] na base 10: colog [H+] = - log [H+] ; pH = - log [H+]; [H+] = 10-pH, em mol/L.

III. O estômago produz suco gástrico constituído de ácido clorídrico, muco, enzimas e sais. O valor de pH no interior do estômago deriva, principalmente, do ácido clorídrico presente. Sendo o ácido clorídrico um ácido forte, a sua ionização é total em meio aquoso, e a concentração de H+ em quantidade de matéria nesse meio será a mesma do ácido de origem. Assim, uma solução aquosa de ácido clorídrico em concentração 0,01mol L-1 terá pH igual a 1.

Está correto o que se afirma em

A

I, apenas.

B

I e II, apenas.

C

I e III, apenas.

D

II e III, apenas.

E

I, II e III.

Incorreta. Gabarito oficial da banca:

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teste

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teste

Q3258858

Ano: 2024 Banca: FGV Órgão: EPE Prova: FGV - 2024 - EPE - Analista de Pesquisa Energética (Gás e Bioenergia - Bioenergia) |

Q3258858 Química

Dada a reação XC₈H₁₈(l) + YO₂ (g) → ZCO₂ (g) + WH₂O(g), considere 1mol C₈H₁₈ = 114,22g; 1mol CO₂ = 44,01g, analise as afirmativas a seguir e assinale (V) para a verdadeira e (F) para a falsa.

( ) Os coeficientes X, Y, Z e W da equação balanceada são, respectivamente, 2, 25, 16 e 18.
( ) A massa de CO₂ produzida pela combustão de 3,4 x 10¹⁵ g de gasolina é 1,1 x 10¹⁶ g.
( ) Se mol de C₈H₁₈(l) reagirem com mol de O₂, serão produzidos 8mol de CO₂ e o reagente limitante será o O₂.

As afirmativas são, respectivamente,

A

V – F – F.

B

F – V – V.

C

V – F – V.

D

V – V – F.

E

V – V – V.

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Q3258857

Ano: 2024 Banca: FGV Órgão: EPE Prova: FGV - 2024 - EPE - Analista de Pesquisa Energética (Gás e Bioenergia - Bioenergia) |

Q3258857 Química

Dada a reação XC₆H₁₄O₄ + YO₂ → ZCO₂ + WH₂O, analise as afirmativas a seguir e assinale (V) para a verdadeira e (F) para a falsa.
( ) A relação numérica entre as quantias químicas em uma reação é chamada de estequiometria. Os coeficientes em uma equação química balanceada especificam as quantias relativas em mols de cada substância envolvida na reação
( ) Na equação balanceada, o coeficiente X é 1.
( ) O coeficiente W é 14, na equação balanceada.

As afirmativas são, respectivamente,

A

V – V – V.

B

V – F – F.

C

F – V – V.

D

V – F – V.

E

F – V – F.

Incorreta. Gabarito oficial da banca:

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Q3258856

Q3258856 Engenharia Elétrica

A respeito do consumo de energia elétrica nos diversos setores da economia brasileira, observa-se que

A

no País, nos últimos 10 anos, houve um aumento acima de 50% no consumo do setor industrial.

B

a Região Centro-Oeste atualmente apresenta o menor consumo do País no setor industrial.

C

os Estados do Paraná, Mato Grosso e Goiás atualmente apresentam o maior consumo do País no setor Rural.

D

no País, nos últimos 10 anos, a variação interanual do consumo de energia no setor comercial, chegou a superar a marca de 25%.

E

no País, nos últimos 10 anos, o consumo do setor residencial está em tendência decrescente.

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Q3258855

Q3258855 Legislação Federal

A Lei nº 14.600/2023 trata da organização atual dos órgãos da Presidência da República e dos Ministérios.

Ela estabelece que

A

a Casa Civil é o ministério responsável por assistir o Presidente da República no desempenho de suas funções quanto a assuntos de segurança de natureza civil.

B

o Ministério das Comunicações é o responsável por coordenar as atividades de segurança da informação e das comunicações.

C

o Ministério da Defesa é o responsável por assistir o Presidente da República no desempenho de suas funções quanto a assuntos militares e de segurança.

