Questões de Concurso
Para prefeitura de alenquer - pa
Foram encontradas 267 questões
Resolva questões gratuitamente!
Junte-se a mais de 4 milhões de concurseiros!
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2914041
Inglês
Texto associado
THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.
A Framework
for Understanding Cross-Cultural
Misunderstandings
Successful communication between human
beings, either within a culture or between
cultures,
requires that the message and meaning
intended by the speaker is correctly
received and interpreted by
the listener. Sustainable error free
communication is rare, and in most human
interactions there is some
degree of miscommunication.
The message
sent from speaker to listener
contains a wide array of features, such as
words,
grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice,
emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language,
and the
interpretation requires the listener to
attend to all of these features, while at
the same time constructing
an understanding of the speaker's
intentions, emotions, politeness,
seriousness, character, beliefs,
priorities, motivations, and style of
communicating. In addition, the listener
must also evaluate whether
the utterance is a question or a statement
and how and to what extent a statement
matters to the
speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each
of the components of the communication
provides one or more kind of information.
Words
convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys
attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body
language
communicates "requests versus commands, the
stages of greeting, and turn-taking"
(Schneller 1988, p.
154).
Even assuming that words and body
language
were perfectly understood, there is more
information necessary to successfully
communicate across cultures. For example, in
some countries it is
polite to refuse the first few offers of
refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone
hungry because their
U.S. host or hostess never presented a third
offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In
understanding
communication, a listener must pay attention
not just to what is said and when, but also
to how many
times something is said, under what
circumstances, and by whom.
Given all this
complexity, the reason human
communication can often succeed is because
people
learn how to communicate and understand
through interacting with one another
throughout their lives.
Therefore, it is no surprise that culture
and socialization are critical determinants
of communication and
interpretation. "The entire inference
process, from observation through
categorization is a function of
one's socialization" Detweiler (1975).
Socialization influences how input will be
received, and how
perceptions will be organized conceptually
and associated with memories.
The importance of
culture to communication
Some theorists have gone so far
as to claim
that culture not only influences
interpretation, but
constitutes interpretation. The
interpretation of communicative intent is
not predictable on the basis of
referential meaning alone. Matters of
context, social presuppositions, knowledge
of the world, and
individual background all play an important
role in interpretation (Gumperz,
1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can
have
difficulty with cross-cultural translations.
There may not
be corresponding words or equivalent
concepts in both cultures, jokes and
implications may be
overlooked, and literal translations can
present a host of difficulties. Some
language pairs are very
difficult to translate, while others,
usually in more similar languages, are much
easier (Sechrest, Fay and
Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental
difficulties
can be traced to the underlying linguistic
commonalities
between the languages, there may be a more
elusive cultural and ecological basis for
difficulty in
translation. It would be interesting to test
how much of the variance in communication
could be
accounted for by the ease with which the
languages in question could be translated
into one another.
Although it may
facilitate cross-cultural
translations, similarity of languages and
cultures also
increases the likelihood that communicators
will erroneously assume similarity of
meanings. This may
make them more likely to misunderstand
speech and behavior without being aware that
they may have
misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general,
cross-cultural miscommunication
can be thought to derive from the mistaken
belief
that emics are etics, that words and deeds
mean the same thing across cultures, and
this miscalculation
is perhaps more likely when cultures are
similar in surface attributes but different
in important underlying
ways. In this case miscommunication may
occur instead of non-communication.
(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html
)
The {-s} plural morpheme in the underlined word in “Some theorists have gone so far as to claim that culture not only influences interpretation, but constitutes interpretation” has the same pronunciation of the one in the underlined word in alternative
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2914022
Inglês
Texto associado
THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.
A Framework
for Understanding Cross-Cultural
Misunderstandings
Successful communication between human
beings, either within a culture or between
cultures,
requires that the message and meaning
intended by the speaker is correctly
received and interpreted by
the listener. Sustainable error free
communication is rare, and in most human
interactions there is some
degree of miscommunication.
The message
sent from speaker to listener
contains a wide array of features, such as
words,
grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice,
emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language,
and the
interpretation requires the listener to
attend to all of these features, while at
the same time constructing
an understanding of the speaker's
intentions, emotions, politeness,
seriousness, character, beliefs,
priorities, motivations, and style of
communicating. In addition, the listener
must also evaluate whether
the utterance is a question or a statement
and how and to what extent a statement
matters to the
speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each
of the components of the communication
provides one or more kind of information.
