Questões da Prova IDECAN - 2014 - CNEN - Engenheiro Civil
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Acid rain and… the facts
www.acidrain.org.ca / Oxford Children´s Encyclopedia
What causes acid rain?
Acid rain is caused by air pollution. When fossil fuels such as coal and oil are burned, two gases, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, are released into the atmosphere. These two pollutants eventually react with the moisture in the air. When this polluted mixture falls onto the ground, it is called acid rain.
Rain measuring between 0 and 5 on the pH scale, is acidic therefore called ACID RAIN
Acid rain is harmful to the environment. It is hard to control because it may be blown by the wind, falling thousands of kilometers from where it was first formed. For example, much of the acid rain in Canada is caused by smoke from factories and power‐stations in the USA. The acid rain in Scandinavia may come from Britain.
What are the effects of acid rain?
Acid rain has many different effects. It has killed fish in the lakes of North America, Scandinavia, Scotland, and Wales. Vast areas of forest in northern and central Europe are dying because of it, while in many European cities statues and stone buildings are being eaten away by the acid. Acid rain corrodes metalwork such as steel bridges and railings; it also attacks some types of concrete. Even the water that we drink is slowly being polluted by acid rain.
What are the effects on trees and soil?
One of the most serious impacts of acid precipitation is on forests and soils. Great damage is done when sulphuric acid falls onto the earth as rain. Nutrients present in the soils are washed away. Aluminium also present in the soils is freed and this toxic element can be absorbed by the roots of trees. Thus, the trees starve to death because they have been deprived of their vital nutrients such as calcium and magnesium.
Acid rain is one of the most serious environmental problems of our time. It is a global problems that is gradually affecting our world.
How does acid rain effect lakes?
Lakes that have been acidified cannot support the same variety of life as healthy lakes. As a lake becomes more acidic, various types of fish disappear. Other effects of acidified lakes on fish include: decreased growth, inability to regulate their own body chemistry, reduced egg deposition, deformities in young fish and increased susceptibility to naturally occurring diseases.
Clean rain usually has a pH of 5.6. It is slightly acidic because of carbon dioxide which is naturally present in the atmosphere. Vinegar, by comparison, is very acidic and has a pH of 3.
What is pH?
This is a measure of how acidic or alkaline a substance is. (See a pH scale below). The initials pH stand for Potential of Hydrogen. Acids have pH values under 7, and alkalis have pH values over 7. If a substance has a pH value of 7. It is neutral‐neither acidic or alkaline.
Because the pH scale is logarithmic, a difference of one pH unit represents a tenfold, or ten times change. For example, the acidity of a sample with a pH of 5 is ten times greater than that of a sample with a pH of 6. A difference of 2 units, from 6 to 4, would mean that the acidity in one hundred times greater, and so on.
Read the text to answer.
Acid rain and… the facts
www.acidrain.org.ca / Oxford Children´s Encyclopedia
What causes acid rain?
Acid rain is caused by air pollution. When fossil fuels such as coal and oil are burned, two gases, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, are released into the atmosphere. These two pollutants eventually react with the moisture in the air. When this polluted mixture falls onto the ground, it is called acid rain.
Rain measuring between 0 and 5 on the pH scale, is acidic therefore called ACID RAIN
Acid rain is harmful to the environment. It is hard to control because it may be blown by the wind, falling thousands of kilometers from where it was first formed. For example, much of the acid rain in Canada is caused by smoke from factories and power‐stations in the USA. The acid rain in Scandinavia may come from Britain.
What are the effects of acid rain?
Acid rain has many different effects. It has killed fish in the lakes of North America, Scandinavia, Scotland, and Wales. Vast areas of forest in northern and central Europe are dying because of it, while in many European cities statues and stone buildings are being eaten away by the acid. Acid rain corrodes metalwork such as steel bridges and railings; it also attacks some types of concrete. Even the water that we drink is slowly being polluted by acid rain.
What are the effects on trees and soil?
One of the most serious impacts of acid precipitation is on forests and soils. Great damage is done when sulphuric acid falls onto the earth as rain. Nutrients present in the soils are washed away. Aluminium also present in the soils is freed and this toxic element can be absorbed by the roots of trees. Thus, the trees starve to death because they have been deprived of their vital nutrients such as calcium and magnesium.
Acid rain is one of the most serious environmental problems of our time. It is a global problems that is gradually affecting our world.
How does acid rain effect lakes?
Lakes that have been acidified cannot support the same variety of life as healthy lakes. As a lake becomes more acidic, various types of fish disappear. Other effects of acidified lakes on fish include: decreased growth, inability to regulate their own body chemistry, reduced egg deposition, deformities in young fish and increased susceptibility to naturally occurring diseases.
Clean rain usually has a pH of 5.6. It is slightly acidic because of carbon dioxide which is naturally present in the atmosphere. Vinegar, by comparison, is very acidic and has a pH of 3.
What is pH?
This is a measure of how acidic or alkaline a substance is. (See a pH scale below). The initials pH stand for Potential of Hydrogen. Acids have pH values under 7, and alkalis have pH values over 7. If a substance has a pH value of 7. It is neutral‐neither acidic or alkaline.
