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Dado um diagrama de fases P x T com pressão crítica PC e temperatura crítica TC, para um fluido presente em um reservatório de gás com temperatura (TR) e pressão (PR), uma das condições para que este reservatório seja classificado como gás retrogrado é quando
A operação que visa a aumentar o índice de produtividade de um poço de petróleo ou gás ou de injetividade de um poço injetor de água, gás ou outros fluidos é a
Após a completação dos poços produtores de petróleo ou gás, vários métodos são utilizados para a indução do fluxo na coluna de produção, até então preenchida pelo fluido de completação, estando o poço amortecido. Um dos métodos de indução à produção do poço é através de
A válvula de segurança de subsuperfície DHSV (Down Hole Safety Valve) é um equipamento que faz parte da completação de poços de petróleo ou gás, terrestres ou marítimos, com instalação a cabo pelo interior da coluna de produção ou enroscada na própria coluna. A profundidade correta para a instalação da DHSV, em poços sem riscos de formação de hidratos, é
Os equipamentos que fazem parte de uma sonda rotativa de perfuração são agrupados nos denominados “sistemas”. Os componentes que fazem parte do “sistema de sustentação de cargas” de uma sonda, durante as atividades de perfuração de poços de petróleo ou gás natural, são
Analise os estágios evolutivos descritos a seguir.
I - Diagênese – caracteriza-se por ocorrências de atividade bacteriana, a uma dada temperatura apropriada, onde existe a formação do querogênio.
II - Catagênese – caracteriza-se por ocorrência de temperaturas mais altas que a diagênese, onde o querogênio se transforma em hidrocarbonetos líquidos e gasosos.
III - Metagênese – caracteriza-se por ocorrências de temperaturas mais altas que a catagênese, onde há a transformação dos hidrocarbonetos líquidos em óleo pesado e gás.
IV- Metamorfismo – caracteriza-se por temperaturas mais altas que a metagênese, onde há a transformação dos hidrocarbonetos em xisto, gás carbônico e hidrogênio.
Para que ocorra a geração do petróleo e gás natural é necessário que seja delineado um processo natural com os estágios
Durante a fase de prospecção de petróleo e gás natural são usados métodos sísmicos de reflexão que utilizam ondas que têm diferentes velocidades de propagação nos meios, em função das diversas constituições mineralógicas das rochas que compõem o subsolo. Uma seqüência de tipos de rochas e substâncias, disposta na ordem da menor para a maior velocidade de propagação da onda sísmica, é:
O quociente entre o poder calorífico de um gás e a raiz quadrada da densidade relativa, sob as mesmas condições de temperatura e pressão de referência, significa a medida da quantidade de energia disponibilizada em um sistema de combustão através de um orifício injetor. Este valor é conhecido por
Os petróleos produzidos nos diferentes reservatórios têm características e composições bastante variáveis. O Américan Petroleum Institute – API promoveu análises de petróleos de várias origens chegando à conclusão de que todos os petróleos contêm substancialmente os mesmos hidrocarbonetos, porém em quantidades diferentes. Análise elementar de um óleo cru típico mostra que o hidrogênio e o carbono são os dois principais componentes e que o terceiro elemento mais abundante encontrado no petróleo é(são) o(s)
Para o início da cadeia dos eventos que culminam com a gênese do petróleo e gás natural é condição fundamental a ocorrência da associação dos seguintes importantes fatores, além da matéria orgânica:
GLOBAL PETROLEUM
The outlook for oil supply and demand fundamentals over the next two years points to an easing of the oil market balance in 2009. Higher nonOPEC production and planned additions to OPEC capacity should more than offset expected moderate world oil demand growth, and relieve some of the tightness in the market. As a result, surplus production capacity could grow from its current level of under 2 million to over 4 million barrels per day by the end of 2009. This balance suggests some price softening, although delays or downward revisions in capacity additions in both OPEC and non-OPEC nations could alter the outlook, as could OPEC production decisions.
World oil consumption is expected to rise by 1.6 million barrels per day in both 2008 and 2009 compared with the estimated 1 million barrels per day increase recorded last year. The larger volume gains expected in 2008 and 2009 compared with 2007 mainly reflect higher consumption expected in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), particularly Europe, where weather factors constrained oil consumption last year. Projections of continued strong world economic growth will spur oil consumption gains in a number of nonOECD markets, including China, non-OECD Asia, and the Middle East countries, over the next 2 years.