D

o Conselho Nacional Política Energética como um órgão de assessoramento referente a diretrizes na área de energia, integrante da Presidência da República.

E

o Advogado Geral da União é responsável pela defesa da ordem jurídica, dos direitos políticos, das garantias constitucionais e da política judiciária.

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Q3258854

Q3258854 Legislação Federal

A Lei nº 14.300/2022 institui o marco legal da microgeração e minigeração distribuída e dá outras providências.

Ela estabelece que

A

os contratos firmados entre o consumidor e a concessionária ou permissionária de distribuição de energia elétrica para fins de acesso ao sistema de microgeração distribuída podem ser celebrados somente com pessoa física, tendo em vista os subsídios adicionais aplicáveis apenas a microgeração.

B

os interessados em implantar projetos de minigeração distribuída são isentos de apresentar garantia de fiel cumprimento para centrais enquadradas na modalidade de geração compartilhada por cooperativa, desde que a potência instalada da central não ultrapasse 1MW.

C

o consumidor-gerador interessado na conexão de central de microgeração ou minigeração distribuída pode optar por tensão diferente da informada pela concessionária ou permissionária de distribuição de energia elétrica, desde que haja viabilidade técnica do subsistema elétrico.

D

a concessionária ou permissionária de distribuição é responsável técnica pela implantação do sistema de medição da microgeração distribuída, ao passo que os custos de implantação desse sistema de medição são de responsabilidade do interessado.

E

os custos de eventuais melhorias ou de reforços no sistema de distribuição em função exclusivamente da conexão de minigeração distribuída serão integralmente arcados pela concessionária ou permissionária de distribuição de energia elétrica, não havendo participação financeira do consumidor.

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Q3258853

Q3258853 Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária

O mercado procura por empresas sustentáveis, que demonstram preocupação com o uso sustentável de energia.
Dentro desse contexto, edificações podem atestar sua eficiência energético por meio da obtenção do selo Procel.
Nesse contexto, assinale a opção que indica um parâmetro a ser atendido por uma edificação para obter o Selo A Procel.

A

Edificações que possuem sistemas de iluminação 100% eficientes, eliminando o uso de lâmpadas incandescentes.

B

Edificações que utilizam exclusivamente fontes de energia renováveis, como solar e eólica.

C

Edificações com o maior potencial de geração de energia elétrica por meio de painéis solares.

D

Edificações que possuem o menor consumo de energia para aquecimento e resfriamento, sendo a mais eficiente em termos energéticos.

E

Edificações que atingiram o máximo nível de automação e controle de sistemas elétricos, independentemente do consumo de energia.

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Q3258852

Q3258852 Engenharia Elétrica

O engenheiro responsável por uma usina termelétrica analisa a programação diária de operação eletroenergética para estabelecer a produção de sua usina.
De acordo com a organização institucional do setor elétrico, assinale a instituição do setor elétrico responsável pela elaboração da programação diária.

A

ANEEL

B

ONS

C

EPE

D

CCEE

E

CMSE

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Q3258851

Q3258851 Administração Financeira e Orçamentária

O orçamento público no Brasil é um instrumento essencial para o planejamento e a gestão dos recursos financeiros do Estado, com o objetivo de atender às necessidades da sociedade e promover o desenvolvimento econômico e social do país.
Com relação ao orçamento público, analise os itens a seguir:

I. A elaboração de propostas orçamentárias é o processo de preparação da proposta de orçamento anual de um ente público. Esse processo envolve a consolidação, pelo Poder Executivo, do projeto da Lei de Diretrizes Orçamentárias, incluindo as propostas orçamentárias dos demais Poderes, e o subsequente envio ao Poder Legislativo para apreciação.

II. A verificação da fidelidade funcional dos agentes da administração responsáveis por bens e valores públicos é parte integrante do controle da execução orçamentária.

III. O cumprimento do programa de trabalho, expresso em termos monetários e de realização de obras e prestação de serviços, é parte integrante do controle da execução orçamentária.

Está correto o que se afirma em

A

I, apenas.

B

I e II, apenas.