Words
convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys
attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body
language
communicates "requests versus commands, the
stages of greeting, and turn-taking"
(Schneller 1988, p.
154).
Even assuming that words and body
language
were perfectly understood, there is more
information necessary to successfully
communicate across cultures. For example, in
some countries it is
polite to refuse the first few offers of
refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone
hungry because their
U.S. host or hostess never presented a third
offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In
understanding
communication, a listener must pay attention
not just to what is said and when, but also
to how many
times something is said, under what
circumstances, and by whom.
Given all this
complexity, the reason human
communication can often succeed is because
people
learn how to communicate and understand
through interacting with one another
throughout their lives.
Therefore, it is no surprise that culture
and socialization are critical determinants
of communication and
interpretation. "The entire inference
process, from observation through
categorization is a function of
one's socialization" Detweiler (1975).
Socialization influences how input will be
received, and how
perceptions will be organized conceptually
and associated with memories.
The importance of
culture to communication
Some theorists have gone so far
as to claim
that culture not only influences
interpretation, but
constitutes interpretation. The
interpretation of communicative intent is
not predictable on the basis of
referential meaning alone. Matters of
context, social presuppositions, knowledge
of the world, and
individual background all play an important
role in interpretation (Gumperz,
1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can
have
difficulty with cross-cultural translations.
There may not
be corresponding words or equivalent
concepts in both cultures, jokes and
implications may be
overlooked, and literal translations can
present a host of difficulties. Some
language pairs are very
difficult to translate, while others,
usually in more similar languages, are much
easier (Sechrest, Fay and
Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental
difficulties
can be traced to the underlying linguistic
commonalities
between the languages, there may be a more
elusive cultural and ecological basis for
difficulty in
translation. It would be interesting to test
how much of the variance in communication
could be
accounted for by the ease with which the
languages in question could be translated
into one another.
Although it may
facilitate cross-cultural
translations, similarity of languages and
cultures also
increases the likelihood that communicators
will erroneously assume similarity of
meanings. This may
make them more likely to misunderstand
speech and behavior without being aware that
they may have
misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general,
cross-cultural miscommunication
can be thought to derive from the mistaken
belief
that emics are etics, that words and deeds
mean the same thing across cultures, and
this miscalculation
is perhaps more likely when cultures are
similar in surface attributes but different
in important underlying
ways. In this case miscommunication may
occur instead of non-communication.
(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html
)
The inflectional {-ing} morpheme is found in the underlined word in alternative
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2914007
Inglês
Texto associado
THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.
A Framework
for Understanding Cross-Cultural
Misunderstandings
Successful communication between human
beings, either within a culture or between
cultures,
requires that the message and meaning
intended by the speaker is correctly
received and interpreted by
the listener. Sustainable error free
communication is rare, and in most human
interactions there is some
degree of miscommunication.
The message
sent from speaker to listener
contains a wide array of features, such as
words,
grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice,
emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language,
and the
interpretation requires the listener to
attend to all of these features, while at
the same time constructing
an understanding of the speaker's
intentions, emotions, politeness,
seriousness, character, beliefs,
priorities, motivations, and style of
communicating. In addition, the listener
must also evaluate whether
the utterance is a question or a statement
and how and to what extent a statement
matters to the
speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each
of the components of the communication
provides one or more kind of information.
Words
convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys
attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body
language
communicates "requests versus commands, the
stages of greeting, and turn-taking"
(Schneller 1988, p.
154).
Even assuming that words and body
language
were perfectly understood, there is more
information necessary to successfully
communicate across cultures. For example, in
some countries it is
polite to refuse the first few offers of
refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone
hungry because their
U.S. host or hostess never presented a third
offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In
understanding
communication, a listener must pay attention
not just to what is said and when, but also
to how many
times something is said, under what
circumstances, and by whom.
Given all this
complexity, the reason human
communication can often succeed is because
people
learn how to communicate and understand
through interacting with one another
throughout their lives.
Therefore, it is no surprise that culture
and socialization are critical determinants
of communication and
interpretation. "The entire inference
process, from observation through
categorization is a function of
one's socialization" Detweiler (1975).
Socialization influences how input will be
received, and how
perceptions will be organized conceptually
and associated with memories.
