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Read the following text and answer question.
Spain announces plans to ban social media for under -16s
Spain has become the latest European country to make plans to ban social media for children under the age of 16. The ban, which still needs parliamentary approval, is part of a raft of changes that include making company executives responsible for "illegal or harmful content" on their platforms.
Australia became the world's first country to bring in a ban last year, with others watching - and judging - its success. France, Denmark and Austria have also announced that they are considering their own national age limits.
The UK government has launched a consultation on whether to implement a ban for under-16s. Social media companies have argued that the bans would be ineffective, difficult to implement and could isolate vulnerable teenagers. Reddit is challenging Australia's ban in the High Court.
The new laws would also criminalise manipulating algorithms to amplify illegal content. The European Commission has launched an investigation into Grok [X's AI tool] over concerns it was used to create sexualised images of real people. The UK has announced its own investigation into Grok and on Tuesday in France, the offices of X were raided by the Paris prosecutor's cyber-crime unit as it looked into allegations of off ences including unlawful data extraction and complicity in the possession of child pornography.
In response to the announcement, X owner Elon Musk labelled Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez as a "tyrant and traitor to the people of Spain". TikTok, Snapchat, YouTube, Reddit, Discord and Meta, which owns Facebook and Instagram have all been approached for comment. France has led the charge in Europe, with President Emmanuel Macron saying he wants a ban for under-15s in place by the start of the next school year in September.
WERTHEIMER, T. Spain announces plans to ban social media for under-16s, February 4th, 2026.
Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y2nddvmryo
Identify the nominal group in the sentence below, extracted from the Text:
"Social media companies have argued that the bans would be ineffective, difficult to implement and could isolate vulnerable teenagers."
Read the following text and answer question.
Spain announces plans to ban social media for under -16s
Spain has become the latest European country to make plans to ban social media for children under the age of 16. The ban, which still needs parliamentary approval, is part of a raft of changes that include making company executives responsible for "illegal or harmful content" on their platforms.
Australia became the world's first country to bring in a ban last year, with others watching - and judging - its success. France, Denmark and Austria have also announced that they are considering their own national age limits.
The UK government has launched a consultation on whether to implement a ban for under-16s. Social media companies have argued that the bans would be ineffective, difficult to implement and could isolate vulnerable teenagers. Reddit is challenging Australia's ban in the High Court.
The new laws would also criminalise manipulating algorithms to amplify illegal content. The European Commission has launched an investigation into Grok [X's AI tool] over concerns it was used to create sexualised images of real people. The UK has announced its own investigation into Grok and on Tuesday in France, the offices of X were raided by the Paris prosecutor's cyber-crime unit as it looked into allegations of off ences including unlawful data extraction and complicity in the possession of child pornography.
In response to the announcement, X owner Elon Musk labelled Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez as a "tyrant and traitor to the people of Spain". TikTok, Snapchat, YouTube, Reddit, Discord and Meta, which owns Facebook and Instagram have all been approached for comment. France has led the charge in Europe, with President Emmanuel Macron saying he wants a ban for under-15s in place by the start of the next school year in September.
WERTHEIMER, T. Spain announces plans to ban social media for under-16s, February 4th, 2026.
Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y2nddvmryo
Read the following passage from Passing, by Nella Larsen, and answer the question.
Stepping out of the elevator that had brought her to the roof, she was led to a table just in front of a long window whose gently moving curtains suggested a cool breeze. It was, she thought, like being wafted upward on a magic carpet to another world, pleasant, quiet, and strangely remote from the sizzling one that she had left below.
LARSEN, Nella. Passing. In: The Complete Fiction of Nella Larsen – Passing, Quicksand and The Stories. New York: Anchor Books, 2001, p. 164.
Read the following passage from Passing, by Nella Larsen, and answer the question.
Stepping out of the elevator that had brought her to the roof, she was led to a table just in front of a long window whose gently moving curtains suggested a cool breeze. It was, she thought, like being wafted upward on a magic carpet to another world, pleasant, quiet, and strangely remote from the sizzling one that she had left below.
LARSEN, Nella. Passing. In: The Complete Fiction of Nella Larsen – Passing, Quicksand and The Stories. New York: Anchor Books, 2001, p. 164.
Read the following passage from Passing, by Nella Larsen, and answer the question.
Stepping out of the elevator that had brought her to the roof, she was led to a table just in front of a long window whose gently moving curtains suggested a cool breeze. It was, she thought, like being wafted upward on a magic carpet to another world, pleasant, quiet, and strangely remote from the sizzling one that she had left below.
LARSEN, Nella. Passing. In: The Complete Fiction of Nella Larsen – Passing, Quicksand and The Stories. New York: Anchor Books, 2001, p. 164.
Linguistic Analysis Support
"The crystallization of the liquid occurred rapidly."
"The results might indicate a potential failure."
"The data were collected over a six-month period."
Column I
1- Strategic Nominalization
2 - Epistemic Modality (Hedging)
3 - Passive Voice with Agent Omission
Column II
( ) Requires the reader to infer the author’s degree of caution and avoid interpreting hypotheses as absolute facts.