C

I e III, apenas.

D

II e III, apenas.

E

I, II e III.

Incorreta. Gabarito oficial da banca:

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Q3258850

Q3258850 Direito Constitucional

A Constituição Federal Brasileira de 1988 estabelece os princípios fundamentais da Administração Pública. Inscritos no artigo 37, esses princípios formam a base para uma administração pública que deve ser transparente, responsável e comprometida com o bem-estar coletivo.
O princípio relacionado ao modo de organizar, estruturar e disciplinar a Administração Pública para alcançar os melhores resultados na prestação do serviço público é denominado Princípio da

A

Legalidade.

B

Impessoalidade.

C

Moralidade.

D

Publicidade.

E

Eficiência.

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Q3258849

Q3258849 Direito Administrativo

A organização administrativa no setor público envolve modelos que delineiam a distribuição de poder e responsabilidades.
Relacione as organizações abaixo com suas respectivas naturezas jurídicas.
1. Empresa de Pesquisa Energética 2. Nuclebrás Equipamentos Pesados 3. Ministério de Minas e Energia 4. Autoridade Nacional de Segurança Nuclear
( ) Autarquia ( ) Sociedade de Economia Mista ( ) Ministério ( ) Empresa Pública

Assinale a opção que apresenta a relação correta, na ordem apresentada.

A

1 – 3 – 2 – 4.

B

1 – 4 – 2 – 3.

C

4 – 2 – 3 – 1.

D

2 – 4 – 3 – 1.

E

4 – 3 – 2 – 1.

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Q3258848

Q3258848 Direito Administrativo

A Constituição Federal de 1988 estabelece que a Administração Pública no Brasil pode ser direta ou indireta. Essa estrutura visa promover a eficiência, transparência e responsabilidade na prestação de serviços públicos e na execução de políticas governamentais.
A entidade dotada de personalidade jurídica de direito privado, com patrimônio próprio e capital exclusivo da União, criada por lei para a exploração de atividade econômica que o governo seja levado a exercer por força de contingência ou de conveniência administrativa, é denominada

A

autarquia.

B

empresa pública.

C

sociedade de economia mista.

D

fundação pública.

E

organização da sociedade civil.

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Q3258847

Q3258847 Inglês

Texto associado

Text I

Shock of the old: Believe it or not, battery-powered vehicles

have been around since Victorian times.

The history of the electric car is surprisingly enraging. If you imagine early electric vehicles at all (full disclosure: I didn’t until recently), it will probably be as the quixotic and possibly dangerous dream of a few eccentrics, maybe in the 1920s or 1930s, when domestic electrification became widespread. It’s easy to imagine some stiff-collared proto-Musk getting bored of hunting and affairs, eyeing his newly installed electric lights speculatively, then wreaking untold havoc and mass electrocutions. The reality is entirely different.

By 1900, a third of all cars on the road in the US were electric; we’re looking at the history of a cruelly missed opportunity, and it started astonishingly early. The Scottish engineer Robert Anderson had a go at an electric car of sorts way back in the 1830s, though his invention was somewhat stymied by the fact rechargeable batteries were not invented until 1859, making his crude carriage something of a one-trick pony (and far less useful than an actual pony).

It’s debatable whether or not Scotland was ready for this brave new world anyway: in 1842, Robert Davidson (another Scot, who had, a few years earlier, also tried his hand at an electric vehicle) saw his electric locomotive Galvani “broken by some malicious hands almost beyond repair” in Perth. The contemporary consensus was that it was attacked by railway workers fearful for their jobs.

Despite this unpromising start, electric vehicles had entered widespread commercial circulation by the start of the 20th century, particularly in the US. Electric cabs crisscrossed Manhattan, 1897’s bestselling US car was electric and, when he was shot in 1901, President McKinley was taken to hospital in an electric ambulance. London had Walter Bersey’s electric taxis, and Berlin’s fire engines went electric in 1908; the future looked bright, clean and silent.