The importance of
culture to communication
Some theorists have gone so far
as to claim
that culture not only influences
interpretation, but
constitutes interpretation. The
interpretation of communicative intent is
not predictable on the basis of
referential meaning alone. Matters of
context, social presuppositions, knowledge
of the world, and
individual background all play an important
role in interpretation (Gumperz,
1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can
have
difficulty with cross-cultural translations.
There may not
be corresponding words or equivalent
concepts in both cultures, jokes and
implications may be
overlooked, and literal translations can
present a host of difficulties. Some
language pairs are very
difficult to translate, while others,
usually in more similar languages, are much
easier (Sechrest, Fay and
Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental
difficulties
can be traced to the underlying linguistic
commonalities
between the languages, there may be a more
elusive cultural and ecological basis for
difficulty in
translation. It would be interesting to test
how much of the variance in communication
could be
accounted for by the ease with which the
languages in question could be translated
into one another.
Although it may
facilitate cross-cultural
translations, similarity of languages and
cultures also
increases the likelihood that communicators
will erroneously assume similarity of
meanings. This may
make them more likely to misunderstand
speech and behavior without being aware that
they may have
misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general,
cross-cultural miscommunication
can be thought to derive from the mistaken
belief
that emics are etics, that words and deeds
mean the same thing across cultures, and
this miscalculation
is perhaps more likely when cultures are
similar in surface attributes but different
in important underlying
ways. In this case miscommunication may
occur instead of non-communication.
(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html
)
Check the alternative in which the underlined utterance has the same grammatical function of the underlined one in “Successful communication between human beings, either within a culture or between cultures, requires that the message and meaning intended by the speaker is correctly received and interpreted by the listener”.
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2913999
Inglês
Texto associado
THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.
A Framework
for Understanding Cross-Cultural
Misunderstandings
Successful communication between human
beings, either within a culture or between
cultures,
requires that the message and meaning
intended by the speaker is correctly
received and interpreted by
the listener. Sustainable error free
communication is rare, and in most human
interactions there is some
degree of miscommunication.
The message
sent from speaker to listener
contains a wide array of features, such as
words,
grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice,
emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language,
and the
interpretation requires the listener to
attend to all of these features, while at
the same time constructing
an understanding of the speaker's
intentions, emotions, politeness,
seriousness, character, beliefs,
priorities, motivations, and style of
communicating. In addition, the listener
must also evaluate whether
the utterance is a question or a statement
and how and to what extent a statement
matters to the
speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each
of the components of the communication
provides one or more kind of information.
Words
convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys
attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body
language
communicates "requests versus commands, the
stages of greeting, and turn-taking"
(Schneller 1988, p.
154).
Even assuming that words and body
language
were perfectly understood, there is more
information necessary to successfully
communicate across cultures. For example, in
some countries it is
polite to refuse the first few offers of
refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone
hungry because their
U.S. host or hostess never presented a third
offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In
understanding
communication, a listener must pay attention
not just to what is said and when, but also
to how many
times something is said, under what
circumstances, and by whom.
Given all this
complexity, the reason human
communication can often succeed is because
people
learn how to communicate and understand
through interacting with one another
throughout their lives.
Therefore, it is no surprise that culture
and socialization are critical determinants
of communication and
interpretation. "The entire inference
process, from observation through
categorization is a function of
one's socialization" Detweiler (1975).
Socialization influences how input will be
received, and how
perceptions will be organized conceptually
and associated with memories.
The importance of
culture to communication
Some theorists have gone so far
as to claim
that culture not only influences
interpretation, but
constitutes interpretation. The
interpretation of communicative intent is
not predictable on the basis of
referential meaning alone. Matters of
context, social presuppositions, knowledge
of the world, and
individual background all play an important
role in interpretation (Gumperz,
1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can
have
difficulty with cross-cultural translations.
There may not
be corresponding words or equivalent
concepts in both cultures, jokes and
implications may be
overlooked, and literal translations can
present a host of difficulties. Some
language pairs are very
difficult to translate, while others,
usually in more similar languages, are much
easier (Sechrest, Fay and
Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental
difficulties
can be traced to the underlying linguistic
commonalities
between the languages, there may be a more
elusive cultural and ecological basis for
difficulty in
translation. It would be interesting to test
how much of the variance in communication
could be
accounted for by the ease with which the
languages in question could be translated
into one another.