OPEC members’ production decisions and the pace and timing of capacity additions in a number of countries will play a key role in determining oil market trends over the next 2 years. The Energy Information Administration projects that OPEC crude oil production will average about 32.6 million barrels per day in 2008 and 31.8 million barrels per day in 2009 compared with the 31.7 million barrels per day seen during the fourth quarter of 2007. Increased production from Angola, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iraq boosted OPEC’s crude output during the fourth quarter 2007.
Non-OPEC production is expected to rise by about 0.9 million barrels per day in 2008 and by 1.6 million barrels per day in 2009. This compares with a gain of 0.6 million barrels per day recorded last year. Azerbaijan, Russia, Canada, Brazil, the United States, China, Sudan, and Kazakhstan account for a large share of the gain in non-OPEC production growth in 2008 and 2009. Increases in these nations will more than offset expected declines in production in a number of countries including Mexico, the United Kingdom, and Norway.
EIA – Energy Information Administration Short-Term Energy Outlook, January 8, 2008
The statement which describes accurately the meaning relationship between the pair of words is
GLOBAL PETROLEUM
The outlook for oil supply and demand fundamentals over the next two years points to an easing of the oil market balance in 2009. Higher nonOPEC production and planned additions to OPEC capacity should more than offset expected moderate world oil demand growth, and relieve some of the tightness in the market. As a result, surplus production capacity could grow from its current level of under 2 million to over 4 million barrels per day by the end of 2009. This balance suggests some price softening, although delays or downward revisions in capacity additions in both OPEC and non-OPEC nations could alter the outlook, as could OPEC production decisions.
World oil consumption is expected to rise by 1.6 million barrels per day in both 2008 and 2009 compared with the estimated 1 million barrels per day increase recorded last year. The larger volume gains expected in 2008 and 2009 compared with 2007 mainly reflect higher consumption expected in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), particularly Europe, where weather factors constrained oil consumption last year. Projections of continued strong world economic growth will spur oil consumption gains in a number of nonOECD markets, including China, non-OECD Asia, and the Middle East countries, over the next 2 years.
OPEC members’ production decisions and the pace and timing of capacity additions in a number of countries will play a key role in determining oil market trends over the next 2 years. The Energy Information Administration projects that OPEC crude oil production will average about 32.6 million barrels per day in 2008 and 31.8 million barrels per day in 2009 compared with the 31.7 million barrels per day seen during the fourth quarter of 2007. Increased production from Angola, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iraq boosted OPEC’s crude output during the fourth quarter 2007.
Non-OPEC production is expected to rise by about 0.9 million barrels per day in 2008 and by 1.6 million barrels per day in 2009. This compares with a gain of 0.6 million barrels per day recorded last year. Azerbaijan, Russia, Canada, Brazil, the United States, China, Sudan, and Kazakhstan account for a large share of the gain in non-OPEC production growth in 2008 and 2009. Increases in these nations will more than offset expected declines in production in a number of countries including Mexico, the United Kingdom, and Norway.
EIA – Energy Information Administration Short-Term Energy Outlook, January 8, 2008
The sentence in which “should” is used in the same sense as in “…planned additions to OPEC capacity should more than offset...” (lines 4-5) is:
GLOBAL PETROLEUM
The outlook for oil supply and demand fundamentals over the next two years points to an easing of the oil market balance in 2009. Higher nonOPEC production and planned additions to OPEC capacity should more than offset expected moderate world oil demand growth, and relieve some of the tightness in the market. As a result, surplus production capacity could grow from its current level of under 2 million to over 4 million barrels per day by the end of 2009. This balance suggests some price softening, although delays or downward revisions in capacity additions in both OPEC and non-OPEC nations could alter the outlook, as could OPEC production decisions.
World oil consumption is expected to rise by 1.6 million barrels per day in both 2008 and 2009 compared with the estimated 1 million barrels per day increase recorded last year. The larger volume gains expected in 2008 and 2009 compared with 2007 mainly reflect higher consumption expected in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), particularly Europe, where weather factors constrained oil consumption last year. Projections of continued strong world economic growth will spur oil consumption gains in a number of nonOECD markets, including China, non-OECD Asia, and the Middle East countries, over the next 2 years.
OPEC members’ production decisions and the pace and timing of capacity additions in a number of countries will play a key role in determining oil market trends over the next 2 years. The Energy Information Administration projects that OPEC crude oil production will average about 32.6 million barrels per day in 2008 and 31.8 million barrels per day in 2009 compared with the 31.7 million barrels per day seen during the fourth quarter of 2007. Increased production from Angola, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iraq boosted OPEC’s crude output during the fourth quarter 2007.