By the 1930s, however, the tide had definitively turned against electric, cursed by range limitations and impractical charging times while petrol gained the upper hand thanks partly – and ironically – to the electric starter motor. The Horseless Age magazine, which vehemently backed the petrol non-horse, would have been delighted. There was a brief resurgence of interest in the late 1960s, when the US Congress passed a bill promoting electrical vehicle development, but nothing much actually happened until the Nissan Leaf sparked interest in 2009. Electric still isn’t quite there yet, battling infrastructure and battery problems that might have been familiar to Anderson and friends.

Adapted from The Guardian, Tuesday 24 October 2023, p. 6 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/series/shock-of-the-old/2023/oct/24/all

In “which vehemently backed” (5th paragraph) the verb is similar in meaning to:

A

supported.

B

hindered.

C

resisted.

D

limited.

E

defied.

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Q3258846

Q3258846 Inglês

Texto associado

Text I

Shock of the old: Believe it or not, battery-powered vehicles

have been around since Victorian times.

The history of the electric car is surprisingly enraging. If you imagine early electric vehicles at all (full disclosure: I didn’t until recently), it will probably be as the quixotic and possibly dangerous dream of a few eccentrics, maybe in the 1920s or 1930s, when domestic electrification became widespread. It’s easy to imagine some stiff-collared proto-Musk getting bored of hunting and affairs, eyeing his newly installed electric lights speculatively, then wreaking untold havoc and mass electrocutions. The reality is entirely different.

By 1900, a third of all cars on the road in the US were electric; we’re looking at the history of a cruelly missed opportunity, and it started astonishingly early. The Scottish engineer Robert Anderson had a go at an electric car of sorts way back in the 1830s, though his invention was somewhat stymied by the fact rechargeable batteries were not invented until 1859, making his crude carriage something of a one-trick pony (and far less useful than an actual pony).

It’s debatable whether or not Scotland was ready for this brave new world anyway: in 1842, Robert Davidson (another Scot, who had, a few years earlier, also tried his hand at an electric vehicle) saw his electric locomotive Galvani “broken by some malicious hands almost beyond repair” in Perth. The contemporary consensus was that it was attacked by railway workers fearful for their jobs.

Despite this unpromising start, electric vehicles had entered widespread commercial circulation by the start of the 20th century, particularly in the US. Electric cabs crisscrossed Manhattan, 1897’s bestselling US car was electric and, when he was shot in 1901, President McKinley was taken to hospital in an electric ambulance. London had Walter Bersey’s electric taxis, and Berlin’s fire engines went electric in 1908; the future looked bright, clean and silent.

By the 1930s, however, the tide had definitively turned against electric, cursed by range limitations and impractical charging times while petrol gained the upper hand thanks partly – and ironically – to the electric starter motor. The Horseless Age magazine, which vehemently backed the petrol non-horse, would have been delighted. There was a brief resurgence of interest in the late 1960s, when the US Congress passed a bill promoting electrical vehicle development, but nothing much actually happened until the Nissan Leaf sparked interest in 2009. Electric still isn’t quite there yet, battling infrastructure and battery problems that might have been familiar to Anderson and friends.

Adapted from The Guardian, Tuesday 24 October 2023, p. 6 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/series/shock-of-the-old/2023/oct/24/all

The idiom in “the tide had definitively turned” (5th paragraph) implies that the course of events had:

A

shifted.

B

stopped.

C

hastened.

D

increased.

E

persevered.

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Q3258845

Q3258845 Inglês

Texto associado

Text I

Shock of the old: Believe it or not, battery-powered vehicles

have been around since Victorian times.

The history of the electric car is surprisingly enraging. If you imagine early electric vehicles at all (full disclosure: I didn’t until recently), it will probably be as the quixotic and possibly dangerous dream of a few eccentrics, maybe in the 1920s or 1930s, when domestic electrification became widespread. It’s easy to imagine some stiff-collared proto-Musk getting bored of hunting and affairs, eyeing his newly installed electric lights speculatively, then wreaking untold havoc and mass electrocutions. The reality is entirely different.