Although it may
facilitate cross-cultural
translations, similarity of languages and
cultures also
increases the likelihood that communicators
will erroneously assume similarity of
meanings. This may
make them more likely to misunderstand
speech and behavior without being aware that
they may have
misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general,
cross-cultural miscommunication
can be thought to derive from the mistaken
belief
that emics are etics, that words and deeds
mean the same thing across cultures, and
this miscalculation
is perhaps more likely when cultures are
similar in surface attributes but different
in important underlying
ways. In this case miscommunication may
occur instead of non-communication.
(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html
)
The pronoun them in “This may make them more likely to misunderstand speech and behavior without being aware that they may have misinterpreted the speaker's message” refers to
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2913996
Inglês
Texto associado
THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.
A Framework
for Understanding Cross-Cultural
Misunderstandings
Successful communication between human
beings, either within a culture or between
cultures,
requires that the message and meaning
intended by the speaker is correctly
received and interpreted by
the listener. Sustainable error free
communication is rare, and in most human
interactions there is some
degree of miscommunication.
The message
sent from speaker to listener
contains a wide array of features, such as
words,
grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice,
emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language,
and the
interpretation requires the listener to
attend to all of these features, while at
the same time constructing
an understanding of the speaker's
intentions, emotions, politeness,
seriousness, character, beliefs,
priorities, motivations, and style of
communicating. In addition, the listener
must also evaluate whether
the utterance is a question or a statement
and how and to what extent a statement
matters to the
speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each
of the components of the communication
provides one or more kind of information.
Words
convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys
attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body
language
communicates "requests versus commands, the
stages of greeting, and turn-taking"
(Schneller 1988, p.
154).
Even assuming that words and body
language
were perfectly understood, there is more
information necessary to successfully
communicate across cultures. For example, in
some countries it is
polite to refuse the first few offers of
refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone
hungry because their
U.S. host or hostess never presented a third
offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In
understanding
communication, a listener must pay attention
not just to what is said and when, but also
to how many
times something is said, under what
circumstances, and by whom.
Given all this
complexity, the reason human
communication can often succeed is because
people
learn how to communicate and understand
through interacting with one another
throughout their lives.
Therefore, it is no surprise that culture
and socialization are critical determinants
of communication and
interpretation. "The entire inference
process, from observation through
categorization is a function of
one's socialization" Detweiler (1975).
Socialization influences how input will be
received, and how
perceptions will be organized conceptually
and associated with memories.
The importance of
culture to communication
Some theorists have gone so far
as to claim
that culture not only influences
interpretation, but
constitutes interpretation. The
interpretation of communicative intent is
not predictable on the basis of
referential meaning alone. Matters of
context, social presuppositions, knowledge
of the world, and
individual background all play an important
role in interpretation (Gumperz,
1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can
have
difficulty with cross-cultural translations.
There may not
be corresponding words or equivalent
concepts in both cultures, jokes and
implications may be
overlooked, and literal translations can
present a host of difficulties. Some
language pairs are very
difficult to translate, while others,
usually in more similar languages, are much
easier (Sechrest, Fay and
Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental
difficulties
can be traced to the underlying linguistic
commonalities
between the languages, there may be a more
elusive cultural and ecological basis for
difficulty in
translation. It would be interesting to test
how much of the variance in communication
could be
accounted for by the ease with which the
languages in question could be translated
into one another.
Although it may
facilitate cross-cultural
translations, similarity of languages and
cultures also
increases the likelihood that communicators
will erroneously assume similarity of
meanings. This may
make them more likely to misunderstand
speech and behavior without being aware that
they may have
misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general,
cross-cultural miscommunication
can be thought to derive from the mistaken
belief
that emics are etics, that words and deeds
mean the same thing across cultures, and
this miscalculation
is perhaps more likely when cultures are
similar in surface attributes but different
in important underlying
ways. In this case miscommunication may
occur instead of non-communication.
(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html
)
The underlined word in “Even assuming that words and body language were perfectly understood, there is more information necessary to successfully communicate across cultures”, introduces something that is
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2913995
Inglês
Texto associado
THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.
A Framework
for Understanding Cross-Cultural
Misunderstandings
Successful communication between human
beings, either within a culture or between
cultures,
requires that the message and meaning
intended by the speaker is correctly
received and interpreted by
the listener. Sustainable error free
communication is rare, and in most human
interactions there is some
degree of miscommunication.