Because the pH scale is logarithmic, a difference of one pH unit represents a tenfold, or ten times change. For example, the acidity of a sample with a pH of 5 is ten times greater than that of a sample with a pH of 6. A difference of 2 units, from 6 to 4, would mean that the acidity in one hundred times greater, and so on.
Read the text to answer.
Acid rain and… the facts
www.acidrain.org.ca / Oxford Children´s Encyclopedia
What causes acid rain?
Acid rain is caused by air pollution. When fossil fuels such as coal and oil are burned, two gases, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, are released into the atmosphere. These two pollutants eventually react with the moisture in the air. When this polluted mixture falls onto the ground, it is called acid rain.
Rain measuring between 0 and 5 on the pH scale, is acidic therefore called ACID RAIN
Acid rain is harmful to the environment. It is hard to control because it may be blown by the wind, falling thousands of kilometers from where it was first formed. For example, much of the acid rain in Canada is caused by smoke from factories and power‐stations in the USA. The acid rain in Scandinavia may come from Britain.
What are the effects of acid rain?
Acid rain has many different effects. It has killed fish in the lakes of North America, Scandinavia, Scotland, and Wales. Vast areas of forest in northern and central Europe are dying because of it, while in many European cities statues and stone buildings are being eaten away by the acid. Acid rain corrodes metalwork such as steel bridges and railings; it also attacks some types of concrete. Even the water that we drink is slowly being polluted by acid rain.
What are the effects on trees and soil?
One of the most serious impacts of acid precipitation is on forests and soils. Great damage is done when sulphuric acid falls onto the earth as rain. Nutrients present in the soils are washed away. Aluminium also present in the soils is freed and this toxic element can be absorbed by the roots of trees. Thus, the trees starve to death because they have been deprived of their vital nutrients such as calcium and magnesium.
Acid rain is one of the most serious environmental problems of our time. It is a global problems that is gradually affecting our world.
How does acid rain effect lakes?
Lakes that have been acidified cannot support the same variety of life as healthy lakes. As a lake becomes more acidic, various types of fish disappear. Other effects of acidified lakes on fish include: decreased growth, inability to regulate their own body chemistry, reduced egg deposition, deformities in young fish and increased susceptibility to naturally occurring diseases.
Clean rain usually has a pH of 5.6. It is slightly acidic because of carbon dioxide which is naturally present in the atmosphere. Vinegar, by comparison, is very acidic and has a pH of 3.
What is pH?
This is a measure of how acidic or alkaline a substance is. (See a pH scale below). The initials pH stand for Potential of Hydrogen. Acids have pH values under 7, and alkalis have pH values over 7. If a substance has a pH value of 7. It is neutral‐neither acidic or alkaline.
Because the pH scale is logarithmic, a difference of one pH unit represents a tenfold, or ten times change. For example, the acidity of a sample with a pH of 5 is ten times greater than that of a sample with a pH of 6. A difference of 2 units, from 6 to 4, would mean that the acidity in one hundred times greater, and so on.
Computadores treinados escrevem sobre jogos, terremotos e crimes.
O uso de algoritmos na confecção de textos não é algo novo. A companhia americana Narrative Science treina computadores para escreverem sumários de jogos de diferentes modalidades desde 2012 com grande sucesso. Os resumos são publicados online nos jornais que compram seu serviço logo depois do fim do jogo, com uma velocidade impossível para um redator humano. Embora sejam informativos, os textos com uma descrição dos gols da rodada ou das cestas marcadas no clássico regional são corriqueiros e pouco importantes.
Uma tecnologia criada pelo Los Angeles Times pode mudar os rumos do “robô-jornalismo". Escrito pelo jornalista e programador Ken Schwencke, um algoritmo usado pelo jornal é capaz de gerar um texto sobre terremotos com base nos dados divulgados eletronicamente pelo Serviço Geológico dos Estados Unidos (USGS) sempre que o tremor ultrapassa um limite mínimo de magnitude. Assim, o jornal foi capaz de colocar na sua página de internet um texto sobre o terremoto que atingiu Los Angeles na segunda-feira 17, três minutos depois de receber os dados do USGS. O jornalista conta que o terremoto o assustou e o fez levantar-se da cama, quando caminhou até seu computador e encontrou o texto pronto. O único trabalho que teve foi apertar o botão para publicar o texto no site do Los Angeles Times.
Schwencke, que também criou um algoritmo que escreve notícias sobre criminalidade na região de Los Angeles, disse à revista eletrônica Slate (www.slate.com) que o “robô-jornalismo" não chegou para acabar com os jornalistas humanos. “É algo suplementar. As pessoas ganham tempo com isso e para alguns tipos de notícias a informação é disseminada de um modo como qualquer outra. Eu vejo isso como algo que não deve acabar com o emprego de ninguém, mas que deixa o emprego de todo mundo mais interessante", disse o jornalista. “Assim a redação pode se preocupar mais em sair às ruas e verificar se há feridos, se algum prédio foi danificado ou entrevistar o pessoal do USGS", explicou Schwencke, acrescentando que o texto inicial foi atualizado 71 vezes por repórteres e editores até se tornar a matéria de capa do dia seguinte.
(Carta Capital, 26 de março de 2013.)
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