By 1900, a third of all cars on the road in the US were electric; we’re looking at the history of a cruelly missed opportunity, and it started astonishingly early. The Scottish engineer Robert Anderson had a go at an electric car of sorts way back in the 1830s, though his invention was somewhat stymied by the fact rechargeable batteries were not invented until 1859, making his crude carriage something of a one-trick pony (and far less useful than an actual pony).

It’s debatable whether or not Scotland was ready for this brave new world anyway: in 1842, Robert Davidson (another Scot, who had, a few years earlier, also tried his hand at an electric vehicle) saw his electric locomotive Galvani “broken by some malicious hands almost beyond repair” in Perth. The contemporary consensus was that it was attacked by railway workers fearful for their jobs.

Despite this unpromising start, electric vehicles had entered widespread commercial circulation by the start of the 20th century, particularly in the US. Electric cabs crisscrossed Manhattan, 1897’s bestselling US car was electric and, when he was shot in 1901, President McKinley was taken to hospital in an electric ambulance. London had Walter Bersey’s electric taxis, and Berlin’s fire engines went electric in 1908; the future looked bright, clean and silent.

By the 1930s, however, the tide had definitively turned against electric, cursed by range limitations and impractical charging times while petrol gained the upper hand thanks partly – and ironically – to the electric starter motor. The Horseless Age magazine, which vehemently backed the petrol non-horse, would have been delighted. There was a brief resurgence of interest in the late 1960s, when the US Congress passed a bill promoting electrical vehicle development, but nothing much actually happened until the Nissan Leaf sparked interest in 2009. Electric still isn’t quite there yet, battling infrastructure and battery problems that might have been familiar to Anderson and friends.

Adapted from The Guardian, Tuesday 24 October 2023, p. 6 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/series/shock-of-the-old/2023/oct/24/all

In “Despite this unpromising start” (4th paragraph), the first word can be replaced by:

A

Unless.

B

Hardly.

C

Whereas.

D

Inasmuch.

E

Notwithstanding.

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Q3258844

Q3258844 Inglês

Texto associado

Text I

Shock of the old: Believe it or not, battery-powered vehicles

have been around since Victorian times.

The history of the electric car is surprisingly enraging. If you imagine early electric vehicles at all (full disclosure: I didn’t until recently), it will probably be as the quixotic and possibly dangerous dream of a few eccentrics, maybe in the 1920s or 1930s, when domestic electrification became widespread. It’s easy to imagine some stiff-collared proto-Musk getting bored of hunting and affairs, eyeing his newly installed electric lights speculatively, then wreaking untold havoc and mass electrocutions. The reality is entirely different.

By 1900, a third of all cars on the road in the US were electric; we’re looking at the history of a cruelly missed opportunity, and it started astonishingly early. The Scottish engineer Robert Anderson had a go at an electric car of sorts way back in the 1830s, though his invention was somewhat stymied by the fact rechargeable batteries were not invented until 1859, making his crude carriage something of a one-trick pony (and far less useful than an actual pony).

It’s debatable whether or not Scotland was ready for this brave new world anyway: in 1842, Robert Davidson (another Scot, who had, a few years earlier, also tried his hand at an electric vehicle) saw his electric locomotive Galvani “broken by some malicious hands almost beyond repair” in Perth. The contemporary consensus was that it was attacked by railway workers fearful for their jobs.

Despite this unpromising start, electric vehicles had entered widespread commercial circulation by the start of the 20th century, particularly in the US. Electric cabs crisscrossed Manhattan, 1897’s bestselling US car was electric and, when he was shot in 1901, President McKinley was taken to hospital in an electric ambulance. London had Walter Bersey’s electric taxis, and Berlin’s fire engines went electric in 1908; the future looked bright, clean and silent.

By the 1930s, however, the tide had definitively turned against electric, cursed by range limitations and impractical charging times while petrol gained the upper hand thanks partly – and ironically – to the electric starter motor. The Horseless Age magazine, which vehemently backed the petrol non-horse, would have been delighted. There was a brief resurgence of interest in the late 1960s, when the US Congress passed a bill promoting electrical vehicle development, but nothing much actually happened until the Nissan Leaf sparked interest in 2009. Electric still isn’t quite there yet, battling infrastructure and battery problems that might have been familiar to Anderson and friends.

