Text: “Why do people collect?”

Petra Engels owns 19,571 erasers, Carol Vaughn has 1,221 bars of soap, and Ralf Shrőder has a collection of 14,502 packets of sugar. Many people love to collect things, but why? Psychologists and collectors have different opinions.

The psychologist Carl Jung believed that collecting is part of our ancient human history. Thousands of years ago, humans collected nuts and berries. They kept them carefully and ate them when there was no food. The best collectors survived long cold winters or seasons without rain. Their genes passed to future generations. Nowadays, we still have a collecting instinct.

Historian Philipp Bloom has a different opinion. He thinks collectors want to make something that will remain after their death. By bringing many similar items together, the collector gains historical importance. Sometimes their collections become museums or libraries, for example, Henry Huntington, who founded a library in Los Angeles to house his collection of books.

Author Steve Roach thinks that people collect things to remember their childhood. Many children collect things, but few have enough money to buy the things they really want, and they lose interest. In later life, they remember their collections fondly. Now, they have enough money and opportunity to find special items, and they start collecting again. This way, they can re-live and enjoy their childhood years.

Art collector, Werner Muensterberger, agrees that collecting is linked to childhood. But he believes we collect in order to feel safe and secure. While babies hold blankets or toys to feel safe when their mother isn’t there, adults collect things to stop feeling lonely or anxious.

Autograph collector Mark Baker agrees that collecting is emotional, but he doesn’t collect to reduce anxiety. “For me, it’s the excitement,” he says. “I love trying to get a famous person’s autograph. Sometimes I succeed, and sometimes I fail. Also, by collecting autographs, I feel connected to famous people. I don’t just watch them on television. I actually meet them.”

These are just a few reasons for collecting. Do you know any people with collections? Why do they collect?

Questions related to the text above

Text: “Why do people collect?”

Petra Engels owns 19,571 erasers, Carol Vaughn has 1,221 bars of soap, and Ralf Shrőder has a collection of 14,502 packets of sugar. Many people love to collect things, but why? Psychologists and collectors have different opinions.

The psychologist Carl Jung believed that collecting is part of our ancient human history. Thousands of years ago, humans collected nuts and berries. They kept them carefully and ate them when there was no food. The best collectors survived long cold winters or seasons without rain. Their genes passed to future generations. Nowadays, we still have a collecting instinct.

Historian Philipp Bloom has a different opinion. He thinks collectors want to make something that will remain after their death. By bringing many similar items together, the collector gains historical importance. Sometimes their collections become museums or libraries, for example, Henry Huntington, who founded a library in Los Angeles to house his collection of books.

Author Steve Roach thinks that people collect things to remember their childhood. Many children collect things, but few have enough money to buy the things they really want, and they lose interest. In later life, they remember their collections fondly. Now, they have enough money and opportunity to find special items, and they start collecting again. This way, they can re-live and enjoy their childhood years.

Art collector, Werner Muensterberger, agrees that collecting is linked to childhood. But he believes we collect in order to feel safe and secure. While babies hold blankets or toys to feel safe when their mother isn’t there, adults collect things to stop feeling lonely or anxious.

Autograph collector Mark Baker agrees that collecting is emotional, but he doesn’t collect to reduce anxiety. “For me, it’s the excitement,” he says. “I love trying to get a famous person’s autograph. Sometimes I succeed, and sometimes I fail. Also, by collecting autographs, I feel connected to famous people. I don’t just watch them on television. I actually meet them.”

These are just a few reasons for collecting. Do you know any people with collections? Why do they collect?

Questions related to the text above

Leia o texto abaixo para responder as questões 1,2,3 e 4:

NO TEMPO DA PANDEMIA

E as pessoas ficaram em casa

E leram livros e ouviram música

E descansaram e fizeram exercícios

E fizeram arte e jogaram

E aprenderam novas maneiras de ser

E pararam

E ouviram mais fundo

Alguém meditou

Alguém rezava

Alguém dançava

Alguém conheceu a sua própria sombra

E as pessoas começaram a pensar de forma

diferente.