Non-OPEC production is expected to rise by about 0.9 million barrels per day in 2008 and by 1.6 million barrels per day in 2009. This compares with a gain of 0.6 million barrels per day recorded last year. Azerbaijan, Russia, Canada, Brazil, the United States, China, Sudan, and Kazakhstan account for a large share of the gain in non-OPEC production growth in 2008 and 2009. Increases in these nations will more than offset expected declines in production in a number of countries including Mexico, the United Kingdom, and Norway.
EIA – Energy Information Administration Short-Term Energy Outlook, January 8, 2008
Concerning the oil production of both OPEC and non-OPEC members the text informs that
GLOBAL PETROLEUM
The outlook for oil supply and demand fundamentals over the next two years points to an easing of the oil market balance in 2009. Higher nonOPEC production and planned additions to OPEC capacity should more than offset expected moderate world oil demand growth, and relieve some of the tightness in the market. As a result, surplus production capacity could grow from its current level of under 2 million to over 4 million barrels per day by the end of 2009. This balance suggests some price softening, although delays or downward revisions in capacity additions in both OPEC and non-OPEC nations could alter the outlook, as could OPEC production decisions.
World oil consumption is expected to rise by 1.6 million barrels per day in both 2008 and 2009 compared with the estimated 1 million barrels per day increase recorded last year. The larger volume gains expected in 2008 and 2009 compared with 2007 mainly reflect higher consumption expected in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), particularly Europe, where weather factors constrained oil consumption last year. Projections of continued strong world economic growth will spur oil consumption gains in a number of nonOECD markets, including China, non-OECD Asia, and the Middle East countries, over the next 2 years.
OPEC members’ production decisions and the pace and timing of capacity additions in a number of countries will play a key role in determining oil market trends over the next 2 years. The Energy Information Administration projects that OPEC crude oil production will average about 32.6 million barrels per day in 2008 and 31.8 million barrels per day in 2009 compared with the 31.7 million barrels per day seen during the fourth quarter of 2007. Increased production from Angola, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iraq boosted OPEC’s crude output during the fourth quarter 2007.
Non-OPEC production is expected to rise by about 0.9 million barrels per day in 2008 and by 1.6 million barrels per day in 2009. This compares with a gain of 0.6 million barrels per day recorded last year. Azerbaijan, Russia, Canada, Brazil, the United States, China, Sudan, and Kazakhstan account for a large share of the gain in non-OPEC production growth in 2008 and 2009. Increases in these nations will more than offset expected declines in production in a number of countries including Mexico, the United Kingdom, and Norway.
EIA – Energy Information Administration Short-Term Energy Outlook, January 8, 2008
According to Paragraph 2, oil consumption
GLOBAL PETROLEUM
The outlook for oil supply and demand fundamentals over the next two years points to an easing of the oil market balance in 2009. Higher nonOPEC production and planned additions to OPEC capacity should more than offset expected moderate world oil demand growth, and relieve some of the tightness in the market. As a result, surplus production capacity could grow from its current level of under 2 million to over 4 million barrels per day by the end of 2009. This balance suggests some price softening, although delays or downward revisions in capacity additions in both OPEC and non-OPEC nations could alter the outlook, as could OPEC production decisions.
World oil consumption is expected to rise by 1.6 million barrels per day in both 2008 and 2009 compared with the estimated 1 million barrels per day increase recorded last year. The larger volume gains expected in 2008 and 2009 compared with 2007 mainly reflect higher consumption expected in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), particularly Europe, where weather factors constrained oil consumption last year. Projections of continued strong world economic growth will spur oil consumption gains in a number of nonOECD markets, including China, non-OECD Asia, and the Middle East countries, over the next 2 years.
OPEC members’ production decisions and the pace and timing of capacity additions in a number of countries will play a key role in determining oil market trends over the next 2 years. The Energy Information Administration projects that OPEC crude oil production will average about 32.6 million barrels per day in 2008 and 31.8 million barrels per day in 2009 compared with the 31.7 million barrels per day seen during the fourth quarter of 2007. Increased production from Angola, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iraq boosted OPEC’s crude output during the fourth quarter 2007.
Non-OPEC production is expected to rise by about 0.9 million barrels per day in 2008 and by 1.6 million barrels per day in 2009. This compares with a gain of 0.6 million barrels per day recorded last year. Azerbaijan, Russia, Canada, Brazil, the United States, China, Sudan, and Kazakhstan account for a large share of the gain in non-OPEC production growth in 2008 and 2009. Increases in these nations will more than offset expected declines in production in a number of countries including Mexico, the United Kingdom, and Norway.
EIA – Energy Information Administration Short-Term Energy Outlook, January 8, 2008
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