Adapted from The Guardian, Tuesday 24 October 2023, p. 6 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/series/shock-of-the-old/2023/oct/24/all

The phrase “wreaking […] havoc” (1st paragraph) is similar in meaning to:

A

stifling grief.

B

feigning mirth.

C

seeking respite.

D

creating mayhem.

E

enduring stillness.

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Q3258843

Q3258843 Inglês

Texto associado

Text I

Shock of the old: Believe it or not, battery-powered vehicles

have been around since Victorian times.

The history of the electric car is surprisingly enraging. If you imagine early electric vehicles at all (full disclosure: I didn’t until recently), it will probably be as the quixotic and possibly dangerous dream of a few eccentrics, maybe in the 1920s or 1930s, when domestic electrification became widespread. It’s easy to imagine some stiff-collared proto-Musk getting bored of hunting and affairs, eyeing his newly installed electric lights speculatively, then wreaking untold havoc and mass electrocutions. The reality is entirely different.

By 1900, a third of all cars on the road in the US were electric; we’re looking at the history of a cruelly missed opportunity, and it started astonishingly early. The Scottish engineer Robert Anderson had a go at an electric car of sorts way back in the 1830s, though his invention was somewhat stymied by the fact rechargeable batteries were not invented until 1859, making his crude carriage something of a one-trick pony (and far less useful than an actual pony).

It’s debatable whether or not Scotland was ready for this brave new world anyway: in 1842, Robert Davidson (another Scot, who had, a few years earlier, also tried his hand at an electric vehicle) saw his electric locomotive Galvani “broken by some malicious hands almost beyond repair” in Perth. The contemporary consensus was that it was attacked by railway workers fearful for their jobs.

Despite this unpromising start, electric vehicles had entered widespread commercial circulation by the start of the 20th century, particularly in the US. Electric cabs crisscrossed Manhattan, 1897’s bestselling US car was electric and, when he was shot in 1901, President McKinley was taken to hospital in an electric ambulance. London had Walter Bersey’s electric taxis, and Berlin’s fire engines went electric in 1908; the future looked bright, clean and silent.

By the 1930s, however, the tide had definitively turned against electric, cursed by range limitations and impractical charging times while petrol gained the upper hand thanks partly – and ironically – to the electric starter motor. The Horseless Age magazine, which vehemently backed the petrol non-horse, would have been delighted. There was a brief resurgence of interest in the late 1960s, when the US Congress passed a bill promoting electrical vehicle development, but nothing much actually happened until the Nissan Leaf sparked interest in 2009. Electric still isn’t quite there yet, battling infrastructure and battery problems that might have been familiar to Anderson and friends.

Adapted from The Guardian, Tuesday 24 October 2023, p. 6 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/series/shock-of-the-old/2023/oct/24/all

The last sentence indicates that some hurdles remain to be:

A

raised.

B

handled.

C

loosened.

D

contrived.

E

overlooked.

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Salve essa questão em um caderno para revisar depois. Adicionar a um caderno

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Q3258842

Q3258842 Inglês

Texto associado

Text I

Shock of the old: Believe it or not, battery-powered vehicles

have been around since Victorian times.

The history of the electric car is surprisingly enraging. If you imagine early electric vehicles at all (full disclosure: I didn’t until recently), it will probably be as the quixotic and possibly dangerous dream of a few eccentrics, maybe in the 1920s or 1930s, when domestic electrification became widespread. It’s easy to imagine some stiff-collared proto-Musk getting bored of hunting and affairs, eyeing his newly installed electric lights speculatively, then wreaking untold havoc and mass electrocutions. The reality is entirely different.

By 1900, a third of all cars on the road in the US were electric; we’re looking at the history of a cruelly missed opportunity, and it started astonishingly early. The Scottish engineer Robert Anderson had a go at an electric car of sorts way back in the 1830s, though his invention was somewhat stymied by the fact rechargeable batteries were not invented until 1859, making his crude carriage something of a one-trick pony (and far less useful than an actual pony).