The message
sent from speaker to listener
contains a wide array of features, such as
words,
grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice,
emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language,
and the
interpretation requires the listener to
attend to all of these features, while at
the same time constructing
an understanding of the speaker's
intentions, emotions, politeness,
seriousness, character, beliefs,
priorities, motivations, and style of
communicating. In addition, the listener
must also evaluate whether
the utterance is a question or a statement
and how and to what extent a statement
matters to the
speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each
of the components of the communication
provides one or more kind of information.
Words
convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys
attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body
language
communicates "requests versus commands, the
stages of greeting, and turn-taking"
(Schneller 1988, p.
154).
Even assuming that words and body
language
were perfectly understood, there is more
information necessary to successfully
communicate across cultures. For example, in
some countries it is
polite to refuse the first few offers of
refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone
hungry because their
U.S. host or hostess never presented a third
offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In
understanding
communication, a listener must pay attention
not just to what is said and when, but also
to how many
times something is said, under what
circumstances, and by whom.
Given all this
complexity, the reason human
communication can often succeed is because
people
learn how to communicate and understand
through interacting with one another
throughout their lives.
Therefore, it is no surprise that culture
and socialization are critical determinants
of communication and
interpretation. "The entire inference
process, from observation through
categorization is a function of
one's socialization" Detweiler (1975).
Socialization influences how input will be
received, and how
perceptions will be organized conceptually
and associated with memories.
The importance of
culture to communication
Some theorists have gone so far
as to claim
that culture not only influences
interpretation, but
constitutes interpretation. The
interpretation of communicative intent is
not predictable on the basis of
referential meaning alone. Matters of
context, social presuppositions, knowledge
of the world, and
individual background all play an important
role in interpretation (Gumperz,
1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can
have
difficulty with cross-cultural translations.
There may not
be corresponding words or equivalent
concepts in both cultures, jokes and
implications may be
overlooked, and literal translations can
present a host of difficulties. Some
language pairs are very
difficult to translate, while others,
usually in more similar languages, are much
easier (Sechrest, Fay and
Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental
difficulties
can be traced to the underlying linguistic
commonalities
between the languages, there may be a more
elusive cultural and ecological basis for
difficulty in
translation. It would be interesting to test
how much of the variance in communication
could be
accounted for by the ease with which the
languages in question could be translated
into one another.
Although it may
facilitate cross-cultural
translations, similarity of languages and
cultures also
increases the likelihood that communicators
will erroneously assume similarity of
meanings. This may
make them more likely to misunderstand
speech and behavior without being aware that
they may have
misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general,
cross-cultural miscommunication
can be thought to derive from the mistaken
belief
that emics are etics, that words and deeds
mean the same thing across cultures, and
this miscalculation
is perhaps more likely when cultures are
similar in surface attributes but different
in important underlying
ways. In this case miscommunication may
occur instead of non-communication.
(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html
)
The example given in the 4th paragraph supports the idea that successful cross-cultural communication depends on understanding interlocutors’
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2913992
Inglês
Texto associado
THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.
A Framework
for Understanding Cross-Cultural
Misunderstandings
Successful communication between human
beings, either within a culture or between
cultures,
requires that the message and meaning
intended by the speaker is correctly
received and interpreted by
the listener. Sustainable error free
communication is rare, and in most human
interactions there is some
degree of miscommunication.
The message
sent from speaker to listener
contains a wide array of features, such as
words,
grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice,
emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language,
and the
interpretation requires the listener to
attend to all of these features, while at
the same time constructing
an understanding of the speaker's
intentions, emotions, politeness,
seriousness, character, beliefs,
priorities, motivations, and style of
communicating. In addition, the listener
must also evaluate whether
the utterance is a question or a statement
and how and to what extent a statement
matters to the
speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each
of the components of the communication
provides one or more kind of information.
Words
convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys
attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body
language
communicates "requests versus commands, the
stages of greeting, and turn-taking"
(Schneller 1988, p.
154).
Even assuming that words and body
language
were perfectly understood, there is more
information necessary to successfully
communicate across cultures. For example, in
some countries it is
polite to refuse the first few offers of
refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone
hungry because their
U.S. host or hostess never presented a third
offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In
understanding
communication, a listener must pay attention
not just to what is said and when, but also
to how many
times something is said, under what
circumstances, and by whom.
Given all this
complexity, the reason human
communication can often succeed is because
people
learn how to communicate and understand
through interacting with one another
throughout their lives.