E as pessoas curaram.

E na ausência de gente que vivia

De maneiras ignorantes

Perigosos, perigosos.

Sem sentido e sem coração,

Até a terra começou a curar

E quando o perigo acabou

E as pessoas se encontraram

Eles ficaram tristes pelos mortos.

E fizeram novas escolhas

E sonharam com novas visões

E criaram novas maneiras de viver

E curaram completamente a terra

Assim como eles estavam curados.

(Catherine O'Meara - (Título adaptado. Original: Curar)

Leia o texto abaixo para responder as questões 1,2,3 e 4:

NO TEMPO DA PANDEMIA

E as pessoas ficaram em casa

E leram livros e ouviram música

E descansaram e fizeram exercícios

E fizeram arte e jogaram

E aprenderam novas maneiras de ser

E pararam

E ouviram mais fundo

Alguém meditou

Alguém rezava

Alguém dançava

Alguém conheceu a sua própria sombra

E as pessoas começaram a pensar de forma

diferente.

E as pessoas curaram.

E na ausência de gente que vivia

De maneiras ignorantes

Perigosos, perigosos.

Sem sentido e sem coração,

Até a terra começou a curar

E quando o perigo acabou

E as pessoas se encontraram

Eles ficaram tristes pelos mortos.

E fizeram novas escolhas

E sonharam com novas visões

E criaram novas maneiras de viver

E curaram completamente a terra

Assim como eles estavam curados.

(Catherine O'Meara - (Título adaptado. Original: Curar)

Leia o texto abaixo para responder as questões 1,2,3 e 4:

NO TEMPO DA PANDEMIA

E as pessoas ficaram em casa

E leram livros e ouviram música

E descansaram e fizeram exercícios

E fizeram arte e jogaram

E aprenderam novas maneiras de ser

E pararam

E ouviram mais fundo

Alguém meditou

Alguém rezava

Alguém dançava

Alguém conheceu a sua própria sombra

E as pessoas começaram a pensar de forma

diferente.

E as pessoas curaram.

E na ausência de gente que vivia

De maneiras ignorantes

Perigosos, perigosos.

Sem sentido e sem coração,

Até a terra começou a curar

E quando o perigo acabou

E as pessoas se encontraram

Eles ficaram tristes pelos mortos.

E fizeram novas escolhas

E sonharam com novas visões

E criaram novas maneiras de viver

E curaram completamente a terra

Assim como eles estavam curados.

(Catherine O'Meara - (Título adaptado. Original: Curar)

TEXTO 6

ESSENTIAL GAME ELEMENTS

At its heart, gamification is about taking elements from games and applying them to non-game settings (Deterding, 2011). While many look at modern video games as a key inspiration for gamification, central elements such as points and levels come out of tabletop roleplaying games. While no one has yet succeeded in coming up with an undisputed definition for "game," most would agree that to be considered a game, it must include at least the following aspects:

1. Interactivity: If there is no way for the player to affect change on the system; if there is nothing for the player to actually do, then it ceases to be a game.

2. Rules: A mechanism to constrain the behavior of players in pre-specified ways.

3. Goal(s): One or more objectives that players pursue while interacting with the game.

4. Quantifiable measure of progress (or success): This can be as simple as a binary acknowledgement of completion, or as complex as a set of cricket scores.

5. Definite ending: While some applications commonly referred to as games do not have clear endings (The Sims, for example), most games have a clear endpoint. By this measure of game, it could easily be argued that a formal educational course meets these criteria.

Source: Gamification in the Classroom: Old Wine in New Badges, by Katrin Becker and Scott Nicholson. In: Learning, Education and Games Volume Two: Bringing Games into Educational Contexis. ETC Press, 2006. Available on: hitps://www.researchgate.net/publication/308402198 Gam ification in the Classroom Old Wine in New Badges