( ) Requires the reader to infer the objectivity of the report by focusing on the scientific process rather than the individual researcher.
( ) Requires the reader to infer complex relationships between processes that have been condensed into abstract noun phrases.
HUTCHINSON, T.; WATERS, A. English for Specific Purposes: A learning-centred approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Choose the alternative below that presents the correct sequence from top to bottom:
Analyze the following verbal structure extracted from a technical discussion:
"The anomalous results could not have been obtained without the integration of high-precision sensors."
From a pedagogical and linguistic perspective, the complexity of this verbal group is justified because it allows the author to:
I. The head of the phrase is "guidelines", which receives multiple levels of pre-modification, creating a high information density typical of Technical English (ESP).
II. The word "safety" functions as a noun adjunct, but it specifically modifies the compound unit "protocol guidelines", rather than just the word "protocol".
III. The adverbial-adjectival block "recently updated" establishes a temporal boundary that restricts the entire subsequent nominal chain.
Based on the principles of Nominal Groups, choose the correct option:
GRELLET, F. Developing Reading Skills: A practical guide to reading comprehension exercises. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
DUDLEY-EVANS, T.; ST JOHN, M. J. Developments in English for Specific Purposes: A multi-disciplinary approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
HUTCHINSON, T.; WATERS, A. English for Specific Purposes: A learning-centred approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Column I
(1) Language-centered approach.
(2) Skills centered approach
(3) Learning-centered approach.
Column II
( ) Focuses on the learner's cognitive processes and mental paths to acquire knowledge.
( ) Focuses on the underlying thinking processes and strategies required for professional tasks.
( ) Focuses primarily on the linguistic features and lexical items of the target situation.
Choose the alternative below that presents the correct sequence from top to bottom:
GenAI and the Future of Literacy
The integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) in education has sparked a debate about the evolution of writing. According to The Guardian (2024), while some fear the erosion of basic skills, a pedagogical approach that seeks to move beyond the mere substitution of traditional tasks focuses on "AI Literacy." In this framework, teachers encourage students to use AI to generate multiple versions of a technical abstract and then critically compare them for stylistic nuances and factual accuracy. This practice primarily aims to develop students' critical evaluative skills and their ability to act as "human-in-the-loop" editors, ensuring that technology serves as a cognitive scaff old rather than a replacement for human agency.
THE GUARDIAN. GenAI and the Newsroom. Londres, 15 ago. 2024. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com. Acesso em: 05 fev. 2026.
( ) The "AI Literacy" framework focuses on the complete substitution of traditional writing tasks by automated AI tools.
( ) Critical comparison of AI-generated texts aims to enhance students' ability to identify stylistic nuances and factual errors.
( ) The pedagogical approach described encourages students to act as passive recipients of machine-generated content.
( ) The "human-in-the-loop" model ensures that human agency remains central to the writing and editing process.
( ) "Cognitive scaffolding" in this context implies that AI should eventually replace the need for human evaluative skills.
Choose the alternative that presents the correct sequence - from top to bottom:
The Role of Materials in ESP
In the ESP context, the use of authentic materials is not an end in itself, but a means to an end. Such materials are selected because they provide the 'carrier content'—the technical or professional information - through which the 'real content' (the target language structures and skills) is practiced. According to Dudley-Evans and St John, the authenticity of the task is often more important than the authenticity of the text itself. By using a technical manual in an 'Agroecology' course, the instructor ensures that the classroom environment mirrors the communicative demands of the students' future professional lives."
DUDLEY-EVANS, T.; ST JOHN, M. J. Developments in English for Specific Purposes: a multi-disciplinary approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. p. 115.
HALLIDAY, M.A.K.; HASAN, R. Cohesion in English. London: Longman, 1976.
KERN, R. Technology and language learning. In: SIMPSON, J. (Ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics. London: Routledge, 2011.
I. A disposição em "quartetos" (vozes mistas intercaladas) é efi caz para a homogeneidade timbrística em texturas homofônicas, pois favorece a audição vertical do acorde pelo cantor; todavia, essa formação tende a prejudicar a clareza da condução das vozes (voice leading) em obras de contraponto denso, nas quais a disposição por naipes (blocos) facilita a defi nição da perspectiva auditiva. II. A formação em círculo fechado é a disposição recomendada para a performance em palcos italianos, uma vez que elimina a barreira da "quarta parede", permitindo que a projeção sonora alcance a plateia com o mesmo equilíbrio de frequências que os cantores percebem internamente durante a execução.
III. No repertório policoral, notadamente na estética da Escola Veneziana (ex: Gabrieli), a disposição espacial deve atender ao princípio dos cori spezzati; assim, o distanciamento físico entre os grupos é imperativo para realçar o efeito estereofônico e o contraste dinâmico previstos na escritura da obra.
IV. A norma padrão para a montagem de obras sinfônico-corais posiciona o coro à frente da orquestra (entre o regente e as cordas), confi guração necessária para evitar que a massa instrumental mascare as vozes e para garantir a inteligibilidade do texto literário em detrimento da fusão harmônica.
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