Therefore, it is no surprise that culture
and socialization are critical determinants
of communication and
interpretation. "The entire inference
process, from observation through
categorization is a function of
one's socialization" Detweiler (1975).
Socialization influences how input will be
received, and how
perceptions will be organized conceptually
and associated with memories.
The importance of
culture to communication
Some theorists have gone so far
as to claim
that culture not only influences
interpretation, but
constitutes interpretation. The
interpretation of communicative intent is
not predictable on the basis of
referential meaning alone. Matters of
context, social presuppositions, knowledge
of the world, and
individual background all play an important
role in interpretation (Gumperz,
1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can
have
difficulty with cross-cultural translations.
There may not
be corresponding words or equivalent
concepts in both cultures, jokes and
implications may be
overlooked, and literal translations can
present a host of difficulties. Some
language pairs are very
difficult to translate, while others,
usually in more similar languages, are much
easier (Sechrest, Fay and
Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental
difficulties
can be traced to the underlying linguistic
commonalities
between the languages, there may be a more
elusive cultural and ecological basis for
difficulty in
translation. It would be interesting to test
how much of the variance in communication
could be
accounted for by the ease with which the
languages in question could be translated
into one another.
Although it may
facilitate cross-cultural
translations, similarity of languages and
cultures also
increases the likelihood that communicators
will erroneously assume similarity of
meanings. This may
make them more likely to misunderstand
speech and behavior without being aware that
they may have
misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general,
cross-cultural miscommunication
can be thought to derive from the mistaken
belief
that emics are etics, that words and deeds
mean the same thing across cultures, and
this miscalculation
is perhaps more likely when cultures are
similar in surface attributes but different
in important underlying
ways. In this case miscommunication may
occur instead of non-communication.
(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html
)
The author implies that the referential meaning of speaker’s propositions is signaled by
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2913987
Inglês
Texto associado
THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.
A Framework
for Understanding Cross-Cultural
Misunderstandings
Successful communication between human
beings, either within a culture or between
cultures,
requires that the message and meaning
intended by the speaker is correctly
received and interpreted by
the listener. Sustainable error free
communication is rare, and in most human
interactions there is some
degree of miscommunication.
The message
sent from speaker to listener
contains a wide array of features, such as
words,
grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice,
emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language,
and the
interpretation requires the listener to
attend to all of these features, while at
the same time constructing
an understanding of the speaker's
intentions, emotions, politeness,
seriousness, character, beliefs,
priorities, motivations, and style of
communicating. In addition, the listener
must also evaluate whether
the utterance is a question or a statement
and how and to what extent a statement
matters to the
speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each
of the components of the communication
provides one or more kind of information.
Words
convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys
attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body
language
communicates "requests versus commands, the
stages of greeting, and turn-taking"
(Schneller 1988, p.
154).
Even assuming that words and body
language
were perfectly understood, there is more
information necessary to successfully
communicate across cultures. For example, in
some countries it is
polite to refuse the first few offers of
refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone
hungry because their
U.S. host or hostess never presented a third
offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In
understanding
communication, a listener must pay attention
not just to what is said and when, but also
to how many
times something is said, under what
circumstances, and by whom.
Given all this
complexity, the reason human
communication can often succeed is because
people
learn how to communicate and understand
through interacting with one another
throughout their lives.
Therefore, it is no surprise that culture
and socialization are critical determinants
of communication and
interpretation. "The entire inference
process, from observation through
categorization is a function of
one's socialization" Detweiler (1975).
Socialization influences how input will be
received, and how
perceptions will be organized conceptually
and associated with memories.
The importance of
culture to communication
Some theorists have gone so far
as to claim
that culture not only influences
interpretation, but
constitutes interpretation. The
interpretation of communicative intent is
not predictable on the basis of
referential meaning alone. Matters of
context, social presuppositions, knowledge
of the world, and
individual background all play an important
role in interpretation (Gumperz,
1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can
have
difficulty with cross-cultural translations.
There may not
be corresponding words or equivalent
concepts in both cultures, jokes and
implications may be
overlooked, and literal translations can
present a host of difficulties. Some
language pairs are very
difficult to translate, while others,
usually in more similar languages, are much
easier (Sechrest, Fay and
Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental
difficulties
can be traced to the underlying linguistic
commonalities
between the languages, there may be a more
elusive cultural and ecological basis for
difficulty in
translation. It would be interesting to test
how much of the variance in communication
could be
accounted for by the ease with which the
languages in question could be translated
into one another.