It’s debatable whether or not Scotland was ready for this brave new world anyway: in 1842, Robert Davidson (another Scot, who had, a few years earlier, also tried his hand at an electric vehicle) saw his electric locomotive Galvani “broken by some malicious hands almost beyond repair” in Perth. The contemporary consensus was that it was attacked by railway workers fearful for their jobs.

Despite this unpromising start, electric vehicles had entered widespread commercial circulation by the start of the 20th century, particularly in the US. Electric cabs crisscrossed Manhattan, 1897’s bestselling US car was electric and, when he was shot in 1901, President McKinley was taken to hospital in an electric ambulance. London had Walter Bersey’s electric taxis, and Berlin’s fire engines went electric in 1908; the future looked bright, clean and silent.

By the 1930s, however, the tide had definitively turned against electric, cursed by range limitations and impractical charging times while petrol gained the upper hand thanks partly – and ironically – to the electric starter motor. The Horseless Age magazine, which vehemently backed the petrol non-horse, would have been delighted. There was a brief resurgence of interest in the late 1960s, when the US Congress passed a bill promoting electrical vehicle development, but nothing much actually happened until the Nissan Leaf sparked interest in 2009. Electric still isn’t quite there yet, battling infrastructure and battery problems that might have been familiar to Anderson and friends.

Adapted from The Guardian, Tuesday 24 October 2023, p. 6 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/series/shock-of-the-old/2023/oct/24/all

The author’s account discloses an evolution that can be understood as being:

A

reckless.

B

smooth.

C

straight.

D

erratic.

E

sloppy.

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Q3258841

Q3258841 Inglês

Texto associado

Text I

Shock of the old: Believe it or not, battery-powered vehicles

have been around since Victorian times.

The history of the electric car is surprisingly enraging. If you imagine early electric vehicles at all (full disclosure: I didn’t until recently), it will probably be as the quixotic and possibly dangerous dream of a few eccentrics, maybe in the 1920s or 1930s, when domestic electrification became widespread. It’s easy to imagine some stiff-collared proto-Musk getting bored of hunting and affairs, eyeing his newly installed electric lights speculatively, then wreaking untold havoc and mass electrocutions. The reality is entirely different.

By 1900, a third of all cars on the road in the US were electric; we’re looking at the history of a cruelly missed opportunity, and it started astonishingly early. The Scottish engineer Robert Anderson had a go at an electric car of sorts way back in the 1830s, though his invention was somewhat stymied by the fact rechargeable batteries were not invented until 1859, making his crude carriage something of a one-trick pony (and far less useful than an actual pony).

It’s debatable whether or not Scotland was ready for this brave new world anyway: in 1842, Robert Davidson (another Scot, who had, a few years earlier, also tried his hand at an electric vehicle) saw his electric locomotive Galvani “broken by some malicious hands almost beyond repair” in Perth. The contemporary consensus was that it was attacked by railway workers fearful for their jobs.

Despite this unpromising start, electric vehicles had entered widespread commercial circulation by the start of the 20th century, particularly in the US. Electric cabs crisscrossed Manhattan, 1897’s bestselling US car was electric and, when he was shot in 1901, President McKinley was taken to hospital in an electric ambulance. London had Walter Bersey’s electric taxis, and Berlin’s fire engines went electric in 1908; the future looked bright, clean and silent.

By the 1930s, however, the tide had definitively turned against electric, cursed by range limitations and impractical charging times while petrol gained the upper hand thanks partly – and ironically – to the electric starter motor. The Horseless Age magazine, which vehemently backed the petrol non-horse, would have been delighted. There was a brief resurgence of interest in the late 1960s, when the US Congress passed a bill promoting electrical vehicle development, but nothing much actually happened until the Nissan Leaf sparked interest in 2009. Electric still isn’t quite there yet, battling infrastructure and battery problems that might have been familiar to Anderson and friends.

Adapted from The Guardian, Tuesday 24 October 2023, p. 6 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/series/shock-of-the-old/2023/oct/24/all

At the dawn of the 20th century in the United States of America, the use of electricity-powered vehicles seemed to be:

A

stalling.

B

abating.

C

dragging.

D

slumping.

E

blossoming.

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