Although it may
facilitate cross-cultural
translations, similarity of languages and
cultures also
increases the likelihood that communicators
will erroneously assume similarity of
meanings. This may
make them more likely to misunderstand
speech and behavior without being aware that
they may have
misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general,
cross-cultural miscommunication
can be thought to derive from the mistaken
belief
that emics are etics, that words and deeds
mean the same thing across cultures, and
this miscalculation
is perhaps more likely when cultures are
similar in surface attributes but different
in important underlying
ways. In this case miscommunication may
occur instead of non-communication.
(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html
)
According to the text A Framework for Understanding Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings, human communication
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Engenheiro Ambiental |
Q2908811
Direito Ambiental
A Resolução CONAMA Nº 5, de 1989, dispõe que, nas áreas de preservação, lazer e turismo, deverá ser mantida a qualidade do ar em nível o mais próximo possível do verificado sem a intervenção antropogênica, devendo essas áreas ser enquadradas como
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Engenheiro Ambiental |
Q2908810
Direito Ambiental
Referente ao Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza (SNUC), instituído pela Lei Nº 9.985, de 2000, é correto afirmar que uso direto é
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Engenheiro Ambiental |
Q2908809
Direito Ambiental
Incumbe ao poder público exigir, para instalação de obra ou atividade potencialmente causadora de significativa degradação do meio ambiente, estudo prévio de impacto ambiental. Analise as atividades abaixo:
I - Estradas de rodagem com duas ou mais faixas de rolamento;
II - usinas de geração de eletricidade acima de 10MW;
III - projetos urbanísticos, acima de 100ha.
Dependerá de elaboração de estudo de impacto ambiental e respectivo relatório de impacto ambiental, o licenciamento de atividades constantes das afirmativas
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Engenheiro Ambiental |
Q2908808
Direito Ambiental
Em relação ao processo administrativo para apuração de infração ambiental, é correto afirmar que deve ser observado o prazo máximo de
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Engenheiro Ambiental |
Q2908807
Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária
Com base no que estabelece a Resolução CONAMA nº 430, de 2011, analise as afirmativas abaixo:
I - Os efluentes não poderão conferir ao corpo receptor características de qualidade em desacordo com as metas obrigatórias progressivas, intermediárias e finais do seu enquadramento;
II - excepcionalmente e em caráter temporário, o órgão ambiental competente poderá autorizar o lançamento de efluentes em desacordo com as condições e padrões estabelecidos, desde que haja comprovação do relevante interesse público;
III - no controle das condições de lançamento, é permitida, para fins de diluição antes do seu lançamento, a mistura de efluentes com águas de melhor qualidade.
- Marque a alternativa que reúne afirmativas verdadeiras.
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Engenheiro Ambiental |
Q2908805
Direito Ambiental
As águas salobras, enquadradas como classe 2, podem ser destinadas ao(à)
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Engenheiro Ambiental |
Q2908799
Direito Ambiental
As águas destinadas à recreação de contato primário terão sua condição avaliada nas categorias
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Engenheiro Ambiental |
Q2908795
Direito Ambiental
Em relação aos Planos de Recursos Hídricos estabelecidos pela Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, é correto afirmar que
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Engenheiro Ambiental |
Q2908792
Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária
Para a gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos, deve ser observada a seguinte ordem de prioridade:
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Engenheiro Ambiental |
Q2908790
Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária
Os poluentes emitidos na atmosfera diretamente pelas fontes de emissão são classificados como
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Médico veterinário |
Q2901844
Veterinária
Os processos anêmicos ocorrem em razão de uma excessiva perda de sangue ou destruição, ou ainda pela diminuição da produção de eritrócitos. A comprovação clínica do processo de regeneração dos quadros de anemia é indicada pela ocorrência da reticulocitose. Nos equinos, ocorre uma exceção, uma vez que, nesta espécie, os reticulócitos não são liberados da medula. Nesses casos, a única prática que pode confirmar se a anemia é regenerativa consiste na
Ano: 2012
Banca:
FADESP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA
Prova:
FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Médico veterinário |
Q2901842
Veterinária
Condição associada à diminuição do fluxo sanguíneo através dos rins, secundária à desidratação e à insuficiência cardiovascular e acompanhada por aumento da densidade específica da urina. Trata-se da azotemia
Conheça nossos planos